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The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy
DENMARK, 1513−1660 This page intentionally left blank Denmark, 1513–1660 The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy PAUL DOUGLAS LOCKHART 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Paul Douglas Lockhart 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lockhart, Paul Douglas, 1963- Denmark, 1513–1660 : the rise and decline of a renaissance state / Paul Douglas Lockhart. -
Land•By•Marked
BJØRN POULSEN ~.--~ .- - __o - ~ _.___- ;:-~_ _~-' .t.- -; •. 0 ••• -, .I' LAND •BY • MARKED TO ØKONOMISKE LANDSKABER I 1400-TALLETS SLESVIG Studieafdelingen Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig BJØRN POULSEN LAND-BY-MARKED To økonomiske landskaber i 1400-tallets Slesvig. Udgivet af Studieafdelingen ved Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig FLENSBORG 1988 Studieafdelingen takker Statens Humanistiske Forskningsråd for støtte til udgivelsen og Sydbanks Fond for støtte til bogens kort. Bjørn Poulsen: Land - By - Marked To Økonomiske landskaber i 1400-tallets Slesvig Udgivet af Studieafdelingen ved Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig, Flensborg, 1988 Sats og tryk: Winds Bogtrykkeri ApS, Haderslev Bogbinderarbejde: J.P. Møller Bogbinderi, Haderslev Bogens omslag: Bengt G. Pettersson, Køge Kort: Helge Krempin, Flensborg © Studieafdelingen ved Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig, Flensborg, 1988 I kommission hos Padborg Boghandel DK 6330 Padborg IS BN 87-89178-00-9 Studieafdelingens udgivelser er redigeret af Dr. Johann Runge Forord Et stipendium på Studieafdelingen ved Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig gjorde det muligt for mig at arbejde med den slesvigske middelalder. Jeg fik her chancen for at studere de økonomiske forbindelser mellem landet, byen og det større marked, som gennem længere tid havde haft min interesse. Forfatteren har selv lært meget under skrivningen og håber, at den foreliggende afhandling kan være til gavn for såvel den lokalhistorisk interesserede som for den generelle diskussion af det sen middelalderlige samfund. Jeg siger tak for den støtte, som alle på Studieafdelingen og Dansk Centralbiblio tek har givet. Her i huset skabtes de bedst mulige arbejdsbetingelser. Mange gode råd har jeg modtaget fra lektor, dr. phil. Esben Albrectsen, lektor dr. phil. Poul Enemark, lektor Fritz Saaby-Petersen, ligesom samtaler på symposierne 'Land og by i middelalderen' har været mig til stor inspiration. -
Dansksproget Digtning Under Frederik II Side 2 Af 16
D ANSKSPROGET DIGTNING UNDER F REDERIK II Af Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen Late medieval Catholic poetry and Lutheran pamphlets had made up the bulk of the printed matter that was published in Denmark before 1559. Under Frederik II an artistically valuable secular Danish literature slowly came into being, written by parsons, historians and teachers. Generally combining respect for the culture of ancient Rome and Greece with an eagerness to further Lutheranism, they unfortunately lacked a contemporary poetical idiom and therefore stuck to traditional stylistic devices and old- fashioned medieval metres considered outdated abroad. Anders Sørensen Vedel’s Danish translation of Saxo’s Gesta Danorum (1575) featured prominently, as did his anthology of 100 medieval popular ballads (1591), commissioned by two consecutive chancellors and by the queen respectively. Frederik II hentede gerne dygtige udlændinge til Danmark for at bibringe riget den moderne europæiske renæssances normer – i arkitektur og musik og til organisering af hoflivet. Det kunne han selvsagt ikke gøre, når det drejede sig om dansksproget digtning. Den måtte graves ud af fødelandets egen jord, ressourcerne var indskrænket til hans egne uddannede og dannede undersåtter. Baggrund I 1495 udkom Then danskæ Krønnickæ (oftest kaldt Rimkrøniken) som den første bog på dansk, der også var trykt i Danmark.1 Det er en middelalderlig tekst med uvis oprindelse, som formentlig foreligger redigeret sammen fra 1430’rne, måske ved en broder Niels i Sorø. Værket tjener med sin lange række tilbageskuende monologer af danske konger et nationalhistorisk formål som versificeret lærebog for regenter og deres undersåtter, altså den genre, der hedder speculum regale (Kongespejl). I indledende verslinjer og opsummerende karakteristikker indsættes kristelig moralisme til understregning af, hvor ilde det går konger, som ringeagter kirker, klostre og gejstligheden. -
JH Merle D'aubigné
Volume 7 v1.qxp:History of the Reformation Volume VII 4 02 2009 00:56 Page 1 The Reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin VOLUME 7 J MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ QUINTA PRESS WESTON RHYN 2009 Volume 7 v1.qxp:History of the Reformation Volume VII 4 02 2009 00:56 Page 2 Quinta Press Meadow View, Weston Rhyn, Oswestry, Shropshire, England, sy10 7rn Visit our web-site: http://www.quintapress.com Layout copyright © Quinta Press 2009 Volume 7 v1.qxp:History of the Reformation Volume VII 4 02 2009 00:56 Page 3 THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN VOL. VII. 3 Volume 7 v1.qxp:History of the Reformation Volume VII 4 02 2009 00:56 Page 4 4 j.h. merle d’aubigné LONDON PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW STREET SQUARE Volume 7 v1.qxp:History of the Reformation Volume VII 4 02 2009 00:56 Page 5 history of the reformation in the time of calvin 5 HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN. BY J. H. MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ, D.D., AUTHOR OF THE ‘HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY,’ ETC. translated by WILLIAM L. R. CATES, JOINT AUTHOR OF WOODWARD AND CATES’S ‘ENCLYCLOPÆDIA OF CHRONOLOGY’ EDITOR OF ‘THE DICTIONARY OF GENERAL BIOGRAPHY’ ETC. ‘Les choses de petite durée ont coutume de devenir fanees, quand elles ont passé leur temps. ‘Au règne de Christ, il n’y a que le nouvel homme qui soit florissant, qui ait de la vigueur, et dont il faille faire cas.’ CALVIN. -
Denmark and the Crusades 1400 – 1650
DENMARK AND THE CRUSADES 1400 – 1650 Janus Møller Jensen Ph.D.-thesis, University of Southern Denmark, 2005 Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................v Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 Crusade Historiography in Denmark ..............................................................................2 The Golden Age.........................................................................................................4 New Trends ...............................................................................................................7 International Crusade Historiography...........................................................................11 Part I: Crusades at the Ends of the Earth, 1400-1523 .......................................................21 Chapter 1: Kalmar Union and the Crusade, 1397-1523.....................................................23 Denmark and the Crusade in the Fourteenth Century ..................................................23 Valdemar IV and the Crusade...................................................................................27 Crusades and Herrings .............................................................................................33 Crusades in Scandinavia 1400-1448 ..............................................................................37 Papal Collectors........................................................................................................38 -
Petersen 2019. the Development of Complex Predicates from Old
The Development of Complex Predicates 131 KATHRINE tHISTED PETERSEN The development of Complex Predicates from Old danish to Modern danish a diachronic survey of the Connection between Case, Bare nouns, and stress Pattern Petersen, K. Thisted, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Communication and Culture, Scandinavian Studies, Aarhus University. “The Development of Complex Predicates from Old Danish to Modern Danish. A Diachronic Survey of the Connection between Case, Bare Nouns, and Stress Pattern”. ANF 134 (2019), pp. 131–191. Abstract: This study describes the development of complex predicates from Early Middle Danish (ca. 1100–ca. 1350) through Late Middle Danish (ca. 1350–ca. 1525) and Early Mod- ern Danish (ca. 1525–ca. 1700) to Modern Danish (post-1700) as a change from an unmarked to a marked mode of expression. In Modern Danish, the characteristic features of complex predicates such as bage kage ‘to bake a cake’ are the unit accentuation between the un- stressed verb and the stressed noun and the bare form of the noun, marking the combinations as lexically fixed expressions with non-referential complements. Since stress markers are ab- sent from Old Danish (ca. 800–ca. 1525) texts, we are unable to tell whether unstressed verbs were also a clear characteristic of complex predicates during this period. However, topologi- cal factors make the usage of unit accentuation between verbs and non-referential comple- ments in most of the period unlikely. Considering the fact that words in the final position of a syntactic accentual sequence are normally stressed to a greater or lesser extent (Rischel 1983; Jacobs 1999; Basbøll 2005; Grønnum 2009; Petersen 2010), the presence of OV word order in Old Danish texts with the complement in a preverbal position presumably rules out the usage of unit accentuation in spoken language. -
Plague and Plague Policies in Early Modem Denmark
Medical History, 2003, 47: 413-450 "In These Perilous Times": Plague and Plague Policies in Early Modem Denmark PETER CHRISTENSEN* Plague has long since disappeared from Denmark. Why it did so remains a puzzle and is one of the themes of this article. More recently, and almost as puzzling, plague has also disappeared from Danish historiography. In the works of eighteenth-century historians the Black Death was described in considerable, if often imaginative, detail and the recurring plague outbreaks were mentioned regularly.' By the late nineteenth century this was no longer the case. The terrible mortality still guaranteed the Black Death a few lines in the history books, but there was practically no discussion ofthe causes nor ofthe possible short or long-term consequences. The rest ofthe plague cycle was almost completely ignored with the exception of the well-documented, but also isolated, 1711 outbreak in Copenhagen.2 The reason for this revision must be sought in the rise ofmodem historical scholarship in Denmark in the late nineteenth century. As in other countries, history had until then been the preserve of so-called antiquarians who had uncritically paraphrased chronicles and annals, sources which modem critical examination has proved to be biased, inaccurate and unreli- able. Now an emerging group of professional, academic historians, most of them mediev- alists incidentally, argued that henceforward the study of history should be based on solid, objective archival materials such as parish registers, laws, estate accounts, cadastral surveys, minutes, etc. Unfortunately, the sources relevant to the Black Death were sparse * Dr Peter Christensen, Department of History, ' For example, P F Suhm, Historie afDanmark, 14 University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 102-2300 vols, Copenhagen, 1782-1828, vol. -
The Temple of Jerusalem
Tracing the Jerusalem Code 2 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 2: The Chosen People Christian Cultures in Early Modern Scandinavia (1536–ca. 1750) Edited by Eivor Andersen Oftestad and Joar Haga The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10 ISBN 978-3-11-063487-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063945-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063654-3 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639452 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020951833 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Eivor Andersen Oftestad, Joar Haga (eds), published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover image: New Jerusalem. Detail of epitaph, ca. 1695, Ringkøbing Church, Denmark. Photo: National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet), Copenhagen, Arnold Mikkelsen. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI Books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Contents List of Maps and Illustrations XI List of Abbreviations XVII Editorial comments for all three volumes XIX Kristin B. Aavitsland, Eivor Andersen Oftestad, and -
Go by Bicycle to the Reformation on Beautiful East Funen
GO BY BICYCLE TO THE REFORMATION ON BEAUTIFUL EAST FUNEN In 2017 it is 500 years since monk Martin Luther started the Reforma- tion in Germany. It resulted in ground swells – also in East Fyn, where the royal town of Nyborg was in the centre of the dramatic events. Issued to mark the anniversary of the Reformation, this cycle map is now being reissued in 2020. Join the Museums of Eastern Funen on two different Reformation bicycle tours around the Reformation on East Funen and enjoy the beautiful rolling landscape. From holy, Catholic relics in the parish churches to splendid stately homes to the centre of the royal power in Nyborg – the first Danish reformation capital – with Nyborg Castle as NYBORG WITHIN THE RAMPARTS the starting point of Christian III’s new Protestant realm. (SEE MAP ENLARGEMENT) GPS 55.313061, 10.788570 The Museums of Eastern Funen have published this special route map NYBORG CASTLE (SEE MAP ENLARGEMENT) with bicycle routes and a historical description of all route points. The Nyborg is known as “the heart of the Danish realm”. The town was the whole map is marked with GPS coordinates, so it is easy to find your GPS 55.312701, 10.786876 centre of the realm for many years, where countless major decisions way. You can get really up close and personal to the history at Nyborg with implications for Denmark and Europe were taken. In the 1540s, Castle! Although Nyborg Castle is closed due to restoration, it can be King Christian III turned the town into a powerful royal seat. -
Plague and Plague Policies in Early Modem Denmark
Medical History, 2003, 47: 413-450 "In These Perilous Times": Plague and Plague Policies in Early Modem Denmark PETER CHRISTENSEN* Plague has long since disappeared from Denmark. Why it did so remains a puzzle and is one of the themes of this article. More recently, and almost as puzzling, plague has also disappeared from Danish historiography. In the works of eighteenth-century historians the Black Death was described in considerable, if often imaginative, detail and the recurring plague outbreaks were mentioned regularly.' By the late nineteenth century this was no longer the case. The terrible mortality still guaranteed the Black Death a few lines in the history books, but there was practically no discussion ofthe causes nor ofthe possible short or long-term consequences. The rest ofthe plague cycle was almost completely ignored with the exception of the well-documented, but also isolated, 1711 outbreak in Copenhagen.2 The reason for this revision must be sought in the rise ofmodem historical scholarship in Denmark in the late nineteenth century. As in other countries, history had until then been the preserve of so-called antiquarians who had uncritically paraphrased chronicles and annals, sources which modem critical examination has proved to be biased, inaccurate and unreli- able. Now an emerging group of professional, academic historians, most of them mediev- alists incidentally, argued that henceforward the study of history should be based on solid, objective archival materials such as parish registers, laws, estate accounts, cadastral surveys, minutes, etc. Unfortunately, the sources relevant to the Black Death were sparse * Dr Peter Christensen, Department of History, ' For example, P F Suhm, Historie afDanmark, 14 University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 102-2300 vols, Copenhagen, 1782-1828, vol. -
Danish Post-Reformation Crusaders: Jerusalem and Crusading in Denmark C.1550–1650
Janus Møller Jensen Chapter 11 Danish Post-Reformation Crusaders: Jerusalem and Crusading in Denmark c.1550–1650 This chapter investigates some of the motives of the Danish nobles who visited Jerusalem after the Reformation roughly in the period 1555–1650. It will demonstrate how several elements of the medieval crusade continued as part of the royal and na- tional ideology, as well as part of the ideals and religious life of Protestant knighthood. It analyses the travel accounts, crusade literature, knightly orders, and expressions of national crusading ideology, which form an important background and context for un- derstanding the continued travels of the nobility to Jerusalem. In 1684 the Danish statesman and jurist Peder Hansen Resen (1625–88) published Erik Krabbe’s(1510–64) sixteenth-century German translation of the old Danish law- collection Law of Jutland from the thirteenth century. In the preface he wrote about various subjects. Among others, he described how his brother, Dr Poul Resen (d. 1657), went on a journey to Constantinople and the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. When he reached the Franciscan monastery on Mount Zion, he was very well received and the monks played music for him. They believed him to be fond of music because he carried a fiddle with him. In the evening, when Poul Resen went to bed, he was placed in a room on the door of which was carved four letters and then “Ottho Schram Danus 1599.” Poul Resen had promised to write more of this when he reached Cairo, but un- fortunately, he died on the way from the Holy Sepulchre to Cairo in 1657. -
A Tbesis Submitted to the Faculty of Divinity for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
DR. JOHANNES MACCHAB^US John MacAlpin SCOTLAND'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE REFORMATION IN DENMARK .FREDERIK BREmHL PETERSEN, 1/U A., B. D. A tbesis submitted to the Faculty of Divinity for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH EDINBURGH, 1937. HMy Lord, yf ye will burne thame, except ye follow my counsall, ye will utterly destroy your selves. Iff ye will burne thame, lett thame / be brunt in iow sellarffsj for the reik of Maister Patrilf: Hammyltoun lies~" infected as many as it blew upo!nr* n (Knox, I, 42). - An intimate advice to Archbishop Beaton of St. Andrews after the Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION * - 1. The significance of the international character of the Rom. Cath. Church for the cause of the Reformation, p. i. - 2. Exiled Scottish Reformers at work for the Reformation in other lands, p. ii. - 3. Our study of the life and work of Dr. Hacchabeeus, p. iv. PART I. BEFORE DR. JOH. MACCHABMJS'S ARRIVAL IN DENMARK. CHAPTER I. PRIOR JOHN MACALPIN IN SCOTLAND, Ca. 1500-1534. 1 - 3S A. John MacAlpin's Birth, Name and Education, ca. 1500- 08.^1520: (pp. 1-7 ) 1. Name and place of birth, p. 1. - 2. Mem ber of a famous* clan, p. 1. - 3. Had the best teachers available, p. 2. - 4. Studied probably et St. Andrews University, p. 3. - 5. Significance of his stay at St. Andrews, p. 6. - B. At the Dominican Monastery at Perth, elected Prior. Ca. 1520-1534: (pp. Q . 13. 1. Joins the Dominican Order, ca. 1520, p.