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Index acritarchs 131 Carbonate Dagestan 259 Aeronian, recovery patterns 127-33 carbonate ramps, Frasnian-Famennian 135 Alaska, graptolites 119-26 Carboniferous Albian, Late, Albian-Cenomanian oceanic anoxic 'lesser mass extinction event' events (OAEs) 240-1 rugose corals ammonites 231 extinction 188-9 Campanian 299-308 recovery 192-7 desmoceratacean, E Russia, Sakhalin 299-308 survival interval 189-91 Santonian-Maastrichtian, stratigraphy 300-3 catastrophic mass extinction 54 see also goniatites Caucasus, N ammonoids foraminifera, Danian extinctions 337-42 early stages 164-8 locations 337 goniatite survival 163-85 Caucasus, NE Japan 306 foraminifera, Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary juvenile ornament 169 Event 259--64 morphological sequence 169 location map 260 protoconch size 166, 181 Cauvery Basin, oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 238 recovery, Sakhalin 304, 306 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event taxonomic diversity, dynamics 305 dinoflagellate cyst assemblages recovery, England, Amphipora-bearing limestone 135-61 oceanic anoxic events 279-97 angiosperms, origination, extinction and diversity 73 England, S 267 Anisian Stage 223, 224 food chain recovery 265-77 Lazarus taxa 227 foraminifera 237-44, 259-64 Annulata Event, Devonian 178 Milankovitch rhythms 246 Apterygota 65 oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) archaeocyaths 82, 86 India, SE, Cauvery Basin 237-44 Ashgill, correlation of biotic events 129 NE Caucasus 259-64 Atavograptus atavus Zone 124 Spain, Menoyo section 245-58 Avalonian plate 125 Turonian lithological logs, England, SE 280-2 Changxingian Stage 223, 224 Chotec Event, Eifelian 171 bacterial chemosymbioses 49-50 Clementsian ecosystem theories 216-17 benthic communities climate and ocean-state, Ordovician, Late, mass Phanerozoic trends 2, 3 extinction event, conodonts 105-18 tiering 3, 4 climax cut-off model 61-2 bioturbation, ichnofabrics 5-6 clymeniid ammonoids 163 Botomian, Early-Middle Botomian, Sinsk Event 80-1 coal-balls 202-4, 215-16 brachiopods community structure, mass extinction recovery 61-3 first appearances, Europe 233 Condroz Event, Devonian 178 Ordovician mass extinction events 102 conodonts Brazil, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (K/T) event, F-F facies 136-7 Poty section 318-36 Middle varcus Zone 174 Brotzenella, evolutionary lineage 341 Ordovician, Late, mass extinction event bryozoans 61 appearance of new taxa 112-14 climate and ocean-state models 105--18 per taxon rates of extinction and origination calcimicrobes 82-5, 87 114-15 Cambrian coralomorphs 82 cyanobacteria, interactions with reef-building corals 127-8 organisms 82 see also reef-building organisms Early Cambrian mass extinction corals, rugose reef ecosystem recovery 79-96 Carboniferous 'lesser mass extinction event' 187-99 reef-building organisms 82-8 morphoecotypes 189 Sinsk Event 80-1 morphotypes 187 explosion of phyla, status 9-10 Coronograptus gregarius Zone 124 Caninia 187 Corsicana Formation, naticid drilling frequencies Cantabrian Mountains, rugose corals 187-99 375-7 Capitan Limestone, Texas Permian Basin 224-5 Cretaceous Capitanian Stage 223 marine food chain model 266 388 INDEX mollusc species 'fabric', US Atlantic and Gulf Eifelian, Chotec Event 171 coastal plain 309-18 E1 Kef, Tunisia, K/T foraminifera 343-71 oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 238 Elburgan Formation 337 Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) see Cretaceous- Elvis-.taxa 79 Tertiary boundary (K/T) event Emsian Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (K/T) event Daleje Event 170--1 extinction and survivorship selectivity 363-4 Zlichov Event 168-70 foraminifera England, S Danian, Early 319-35 ecosystem reconstructions 268-73 Tethyan, S 343-71 location maps 279 gastropod predator-prey system 373-86 oceanic anoxic events, dinoflagellate cyst insects 74 assemblages recovery, Cenomanian-Turonian North American Coastal Plain 373 Boundary Event 279-97 recoveries, mixed and graded communities 62-3 see also UK crinoids 231 Enkeberg Event, Devonian 178 crisis progenitor taxa Eocene-Oligocene extinction, Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction recovery 15-39 extinction, gastropod predator-prey system, Phanerozoic examples 20-1, 23-6 naticids 373-86 cyanobacteria Estonia, and Ordovician mass extinction 127-33 interactions with reef-building organisms Europe Cambrian 82 bivalve molluscs 234 Lower-Middle Ordovician 89 brachiopods 233-4 cycadophytes, recoveries 62 first appearances 233 Czech Republic, Frasnian-Famennian events 135-61 (end)-Triassic mass extinctions, marine fauna 231-6 Czekanowskia, recovery 62 Frasnian-Famennian-Kellwasser events, Mokrh Section, Moravia 135~1 evolutionary palaeoecology Dakhla Formation, Tunisia 346 comparative approach 6-10 Daleje Event, Emsian 170-1 Permian-Triassic mass extinction 7-9 Danian extinctions, foraminifera Caucasus, N 337-42 K/T boundary event 319-35 ferns, opportunists 216 Decorah Shale 97, 102 food chain recovery, Cenomanian-Turonian Deicke metabentonite 97-104 Boundary Event 265-77 Deicke-K horizon 102 foraminifera 231,251,252 dendrolites, Cambrian-Lower Ordovician 87 accumulation rates (PFARs) 348-9 desmoceratacean ammonites, Russia, E, Sakhalin, benthic K/T boundary, E1 Kef 349-54 Santonian, Campanian boundary event 299-308 Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event Devonian Britain 265-77 Annulata Event 178 Caucasus, N 337-42 Condroz Event 178 Caucasus, NE 259-64 Enkeberg Event 178 India 237-44 Hangenberg Event 179-81 Spain, Menoyo section 245-58 Kellwasser Events 135-61, 163, 177 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (K/T) event Devonian, Late Danian, Early 319-35 goniatite survival 163-85 Tethyan, southern 343-71 Nehden Event 177-8 Danian extinctions, Caucasus, N 337-42 reef-building organisms 135-61 dynamics of diversification 262-4 dinoflagellate cyst assemblages recovery oceanic anoxic events 259-64 England, S India, SE, Cauvery Basin, Cenomanian-Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event 279-97 Boundary Event 237--44 list 284 productivity, Maastrichtian P/B ratios 348 dinosaurs zones, rugose corals 189 gigantism tendency 63 Frasnian recoveries 62-3 Frasnes Event 175-6 disaster species, trophic/life habit 45, 47 Middlesex Event 176 Djulfian Stage 223, 225 Rhinestreet Event 176-7 dormancy 49 Frasnian-Famennian-Kellwasser events, Mokr/t Dubuque-Maquoketa boundary, US 102 Section, Moravia, Central Europe, extinction recovery gradients 135-61 ecosystem reconstructions, England, S 268-73 Edenian, Stewartville Formation 102 gastropods, naticids, predator-prey system, Egypt, K/T foraminifera 346, 348 Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction and Eocene-- INDEX 389 Oligocene extinction 373-86 Phanerozoic 65-78 Genundewa Event, Frasnian 175 polyneopterans 71 gigantism tendency 63 Israel, K/T foraminifera 346, 348 Stephanian (Late Pennsylvanian) 213-15 Givetian Kachk Event 171-3 Jurassic, Lower, Britain, species diversity 232 Pumilio Events 173-4 Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, recoveries, mixed and Gleasonian ecosystem theories 216-17 graded communities 62-3 Glenwood formation 97, 102 Globigerina eugubina Zone 337 Globigerinida 323 Kacfik Event, Givetian 171-3 Globorotalida 323 Karai-Kulakkainattam, India, SE, Cauvery Basin goniatites, juvenile, survival strategies, Devonian 237-44 extinction events 163-85 Karanaiskaya Formation 260 graptolites Kellwasser events 163 Ordovician, Late, mass extinction event, Alaska Central Europe 135-61 119-26 Frasnian-Famennian 135-61,163, 177 Silurian, Early, recovery patterns 128-31 Kincaid Formation, naticid drilling frequencies 375-7 Guadaloupian, gastropods 224 guilds, Phanerozoic trends 2, 3 Lagarograptus acinaces Zone 124 Laurentian craton 107, 119 habitats Lazarus taxa 21, 41, 55, 223-4 protected or buffered 44 Liassic, Britain, species diversity 231-4 refugia species 21-2, 44-5 Llandovery Hangenberg Event, Devonian 163, 179-81 acritarchs 131 Haustator bilira Assemblage Zone 309 correlation of biotic events and env/parameters 129 Hawke Bay Event 79-96, 81-2 recovery patterns 127-33 herbivores, gigantism tendency 63 lycopsids, Chaloneria 201 Hettangian, Lower Jurassic 231-2 hexapods see insects high-resolution stratigraphy 55--6 Maastrichtian, Upper, benthic foraminifera, Middle Hirnantian 130 East 355-9 Holometabola 65 Maastrichtian-Danian boundary see Cretaceous- Homoceras Zone 187 Tertiary boundary (K/T) event Manticoceras Event 175 marine fauna, Europe, (end)-Triassic mass extinctions ichnofabrics 5-6 231-6 India, SE, Cauvery Basin mass extinctions Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event, oceanic mass extinction-survival-recovery intervals 15-16 anoxic events (OAEs), foraminifera 237-44 stepwise or graded 52, 54 Cretaceous rocks distribution 238 see also recoveries; survivors and survival Indian Ocean, development 237 mechanisms; specific events Induan stage 224 metabentonite horizons, Ordovician 97-104 Triassic recovery 226 microbial structures 6 Inoceramidae, Mytiloides 26-34 Middle East Inoceramus, displacing Mytiloides 33 benthic foraminifera 355-60 lnoceramus labiatus Zone 260 benthic foraminiferal assemblages 355--7 insects Middlesex Event, Frasnian 176 Appendix 1, dating update 76-7 models for biotic survival, mass extinction recovery apterygotes, origination, extinction and diversity 69, 41-60 70 Mokr~ Section, Moravia, Central Europe Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 74 Frasnian-Famennian-Kellwasser events diversity trends 65-78 extinction recovery gradients 135-61 ordinal diversity 74 interpretation 158-60 early evolution 69-75 stratigraphy, data analysis 137-58 oligoneopteran vs polyneopteran life-cycles 70 molluscs origination, extinction and diversity antipredatory characters, four faunas 384 families 67, 68 bivalve molluscs 231 genera 68 first
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    Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 5 (2002) 51-73 10.11.2002 Alpinites and other Posttornoceratidae (Goniatitida, Famennian) R. Thomas Becker' With 6 figures, 1 table and 3 plates Summary The rediscovery of the supposedly lost type allows a revision of Alpinites Bogoslovskiy, 1971, the most advanced genus of the Posttornoceratidae. The type-species, Alp. kayseri Schindewolf, 1923, is so far only known from the Carnic Alps. Alp. schultzei n. sp. from the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco is closely related to AZp. kajruktensis n. sp. (= Alp. kayseri in Bogoslovskiy 1971) from Kazakhstan. A second new and more common species of southern Morocco, Alp. zigzag n. sp., is also known from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). The taxonomy and phylogeny of other Posttornoceratidae are discussed. The holotype of Exotornoceras nehdense (Lange, 1929) was recovered and is re-illustrated; it is conspecific with Exot. superstes (Wedekind, 1908). The genus and species is also here first recorded from Morocco. Post. weyeri Korn, 1999 is a subjective synonym of Post. posthurnurn (Wedekind, 1918) in which strongly biconvex growth lines, as typical for the family, are observed for the first time. Goniatites lenticularis Richter, 1848 is a nomen dubium within Discoclyrnenia, Clyrnenia polytrichus in Richter (1848) is a Falcitornoceras. It seems possible to distinguish an extreme thin and trochoid Disco. haueri (Miinster, 1840) from the tegoid Disco. cucullata (v. Buch, 1839). Various taxa are excluded from the Posttornoceratidae. Posttornoceras sapiens Korn, 1999 forms the type-species of Maidero- ceras n. gen.. Discoclyrnenia n. sp. of Miiller (1956) is assigned to Maid. rnuelleri n.
  • On the Causes of Mass Extinctions

    On the Causes of Mass Extinctions

    ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ On the causes of mass extinctions David P.G. Bond, Stephen E. Grasby PII: S0031-0182(16)30691-5 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.005 Reference: PALAEO 8040 To appear in: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Received date: 16 August 2016 Revised date: 2 November 2016 Accepted date: 5 November 2016 Please cite this article as: Bond, David P.G., Grasby, Stephen E., On the causes of mass extinctions, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.005 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT On the causes of mass extinctions David P.G. Bond1* and Stephen E. Grasby2, 3 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom 2Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd St. N.W. Calgary AB Canada, T2L 2A7. 3Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary AB Canada. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (D. Bond). ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ABSTRACT The temporal link between large igneous province (LIP) eruptions and at least half of the major extinctions of the Phanerozoic implies that large scale volcanism is the main driver of mass extinction.