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Poissons Ostéichthyens Du Maastrichtien Au Sud Du Niger Marc Michaut

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Poissons Ostéichthyens Du Maastrichtien Au Sud Du Niger Marc Michaut Poissons ostéichthyens du Maastrichtien au sud du Niger Marc Michaut To cite this version: Marc Michaut. Poissons ostéichthyens du Maastrichtien au sud du Niger. 2017. hal-01468213 HAL Id: hal-01468213 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468213 Submitted on 15 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Poissons ostéichthyens du Maastrichtien au sud du Niger Marc Michaut Institut préparatoire aux études scientifiques et techniques, Université de Tunis, La Marsa, Tunisie 29 janvier 2017 Abstract A large set of chiefly marine fossils is provided by the maastrichtian sites of the south of Niger, which are above all In Daman, and also Kehehe and Mentess. The bony fishes represent an important part of these fossils, so we were able to count in total 33 species belonging to 25 genera. Various taxa are present : Ceratodonti- dae, Pycnodontiformes, Ichthyodectiformes or Tselfatiiformes, Pachyrhizodontidae, Albuliformes, Siluriformes, Stratodontidae, Enchodontidae, Cimolichthyidae, Blo- chiidae, Sphyraenidae, Tetraodontiformes, Sparidae and other indeterminate taxa. In contrast with other maastrichtian areas, the Nigerien fossils arise almost only as alone bones or teeth ; this feature produces many difficulties for their studies. So we were compelled to use a distinct specific method for each taxon, in order to recover the highest amount of information from the fossils. More often than not, a statis- tical method allowed us to clarify some complex situation, for example in the case of the Enchodontidae. For some taxa, the biometrical methods prove to be greatly efficient, while for other ones, they are rather a source of confusion if they are used without care. The purpose of this article is mainly to define the great outlines of the things, so we didn’t create any new species ; we prefer to wait for other discoveries in Niger, or for the opportunity of deeper cross-checks with foreign materials. A system of marks allows to set the bones and the teeth meanwhile. As far as possible, we had one’s heart set on effective ecological deductions and speculations ; indeed the knowledge of the working of the ecosystem is at least as important as the discoveries of the species and the selection of its. 1 Résumé Les sites maastrichtiens du sud du Niger, surtout In Daman, et aussi Kéhéhé et Men- tess, présentent un large registre fossile, essentiellement marin. Les poissons osseux y occupent une place importante, puisque nous avons pu dénombrer au total, 33 es- pèces appartenant à 25 genres. Les taxons représentés sont variés : Ceratodontidae, Pycnodontiformes, Ichthyodectiformes ou Tselfatiiformes, Pachyrhizodontidae, Al- buliformes, Siluriformes, Stratodontidae, Enchodontidae, Cimolichthyidae, Blochii- dae, Sphyraenidae, Tetraodontiformes, Sparidae et autres indéterminés. Contraire- ment à d’autres provinces de la même époque, les fossiles ne sont présents au Niger que sous forme d’os ou de dents dissociés, ce qui rend leur étude délicate. Nous avons dû utiliser des méthodes de traitement différentes pour chacun des taxons, afin de déduire des fossiles le maximum d’informations possible. Assez souvent, pour les Enchodontidae par exemple, des méthodes statistiques nous ont aidé à clarifier une situation touffue. La biométrie est, pour certains taxons, d’une grande efficacité, et pour d’autres, comme les Pycnodontiformes, plutôt une source de confusion si elle est utilisée sans discernement. Le but de cet article étant surtout de cadrer les choses d’une manière globale, nous ne sommes pas allés jusqu’à créer de nouveaux onomatophores, préférant attendre, soit de nouvelles découvertes au Niger, soit la possibilité de recoupements plus approfondis avec du matériel trouvé ailleurs. Un système de matricules permet de repérer les éléments figurés en attendant. Nous nous sommes aussi attachés, autant qu’il était possible, à effectuer des déductions ou des spéculations écologiques, la connaissance du fonctionnement de l’écosys- tème étant au moins aussi importante pour la paléontologie, que la découverte et la distinction des espèces. Sommaire 1 Paléontologie systématique 4 1.1 Stratigraphie . 4 1.2 Systématique . 4 1.3 Table des matricules . 8 2 Ceratodontidae 9 2.1 Plaques dentaires . 9 2.2 Tableau de diagnose biométrique . 10 3 †Pycnodontiformes 10 3.1 Généralités sur les Pycnodontiformes . 10 3.2 Vomers et spléniaux . 12 3.3 Observations particulières . 18 3.4 Quelques comparaisons . 19 3.5 Combien d’espèces ? . 20 3.6 Taxinomie . 20 4 †Ichthyodectiformes ou †Tselfatiiformes 25 5 †Pachyrhizodontidae 30 2 6 Albuliformes 30 7 Siluriformes 32 7.1 Inventaire du matériel . 32 7.2 Descriptions des actinotriches . 32 7.3 Statistiques et distinction des espèces . 35 7.4 Plaques osseuses dermiques . 36 7.5 Taxinomie . 37 7.6 Actinotriches de juvéniles . 38 7.7 Ecologie . 39 8 †Stratodontidae 44 8.1 Fiche d’identité de Stratodus indamanensis ................... 44 8.2 Fiche d’identité de Ministratodus kehehensis .................. 45 8.3 Nouvelles dents de type Stratodontidae . 45 9 †Enchodontidae 47 9.1 Etude de caractères dentaires . 47 9.2 Espèces d’Enchodontidae . 49 9.3 Mandibules d’Enchodus ............................. 54 10 †Blochiidae 54 11 Sphyraenidae 56 12 Tetraodontiformes 56 13 Sparidae 58 14 Incertae sedis 59 15 Récapitulation et conclusions 59 16 Planches 63 17 Annexe : évaluation des ACP 101 3 Géologie, paléogéographie Le contexte géologique a déjà été abondamment décrit : Greigert [1966] ; Greigert and Pougnet [1967] ; Alzouma [1994] ; Dikouma [1994]. On en trouvera une synthèse dans Michaut [2012]. Nous ne reprendrons pas ici ces descriptions, accessibles dans les articles cités. 1 Paléontologie systématique : position stratigraphique ; positions taxinomiques 1.1 Stratigraphie Position stratigraphique : formation du Farin-Doutchi, Maastrichtien supérieur. Localité principale : près du village d’In Daman, centre du site à 15◦ 24.90 Nord, 5◦ 47.40 Est, département de Tahoua, Niger. Autres localités : près du village de Kéhéhé, centre du site à 15◦ 2.00 Nord, 5◦ 38.10 Est, département de Tahoua, Niger ; lieu-dit Mentess, à la même latitude qu’Agadès, 5 km à l’est de la frontière avec le Mali, département d’Agadès, Niger. 1.2 Systématique Cet article traite des Osteichthyes du Maastrichtien, à l’exception des Tetrapoda qui font l’objet d’autres publications : Kané and Michaut [2007], Michaut [2013b]. Trois des Stratodontidae qui figurent dans le répertoire ci-après ont déjà été étudiés en détail dans un article antérieur : Michaut [2012], et ne seront ici l’occasion que de brefs rappels. La description sommaire du matériel examiné pour reconstruire, différencier et déterminer chaque espèce est précédée d’un indice de qualité inscrit entre crochets, soit un nombre compris entre 1 et 6, suivi d’une lettre allant de A à D. L’indice 1 signifie un matériel tout juste suffisant pour tenter une reconstitution grossière d’après d’autres exemples connus. Les indices 2 à 6 indiquent une reconstitution de plus en plus fiable, avec des possibilités de descriptions de plus en plus complètes, jusqu’à la totalité des détails de l’organisme pour l’indice 6. – niveau 6 : organisme entièrement reconstitué dans tous ses détails. – niveau 5 : organisme reconstitué pour l’essentiel mais certains détails manquent. – niveau 4 : organisme approximativement reconstitué, des détails importants manquent. – niveau 3 : le plan d’ensemble est connu mais avec très peu de détail. – niveau 2 : plan d’ensemble mal connu, quelques détails plus ou moins reconstitués. – niveau 1 : plan d’ensemble hypothétique et quelques détails plus ou moins reconstitués. – niveau 0 : élément figuré inexploitable. La lettre suivant éventuellement le chiffre indique si la reconstruction peut être faite d’après le site étudié, ou non : – lettre A : le matériel trouvé sur place permet d’atteindre le niveau chiffré indiqué. – lettre B : le niveau est atteint d’après le matériel du site et l’observation d’espèces apparentées vivant actuellement. – lettre C : le matériel trouvé sur place ne permet pas d’atteindre le niveau, mais celui-ci est atteint d’après des fossiles provenant d’autres sites. 4 – lettre D : le niveau est atteint d’après du matériel provenant d’autres sites et l’observation d’espèces apparentées vivant actuellement. Le matériel inscrit entre parenthèses est un matériel annexe, supposé appartenir ou apparte- nant probablement à l’espèce mais sans preuve définitive, non utilisable directement pour les déterminations, et ne pouvant faire partie du type de l’espèce. (Classe) Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836 Classe Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955 Sous-classe Dipnoi Müller, 1844 Famille Ceratodontidae Gill, 1872 cf. Ceratodus sp.1 Agassiz, 1837 [3B] Matériel examiné : une plaque dentaire. cf. Ceratodus sp.2 Agassiz, 1837 [3B] Matériel examiné : une plaque dentaire. cf. Ceratodus sp.3 Agassiz, 1837 [3B] Matériel examiné : une plaque dentaire. cf. Ceratodus sp.4 Agassiz, 1837 [3B] Matériel examiné : une plaque dentaire. Classe Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 Infraclasse Actinopteri Cope,
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