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Chapter 1 1. Martin Kramer, “Islam's Sober Millennium” Jerusalem Post NOTES Chapter 1 1. Martin Kramer, “Islam’s Sober Millennium” Jerusalem Post, 30 December 1999, http://msanews.mynet.net/Scholars/Kramer/. 2. Ali A. Mazrui, “Islam and the End of History,” Iranian Journal of International Relations, vol. 7 #1, 1995, p. 3. 3. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Nations, (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 409–411. 4. Jeffrey Sachs, “Islam’s geopolitics as a morality tale,” The Financial Times, 28 October 2001. 5. Martin Kramer, “The Muslim Middle East in the 21st Century,” 25 November 1998, Dayan Middle East Center Website. Chapter 2 1. Steven Bruce, “Fundamentalism, Ethnicity, and Enclave,” in Martin E. Marty, and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, vol. 3 of series (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) p. 51. 2. For a good discussion of these issues, see Robert D. Lee, Overcoming Tradition and Modernity: the Search for Islamic Authenticity (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997) pp. 1–7, 184. 3. I thank Professor Daniel Brumberg at Georgetown for this thought. 4. Dale F. Eickelman, and James Piscatori, Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1996) p. 136. 5. For a good brief summary of this potential shift in political culture in Malaysia, see Chandra Muzaffar, Ulama as Mentri: the Challenge of Transforming Malay Political Culture,” 24 December 1999, International Movement for a Just World Website, http://www.jaring.my/just/. 6. Ibid. 7. For a definitive treatment of this topic, see Ann Elizabeth Myers, Islam and Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Westview Press) 1991. 8. Ahmad Mousalli, “Modern Islamist Fundamentalist Discourses on Civil Society, Plu- ralism and Democracy,” in Jillian Schwedler, ed., Toward Civil Society in the Middle East? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995) pp. 35–36. 9. Serif Mardin, “Civil Society and Islam,” Summary of a paper published in Civil Society, ed., John A. Hall (New York: Polity Press, 1996). 10. George Joffe, “Maghribi Islam and Islam in the Maghrib,” in David Westerlund and Eva Evers Rosander, African Islam and Islam in Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1997) p. 77; Olivier Roy, “Pourquoi le ‘post-islamisme,’” Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranee, #85–86, p. 9–10. 216 THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL ISLAM 11. Nilüfer Göle, “Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter- elites,” The Middle East Journal, Winter 1997, p. 57. 12. See for example Anis Abd el Fattah, “Liberating Fatma: the centrality of the need to ad- dress the rights and roles of women in Muslim societies.” Muslimedia.com is the Inter- net edition of Crescent International, Newsmagazine of the Islamic Movement, December 2001. Chapter 3 1. John Voll, Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World, second edition (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994), pp. 21–23. 2. Voll, Islam, pp. 21–23. 3. Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam (London: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 5–6. 4. I owe these insights to Laith Kubba, from an interview in April 1999 in Washington, DC. 5. Kurzman, Liberal Islam. 6. R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995), pp. 94–95. 7. Dr. Mansoor al-Jamri, “Contemporary Currents in Islamist Political Thought,” first published in the London-based Al-Quds, 22 January 1999, a summary of which is also available on Islam 21 Website: http://islam21.org. 8. For one incisive, yet controversial discussion of this issue see Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, ed., Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa’id al-Ashmawy (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998). 9. Fluehr-Lobban, p. 91, in which ‘Ashmawi refers to his own earlier work, The Roots of Is- lamic Law. 10. I borrow this turn of phrase from Professor Jon Anderson at Catholic University, Wash- ington DC. 11. ‘Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, “Shari’a and Basic Human Rights Concerns,” in Kurz- man, Liberal Islam, op. cit. p. 236. 12. Qaradawi as quoted in John L. Esposito, and John O. Voll, Islam and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p 45. 13. Farish A. Noor, “Interview with Syed Hiader Farooq Muslimaudoodi,” taken from New Straits Times (nstp.com.my), 15 April 2001, posting from Noor ([email protected]). 14. Farish A. Noor, “UMNO, PAS and the Ulama—Challenges and Obstacles to Reform,” 12 May 2000, Deputy Director of International Movement for a Just World (JUST), Kuala Lumpur, ([email protected]). 15. One good source of materials on that topic is Charles Kurzman’s edited volume Liberal Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 16. Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1982), p. 23, italics mine. 17. Shaykh Rashid al-Ghanuchi, “Self-Criticism And Reconsideration,” Palestine Times, Issue #94, 1999. http://www.ptimes.com. 18. Dr. Mohammed Shahroor, “A Proposed Charter for Muslim Activists,” August 1999, http://islam21.org/charter. 19. Sadek J. Sulaiman, “Democracy and Rule of Law,” in Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 98. 20. S. M. Zafar, “Accountability, Parliament, and Ijtihad,” in Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 71–72. 21. Laith Kubba, “Short words on Islam and Democracy,” http//:islam21.org. NOTES 217 22. Laith Kubba in a personal exchange with the author, July 1999. 23. Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer, “Reconstruction of Islamic Thought,” Institute of Islamic Studies, India, http://Islam21.org. 24. Cited in Dale Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 34. 25. Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1982), p. 23. Chapter 4 1. For one discussion of this concept as it relates to the Muslim world, see S. M. Shamsul Alamm, “Islam, Ideology and the State in Bangladesh,” Journal of Asian and African Stud- ies, vol. XXVIII, 1–2 (1993), p. 94, although the details of his discussion are based pri- marily on the Bangladeshi model. 2. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War: Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 1–8. 3. See Graham E. Fuller, “The Next Ideology,” in Foreign Policy, Spring 1995. 4. David E. Sanger, “Shipwreck in Seattle,” New York Times, 4 December 1999. 5. For an excellent discussion of the problems of globalization, see John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (New York: The New Press, 1998), pp.209–235. 6. Gray, p. 192. 7. Gray, p. 191. 8. Gray, p. 193. 9. Craig R. Whitney, “Keeping French Fears of US Dominance at Bay,” New York Times, 1 December 1999. 10. Robert Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy,” The Atlantic Monthly, February 1994. 11. Kaplan, op. cit. 12. David Ownsby, “China’s War Against Itself,” New York Times 15 February 2001. 13. Peter L. Berger, “Four Faces of Global Culture,” The National Interest, Fall 1997, pp. 27–28. Chapter 5 1. I am grateful to Professor Augustus Richard Norton, Boston University for this definition. 2. For a provocative and thought-provoking discussion of terrorism, see Eqbal Ahmed, “Terrorism: Theirs and Ours,” A Presentation at the University of Colorado, Boulder, October 12 1998 as reproduced in Turkistan Newsletter, 1 Oct 2001. 3. Khaled Abou El Fadl, “ Terrorism Is at Odds With Islamic Tradition,” Los Angeles Times, 22 August 2001; professor at the UCLA School of Law and author of “Rebellion and Political Violence in Islamic Law,” Cambridge University Press, 2001. Chapter 6 1. Timothy Carney and Mansoor Ijaz, “Intelligence Failure? Let’s Go Back to Sudan,” The Washington Post, 30 June 2002. 2. See Kalim Siddiqui, Stages of Islamic Revolution (London: The Open Press, 1996). 3. One of the best portrayals of failing Islamist ideology in daily life in Iran is available in Farhad Khosrokhavar, and Olivier Roy, Comment Sortir d’une Revolution Religieuse (Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1999). 218 THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL ISLAM 4. Peter K. Bechtold, “More Turbulence in Sudan,” in Sudan: State and Society in Crisis, ed., John Voll (Boulder: Westview, 1991), p. 1. 5. Martha Wenger, “Sudan Politics and Society,” Middle East Report, September-October 1991, p. 3. 6. See Mohamed Elhachmi Hamdi, The Making of an Islamic Political Leader: Conver- sations With Hasan Al-Turabi (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999). 7. Timothy Carney and Mansoor Ijaz, “Intelligence Failure? Let’s Go Back to Sudan.” 8. Williams, Brian, “The Continuing Decline of Afghan Statistics,” Reuters, 3 August 1997. 9. Bailey, op. cit. 10. Kathy Gannon, “Afghanistan Exiles Fear Taleban,” Associated Press, 17 February 1999. Chapter 7 1. Seyyed Veli Reza Nasr, The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), p. 15. 2. Mumtaz Ahmad, “The Tablighi-Jamaat,” in Martin E. Marty and Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Considered (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 510–524. 3. Zeki Saritoprak, “The Nur School of Turkey and Political Islam: A Comparative Dis- cussion,” in manuscript form, 1999. 4. “Vast extent of the ‘Gülen Empire’,” Briefing Ankara, 28 June 1999. 5. For further details, also see Hakan Yavuz, “Toward an Islamic Liberalism? The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah Gülen in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal, Autumn, 1999; Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998; and the definitive book on the founding of the movement, Serif Mardin, Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). 6. See a fascinating discussion of this rivalry in London in Tayfun Atay, “Bir Naksibendi Söyleminde Vahhabilik” (Wahhabism in a Naqshbendi Discourse), in Kimlik Tar- tismalari ve Etnik Mesele (Identity Debates and the Ethnic Issue), Türkiye Günlügü, Ankara, April 1995. 7. S. V. R. Nasr, “The Rise of Sunni Militancy in Pakistan: The Changing Role of Islamism and the Ulama in Society and Politics,” Modern Asian Studies, 34, 1 (2000), p.
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