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Japanese Enterprises Head Towards a Great Leap in Asia Fumikazu Onishi Strategist General Manager Global Investment Strategy Division Nikko Cordial Securities Inc. March 11, 2010 Attractiveness of Japanese Enterprises ～ Three “H” ¾ High Technology & Quality ¾ “Hospitality” of Japanese Enterprises Rooted in Japanese Culture ¾ High Growth Asia: Geographically Superior Location Towards a Great Leap from Japanese Brand to Asian Brand 1 R&D Efforts Behind High Technologies Total R&D Expenses per GDP (%) in 2006 Trend in Number of Patent イスラIsraelエル Applications by Major Countries スウェSwーedデンen （10 thousands） フィンランドFinland 60 Japan日本 Korea韓国 Ta台湾iwan 50 米国US Japan Germanyドイツ オースAustraliaトリア デンマDenmarkーク 40 シンSingaガポーporeル フランスFrance オースAustraliaトラリア 30 Canaカナダda EU-15EU US ベルギーBelgium China イギリスUK 20 Korea EUEU-27-27 Netherlオランandダ Germany ルクLuセンブxembルourgグ 10 スロベSlovenニアia France チェCzechコ ノルNorウェwーay England Chin中国a 0 アイルランIrelandド 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 （year） 012345 （％） （Source) Compiled from the data of WIPO, Global Investment Strategy （Source) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, GISD Division, hereinafter called GISD 2 Comparison of Energy / Resource Use Efficiency Primary Energy Consumption Comparison of Major Countries’ per GDP Unit (2006) Water Productivity ( $ /ｃｍ3) 18 100 16 90 14 80 70 12 60 10 50 8 40 6 30 4 20 10 2 0 0 n K lia y ld e a a rea U a an r US c ina di p r an h In Ja Ko st rm Wo r C n 7 ia ld t ia ia a ia u F 2 US l r da ea s nd d s in s A Ge pa ra o a r a la e s a EU t W n o E i In n J s K le a o Ch Ru Ca d Th d Au id In M （Note） Figures representing economic added-value which is produced using 1 （Note）Calculation is made assuming that the primary energy consumption (Ton of meter cube of water. oil equivalent /Real GDP）for Japan is 1. （Source ) Compiled from the White Paper on International Economy and Trade （Source ）Compiled from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy data, GISD in 2009 , GISD 3 World Highest Level of Energy Savings & Environmental Technologies ¾ Leading hybrid & electric car technologies e.g. Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mitsubishi Motors ¾ Clean energy : Largest shares of the photovoltaic power & nuclear power generation markets e.g. ULVAC, Ferrotec, NPC, Toshiba, Japan Steel Works ¾ Cutting-edge water processing & seawater desalination technologies e.g. TORISHIMA PUMP, NGK, EBARA, TORAY, Kurita ¾ Noteworthy railway technologies with energy saving transportation e.g. Toyo Denki Seizo , Kinki Sharyo, Nabtesco, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries 4 Japanese “Hospitality” Highly Acclaimed Overseas Changes in Impressions of Japan by Foreign Tourists Pre & Post Visit Pre visit Post visit 1 Modern and industrialized nation 1 Friendly people / favorable impression 2 Unique tradition & culture 1 Safe and clean 3 Efficient and well-organized nation 3 Modern and industrialized nation 4 Safe and clean 4 Unique tradition & culture 5 Diligent / energetic people 5 Beautiful Nature 6 Beautiful Nature 6 Efficient and well- organized nation 7 High standard of living & education 7 Diligent / energetic people 8 Friendly people / favorable impression 8 High standard of living & education 9 Crowds of people & noise 9 Crowds of people & noise 10 Incomprehensible 10 Unsociable 10 Unsociable 11 Incomprehensible (Source) Compiled from “Global Economic Strategy” paper by METI , GISD 5 “Hospitality” as a Backdrop to Japanese Cuisine Boom Rapid Expansion of Agricultural Number of Michelin Star Rated Exports from Japan Restaurants in Major Cities （100 mil yen) 3000 ★★★ ★★ ★ Tokyo 11 42 144 2800 Paris 10 14 41 Kyoto 6 13 66 2600 New York 5 6 44 Osaka 1 12 52 2400 Hong Kong 1 7 14 San Francisco 1 4 34 2200 London 1 2 40 (Note) Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, NY, San Francisco according to data 2000 from the 2010 edition. Other cities from the 2009 edition. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (Source) Compiled from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries data, GISD (Source) Data from various press reports , GISD 6 Value-Added Services based on “Hospitality” 9 Secure, safe and comfortable services e.g. Convenience Stores, Supermarkets, Department Stores, Shiseido, MUJI (Ryohin Keikaku), SECOM 9 Meticulous & convenient e.g. YAMATO TRANSPORT, Yakult, HONEYS, FAST RETAILING, ABC MART, Ootoya 9 Clean & hygienic quality and services e.g. TOTO, JS Group, Unicharm, PIGEON 7 Structural Changes in World Economy: Difference between 20th and 21st Centuries Changes in World Real GDP Growth Rate - Difference between 20th and 21st Centuries - （％、YoY） 10 IMF Forcast 8 Emerging Asia 6 Emerging Nations 4 World Total 2 Developed Nations 0 -2 -4 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11121314 （Source) Compiled from IMF data, GISD 8 Infiltration of Japanese Corporate Brands in Asian Markets (China) Products Desired by Chinese Consumers by Country of Origin (By Survey) Flat-screen TVs & DVD Players Automobiles Cosmetics Japanese Japanese Manufacturers Others Manufacturers 13.0% 25.0% Japanese 23.5% Others Manufacturers Others 43.0% Domestic 40.0% Manufacturers 52.0% Domestic Domestic Manufacturers 23.0% Manufacturers 44.0% 36.5% （Source) Compiled from the White Paper on International Economy and Trade in 2009, GISD 9 Infiltration of Japanese Corporate Brands in Asian Markets (India) Products Desired by Indian Consumers by Country of Origin (By Survey) Personal Flat-screen TVs Mobile Phones & DVD Players Computers Japanese Others Manufacturers Japanese 17.0% Japanese Manufacturers 14.0% Manufacturers Others 26.0% Others 35.0% 42.0% 35.0% Domestic Manufacturers Domestic Domestic Manufacturers Manufacturers 41.0% 39.0% 51.0% （Source ） Compiled from the White Paper on International Economy and Trade in 2009, GISD 10 Middle Income Class Expansion Creates Potential for Japanese Corporate Growth Changes in BRIC Middle Income Class Breakdown of Japanese Exports Population by Country of Destination (2009) (100 million) 7 Middle East 6 Other Brazil 4% 6% Latin 5 America Russia 6% 4 West India Europe 3 13% Asia 2 54% China 1 North America 0 17% 2002 2007 (Source) Compiled from “White Paper on Monozukuri ” in 2009 by METI, GISD （Source) Compiled from Ministry of Finance data, GISD 11 Japanese Enterprises Directed Towards Asian Markets - Asia’s Business Strategy: A New Growth Scenario- Sales Performance of Yakult in China Stores of Three Major Convenience Stores in Japan and Asia Comparison of September Sales Performances (‘02-09) (Unit：10 thousand /day) Sales figure (Hundred Stores) 200 139％ 300 YoY Japan Asia 15.4％ 280 increase in 260 5 yrs 150 148％ 240 220 49.3％ increase in 200 166％ 5 yrs 100 180 160 120％ 134％ 140 50 124％ 120 223％ 100 05/2 06/2 07/2 08/2 09/2 0 02年 03年 04年 05年 06年 07年 08年 09年 （Source) Compiled from respective companies’ data, GISD （Source) Compiled from Yakult Webpage, GISD 12 Reference Materials 13 Energy-Saving & Clean Nuclear Power Generation Attracts Attention Forecast of World’s Nuclear Breakdown of Nuclear Reactors Electric-Generating Capacity Orders Received by Manufacturers gigawatt 900 800 Toshiba 700 Far Westing East Southeast Asia -house & Oceania Electric 600 28% Middle East & Others South Asia 40% 500 Africa Frama- East 400 Europe tome ANP 300 (Areva) West Mitsubis GE / 19% Europe hi Heavy 200 South Hitachi America Industry 13% 4% 100 North America ※on a number basis 0 2008 2020 2030 （Source) Compiled from Japan Atomic Industrial Forum , GISD （Source) Compiled from IAEA data, GISD 14 Expected Growth of World Water Related Business Market Forecast of World Water Related Business (100 mil US$) 8,000 Materials & tools,etc. Plants, etc. Service 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2007 2016 (Est.) 2025 (Est.) （Note）Material & Tools＝Chemicals for industrial water, Machines & tools for industrial water, Machines & tools for industrial sewage operations Plants, etc.＝ Investment cost for the installation of water and sewage facilities Service ＝Running Cost for water and sewage services (Source） Compiled from the White Paper on International Economy and Trade in 2009, GISD 15 Japanese Enterprises Hold Overwhelming Share of Water Disposal Membrane Breakdown of Overall Water Breakdown of Reverse Osmotic Membrane Disposal Membrane Market Market by Manufacturer (2008) Koch Others Membrane System 2% (US) 6% Woongin Toyobo Chemical 5% (Korea) 6% Dow Overseas Japanese Chemical Manufacturers Manufacturers (US) Toray 38% 14% 40% 60% NITTO DENKO 29% (Source） Compiled from the White Paper on International Economy (Source) Fuji-Keizai Group and Trade in 2009, GISD 16 Expanding Railway Construction Project Major Railway Construction Projects Country Project Brazil High speed railway between Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paulo (approx. 500km). Will open in 2014. Plan to launch 11high speed railways including between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Government US decided to allocate a budget of 8 billion US$. By 2020, the total extension of railway operation shall be 120,000km, up 50% from the end of 2008. A high speed railway of 16,000km will be in operation. The metro/subway currently serving 10 cities China between 29 sections shall be increased to 15 cities between 50 sections. The electrified sections willl occupy 60% of total railways. Existing line of 50,000km will be double-tracked. The total construction costs will be 75 trillion yen. There is a plan to introduce a high speed railway between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, a distance of Viet n am 1500km. The initial construction of 90km is now under study. Planning a high speed railways linking 5 routes such as between Pune, Mumbai and Ahmadabad. India Planning for construction of DFC covering a total distance of 2800km for West Passage way and East Passageway.
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  • Whither the Keiretsu, Japan's Business Networks? How Were They Structured? What Did They Do? Why Are They Gone?

    Whither the Keiretsu, Japan's Business Networks? How Were They Structured? What Did They Do? Why Are They Gone?

    UC Berkeley Working Paper Series Title Whither the Keiretsu, Japan's Business Networks? How Were They Structured? What Did They Do? Why Are They Gone? Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00m7d34g Authors Lincoln, James R. Shimotani, Masahiro Publication Date 2009-09-24 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California WHITHER THE KEIRETSU, JAPAN’S BUSINESS NETWORKS? How were they structured? What did they do? Why are they gone? James R. Lincoln Walter A. Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ([email protected]) Masahiro Shimotani Faculty of Economics Fukui Prefectural University Fukui City, Japan ([email protected]) 1 INTRODUCTION The title of this volume and the papers that fill it concern business “groups,” a term suggesting an identifiable collection of actors (here, firms) within a clear-cut boundary. The Japanese keiretsu have been described in similar terms, yet compared to business groups in other countries the postwar keiretsu warrant the “group” label least. The prewar progenitor of the keiretsu, the zaibatsu, however, could fairly be described as groups, and, in their relatively sharp boundaries, hierarchical structure, family control, and close ties to the state were structurally similar to business groups elsewhere in the world. With the break-up by the U. S. Occupation of the largest member firms, the purging of their executives, and the outlawing of the holding company structure that held them together, the zaibatsu were transformed into quite different business entities, what we and other literature call “network forms” of organization (Podolny and Page, 1998; Miyajima, 1994).