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Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene Sediments from the Trans-Saharan Seaway in Mali

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Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene Sediments from the Trans-Saharan Seaway in Mali STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS-LOWER PALEOGENE SEDIMENTS FROM THE TRANS-SAHARAN SEAWAY IN MALI MAUREEN A. O'LEARY, MAMADOU L. BOUARE, KERIN M. CLAESON, KELLY HEILBRONN, ROBERT V. HILL, JACOB MCCARTNEY, JOCELYN A. SESSA, FAMORY SISSOKO, LEIF TAPANILA, ELISABETH WHEELER, AND ERIC M. ROBERTS BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS-LOWER PALEOGENE SEDIMENTS FROM THE TRANS-SAHARAN SEAWAY IN MALI MAUREEN A. O’LEARY Department of Anatomical Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University; Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History MAMADOU L. BOUARE Ecole Nationale des Ingenieurs, Bamako, Republic of Mali KERIN M. CLAESON Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine KELLY HEILBRONN Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia ROBERT V. HILL Department of Science Education, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York jacob McCartney Department of Biology, State University of New York College at Geneseo JOCELYN A. SESSA Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History FAMORY SISSOKO Institut des Sciences Humaines, Bamako, Republic of Mali LEIF TAPANILA Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello; Division of Earth Science, Idaho Museum of Natural History ELISABETH WHEELER Department of Research and Collections, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences; Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh ERIC M. ROBERTS Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 436, 177 pp., 82 figures, 3 tables, 2 plates Issued June 28, 2019 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2019 ISSN 0003-0090 1 - Maliamia gigas 6- Lavocatodus giganteus 2- Cretalamna (Serratolamna) maroccana 7- Acleistochelys maliensis Z-Palaeophis colossaeus 8- Rhabdognathus aslerensis 4- Pycnodus jonesae 9- Myliobatis wurnoensis 5- Plesielephantiform mammal 10- Adrar des Iforas massif FRONTISPIECE. Reconstruction of the Trans-Saharan Seaway waters (opposite page, foldout; with key above) from the Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene by Carl Buell. Sunlight of the tropics illuminated seawater filled with mangrove roots near shore where freshwater influence was highest. Mollusks lined the floor of the shallow sea, and tube-shaped burrows opened onto the seafloor. CONTENTS Abstract.7 Introduction and Prior Research.8 Epeiric Seas: Definitions and Modern Comparisons.11 Tectonics, Geography and Eustasy Impacting the Trans-Saharan Seaway.12 Paleoenvironment of the Trans-Saharan Seaway.15 Repository and Institutional Abbreviations.17 Geological Research and Analysis.18 Subdivision and Proposed Nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene Stratigraphy of Northeastern Mali.18 Synthesis of Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy.39 Fossiliferous Phosphate Facies.40 Other Noteworthy Fossiliferous Facies.44 Notes on Taphonomy and Specimen Collection.45 GPlates Reconstruction of the Trans-Saharan Seaway.45 Systematic Ichnology.51 Ichnogenus Thalassinoides.51 Ichnospecies Teredolites clavatus.51 Ichnospecies Gastrochaenolites ornatus.52 Ichnospecies Skolithos sp.54 Coprolites, Morphotypes 1-5.54 Ichnospecies Linichnus serratus.55 Ichnospecies Knethichnus parallelum.56 Systematic Paleontology.56 Angiospermae Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae.56 ICaesalpinioxylon moragjonesiae.56 Fabaceae.59 Echinodermata.61 Echinoidea, Spatangoida, Linthia sudanensis.61 Irregularia, Neognathostomata, Plesiolampadidae, Oriolampas michelini.63 Phymosomatoida, Stomopneustoida, Stomechinidae, Echinotiara perebaskinei.63 Mollusca.66 Cephalopoda.66 Nautiloidea indet.66 Nautilida, Hercoglossidae.66 IDeltoidonautilus sp.66 Cimomia reymenti.67 Cimomia ogbei.67 ?Cimomia sp.67 Ammonitida, Sphenodiscidae.68 Libycoceras crossense.68 Libycoceras sp.68 3 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 436 Gastropoda.73 Sorbeoconcha.73 Campaniloidea, Ampullinidae, Crommium nigeriense.73 ?Cerithioidea indet.73 Turritellidae.74 “Haustator” sp.74 Turritellinae.74 Turritellinae indet. “A”.74 Turritellinae indet. “B”.74 Turritellinae indet. “C”.76 IMesalia sp.76 Naticoidea, Naticidae.76 7.Euspira sp.73 IPolinices sp.73 Latrogastropoda, Cypraeoidea, Eocypraeidae indet.78 Stromboidea.79 ?Stromboidea indet.79 Rostellariidae.79 Tibia sp.79 ICalyptraphorus sp.79 Neogastropoda.81 Volutoidea, Volutidae.81 Wolutilithes sp.81 lAthleta sp. “A”.81 lAthleta sp. “B”.81 Buccinoidea, Melongenidae.83 t.Cornulina sp.83 Heligmotoma toluwolei.83 t.Pseudoliva sp.83 Vetigastropoda, Trochoidea indet.83 Bivalvia, Ostreida.83 Ostreida.83 Ostreida indet.86 Ostreoidea, Ostreidae indet.86 Arcida, Arcoidea.87 ?Arcidae indet.87 Glycymerididae, Trigonarca sp.87 Pectinida, Plicatuloidea, Plicatulidae, IPlicatula sp.88 Palaeoheterodonta, Unionida, ?Unionidae indet.88 Archiheterodonta, Carditoidea, Carditidae, Wenericardia spp.90 Imparidentia.91 Lucinida, Lucinidae indet.91 Cardioidea, Cardiidae indet.91 Myida, Myoidea, Raetomyidae, Raetomya schweinfurthi.92 Venerida, Veneridae, Callocardiinae indet.92 2019 O’LEARY ET AL.: THE TRANS-SAHARAN SEAWAY IN MALI 5 Vertebrata.93 Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii.93 Lamniformes, Cretoxyrhinidae.93 Serratolamna (Cretalamna) maroccana.93 Batomorphii, Sclerorhynchiformes, Sclerorhynchidae.94 Schizorhiza stromeri.94 Onchopristis numidus.94 Torpediniformes, Torpedinidae, Eotorpedo hilgendorfi.95 Myliobatiformes, Myliobatidae, Myliobatis wurnoensis.96 Osteichthyes.96 Actinopterygii, Neopterygii.96 Pycnodontiformes, Pycnodontidae.96 Pycnodus maliensis.99 Pycnodus zeaformis.100 Pycnodus sp. 100 Stephanodus lybicus.100 Tetraodontiformes, Eotrigonodon jonesi. 101 Halecostomi, Amiiformes, Amiidae, Vidalamiinae, Maliamia gigas.102 Teleostei. 102 Osteoglossiformes, Osteoglossidae, Brychaetus sp. 102 Siluriformes, Claroteidae. 105 Nigerium tamaguelense. 105 Unnamed taxon. 105 Aulopiformes, Stratodontidae.107 Stratodus apicalis.107 Cylindracanthus.108 Percomorphi, ?Sparidae. 108 Sarcopterygii. 108 Dipnoi, Ceratodontiformes, Lepidosirenidae.108 Lavocatodus giganteus.108 Protopterus elongus.108 Amniota. 112 Squamata, Serpentes. 112 Palaeophiidae, Palaeophis colossaeus. 112 Nigerophiidae, Amananulam sanogoi.115 Serpentes indet. 117 Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia, Dyrosauridae.117 Chenanisuchus lateroculi.117 Hyposaurinae.119 Rhabdognathus aslerensis.119 Rhabdognathus keiniensis.119 Hyposaurinae gen. et sp. indet. 121 Phosphatosaurinae. 123 Phosphatosaurus gavialoides.123 cf. Sokotosuchus.125 6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 436 Testudines, Pleurodira, Pelomedusoides.125 Bothremydidae, Taphrosphyini.125 Alceistochelys maliensis.125 Pelomedusoides gen. et sp. indet.127 Mammalia, Placentalia, Paenungulata. 129 Hyracoidea, Pliohyracoidea. 129 Tethytheria, Proboscidea “Plesielephantiformes,” incertae sedis.129 Paleoecology and Change through Time. 135 Paleoecological Reconstruction. 135 Body Size in Certain Extinct Predators. 137 Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Boundary. 139 Paleocene-Eocene Boundary and PETM.143 Conclusions. 145 Future Work. 146 Acknowledgments. 147 References. 148 Appendix 1. Expedition Teams by Year. 166 Appendix 2. Well-log “Ansongo 1”. 169 Appendix 3. Sediment Samples Examined for Microfossils. 170 Appendix 4. AMNH Specimen Numbers.171 Plates.(following page 177) ABSTRACT An epicontinental sea bisected West Africa periodically from the Late Cretaceous to the early Eocene, in dramatic contrast to the current Sahara Desert that dominates the same region today Known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway, this warm and shallow ocean was a manifestation of globally elevated sea level associated with the rapid break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana in the late Mesozoic. Although it varied in size through time, the Trans-Saharan Seaway is estimated to have covered as much as 3000 km2 of the African continent and was approximately 50 m deep. The edges of the sea were defined in part by the high topography of the Precambrian cratons and mobile belts of West Africa. Over its approximately 50 million year episodic existence, through six major periods of transgression and regression, the Trans-Saharan Seaway left behind extensive nearshore marine sedi¬ mentary strata with abundant fossils. The waters that yielded these deposits supported and preserved the remains of numerous vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, and microbial species that are now extinct. These species document a regional picture of ancient tropical life that spanned two major Earth events: the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Whereas extensive epeiric seas flooded the interior portions of most continents during these intervals, the emerging multicontinental narrative has often overlooked the Trans-Saharan Seaway, in part because fundamental research, including the naming of geological formations and the primary descrip¬ tion and analysis of fossil species, remained to be done. We provide such synthesis here based on two decades of fieldwork and analyses of sedimentary deposits in the Republic of Mali. Northern parts of the Republic of Mali today include some of the farthest inland reaches of the ancient sea. We bring together and expand on our prior geological and paleontological publications and provide new information on ancient
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