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Les Vertébrés Du Crétacé Supérieur Des Charentes

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Les Vertébrés Du Crétacé Supérieur Des Charentes Les vert´ebr´esdu Cr´etac´eSup´erieurdes Charentes (Sud-Ouest de la France) : biodiversit´e,taphonomie, pal´eo´ecologieet pal´eobiog´eographie Romain Vullo To cite this version: Romain Vullo. Les vert´ebr´esdu Cr´etac´eSup´erieur des Charentes (Sud-Ouest de la France) : biodiversit´e,taphonomie, pal´eo´ecologie et pal´eobiog´eographie. domain other. Universit´e Rennes 1, 2005. Fran¸cais. <tel-00166218> HAL Id: tel-00166218 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00166218 Submitted on 2 Aug 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. N° d'ordre: 3313 THÈSE présentée DEVANT L'UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention Biologie par ROMAIN VULLO Equipe d'accueil : Géosciences Rennes Ecole Doctorale : Vie-Agronomie-Santé Composante Universitaire : UFR SPM LES VERTÉBRES DU CRÉTACÉ SUPÉRIEUR DES CHARENTES (SUD-OUEST DE LA FRANCE) : BIODIVERSITÉ, TAPHONOMIE, PALÉOÉCOLOGIE ET PALÉOBIOGÉOGRAPHIE Soutenue le 13 décembre 2005 devant la commission d'Examen COMPOSITION DU JURY : M. François Guillocheau, Univ. Rennes 1 Président du Jury Mme Angela D. Buscalioni, Univ. Madrid Rapporteur M. Jean-Claude Rage, MNHN, Paris Rapporteur M. Jean-Michel Mazin, Univ. Lyon 1 Examinateur M. Henri Cappetta, Univ. Montpellier 2 Co-directeur de thèse M. Didier Néraudeau, Univ. Rennes 1 Directeur de thèse Remerciements Arrivé au terme de ces trois ans de thèse, l’heure est venue pour moi de remercier toutes les personnes qui, de près ou loin, ont contribué au bon déroulement et à la réalisation finale de ce travail. En tout premier lieu, je tiens très sincèrement à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Didier Néraudeau, qui a rendu possible cette aventure paléontologique. Sa confiance, sa disponibilité, son enthousiasme et son soutien permanent ont été les moteurs principaux qui m’ont permis de mener à terme la mission qu’il m’a proposée voici quelques années. Son aide permanente, tant scientifique que matérielle, fut plus que précieuse. L’encadrement de cette thèse a également été confié à Henri Cappetta, que je remercie tout particulièrement pour l’apport de ses connaissances ichthyologiques. Nos discussions m’ont toujours été très profitables, et c’est toujours avec grand plaisir que j’ai eu à lui rendre visite le plus régulièrement possible. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance aux membres de mon jury qui ont accepté spontanément d’évaluer le résultat de mes travaux : Angela D. Buscalioni, Jean- Claude Rage, Jean-Michel Mazin et François Guillocheau. Ces trois dernières années m’ont permis d’entrer en contact avec un grand nombre de paléontologues français ou étrangers. Tous ont correspondu avec moi avec enthousiasme, tout en me faisant part de leurs avis et remarques divers. Sans pouvoir tous les citer, je tiens ici à les remercier très sincèrement pour leur amabilité. Mes remerciements s’adressent également aux familles Giraud et Marchand, qui m’ont autorisé à travailler régulièrement dans leurs carrières respectives des Renardières et de Font- de-Benon. De la même manière, je souhaite exprimer ma profonde sympathie envers tous les paléontologues amateurs qui m’ont accompagné sur le terrain ou confié leur matériel : Pierre et Anita Bénéfice, Alain Couillard, Michel Bureau, François Izambard, Thierry Lenglet, Magali Louvel, Etienne Ruhaud, Jean-Pierre Texier, et bien d’autres encore… Une aide non négligeable m’est venue de la part d’étudiants, aussi bien sur le terrain qu’au laboratoire. Je les remercie encore pour le temps qu’ils ont consacré à la recherche de restes de vertébrés : Polo, Annabelle, Bérengère, Aymeric, François, Gaëlle, Maxime et tous ceux que j’oublie… L’ambiance chaleureuse de Géosciences m’a permis de travailler dans d’agréables conditions. J’en profite pour adresser un salut amical à tout ce petit monde, sans pouvoir tous les citer. Un merci particulier cependant à Blaise, Loïc, Ronan et Vincent, qui m’ont souvent apporté conseils et encouragements. Je tiens également à saluer tous mes amis les plus proches : Antoine, Damien, Fita, Fred, Thomas, Sylvain et tous les autres pour leur constante bonne humeur et les bons moments que l’on peut passer à chacune de nos retrouvailles rochelaises. Mais aussi et surtout un grand Merci ! à Diane qui est là pour m’épauler sans compter… Enfin, je dédie ce mémoire de thèse à mes parents et mes deux frères, qui étaient les premiers à connaître mes motivations et à m’encourager dans cette voie. Résumé. Plusieurs gisements à vertébrés du Cénomanien des Charentes, pour la plupart inédits, ont été étudiés d’un point de vue systématique et taphonomique. Au total, plus de 18000 restes ont pu être identifiés, avec près de 80 taxons répartis sur une quinzaine de niveaux de faciès variés. Les assemblages les plus riches, concentrés dans la partie inférieure de l’étage, sont constitués de microrestes présentant une grande diversité taxonomique (poissons, amphibiens, reptiles, mammifères) et écologique. Bien que largement dominés par les sélaciens (trois nouveaux genres et quatre nouvelles espèces sont décrits), ces assemblages contiennent de nombreux restes de tétrapodes continentaux. Certains groupes, comme les mammifères, sont signalés pour la première fois dans le Cénomanien européen. L’analyse taphonomique des différents niveaux a permis de définir plusieurs catégories d’assemblages, variant notamment par la taille (millimétrique ou centimétrique) et le degré d’abrasion de leurs éléments. Dans un contexte globalement transgressif, les modalités de formation de ces gisements paraliques sont discutées (rôle de la condensation), tout comme l’évolution paléoécologique des faunes au cours du Cénomanien (extinctions locales et remplacements fauniques). L’association dans les Charentes de taxons d’affinités laurasiatiques (ex : Solemydidae, Troodontidae, Nodosauridae) et gondwaniennes (ex : Distobatidae, Ziphosuchia, Carcharodontosauridae) constitue une particularité biogéographique, s’expliquant à la fois par des phénomènes de vicariance et de dispersion. La possibilité d’échanges fauniques trans-téthysiens au Cénomanien inférieur semble ainsi attestée. Les vertébrés du Cénomanien présentent un mélange de formes relictes et précurseurs, illustrant les changements s’opérant entre le Crétacé inférieur et le Crétacé supérieur. Par ailleurs, la faune de sélaciens du Campanien stratotypique, comprenant 20 espèces (dont deux nouvelles), est décrite en détail pour la première fois. Cela complète l’étude portée sur les vertébrés du Crétacé supérieur nord-aquitain et permet d’établir des comparaisons avec les autres faunes connues pour cet étage. Vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Charentes (SW France): biodiversity, taphonomy, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography. Abstract. Several Cenomanian vertebrate localities from the Charentes region (France), mostly new, have been studied. More than 18.000 remains, representing about 80 taxa, have been collected from 15 levels with different facies. Richest localities are Early Cenomanian in age and have yielded diversified microremain assemblages (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals). Although they are dominated by selachian remains (including 3 new genera and 4 new species), continental vertebrate elements are numerous. Some groups, like mammals, are found for the first time in the Cenomanian of Europe. Taphonomic analysis allows to distinguish several types of assemblages characterized by the size (millimetric to centimetric) and the abrasion of the elements. In a global sea-level rise context, the genesis processes of these vertebrate-bearing deposits (condensation, time- averaging, brief events…) and the ecology of faunas (extinctions and faunal changes) are discussed. About the biogeography, an unusual mixture of Laurasiatic (e.g., Solemydidae, Troodontidae, Nodosauridae) and Gondwanan (e.g., Distobatidae, Ziphosuchia, Carcharodontosauridae) taxa is observed and explained by vicariance as well as dispersal. Crossing of the Tethys may have occur during the Early Cenomanian. The occurrence of both relictual and precursor taxa illustrates the faunal change that happened during the mid- Cretaceous. Lastly, selachians from the type Campanian area are described, including two new species. This study makes possible comparisons with faunas previously known from this stage. SOMMAIRE Remerciements Résumé Abstract Sommaire I - INTRODUCTION GENERALE........................................................................................ 3 Historique des travaux sur les vertébrés du Crétacé des Charentes ........................................ 5 Matériel et méthodes ............................................................................................................... 8 II - CADRE GEOLOGIQUE ................................................................................................ 13 2.1. Contexte général............................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Les principaux gisements cénomaniens ........................................................................
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