Auburn University – Romance, Rocketry, and the Dannenberg Connection
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History of Rocket Technology
CHAPTER 1 History of Rockets 1. 1. INTRODUCTION Action-Reaction Principle Take any technology and you always find that its practical demonstration had been realized much before the theory was established. However, you may note that the fast and effective refinement of a technology begins only after its theory, explaining the underlying basic principles, has been established. The action-reaction principle that is fundamental to jet propulsion, which includes airbreathing- as well as rocket-propulsion, was theoretically explained only in 1687 by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton by his famous publication “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”). But, approximately 2100 years before this, Archytas, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, had demonstrated the action-reaction principle by his toy pigeon in the city of Tarentum, Fig. 1. 1. Archytas suspended on a wire his wooden pigeon that contained hot steam at an elevated pressure in its belly cavity. The other end of the wire was hooked on to the top of a tall pole. On releasing a plug, a jet of steam escaped through a hole from the rear of the pigeon to produce a thrust that made the toy pigeon fly in circles around the pole. Thus Archytas mystified and amused the citizens of Tarentum by his flying toy- pigeon and demonstrated the fundamental principle of propulsion: “every force has an equal and opposite reaction”. The second recorded-demonstration of the action-reaction principle was in the first century B.C. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician 1 and scientist, constructed a device known as aeolipile. -
Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008869 2019-08-29T17:47:59+00:00Z CHAPTER 12 Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems John A. Halchak Consultant, Los Angeles, California James L. Cannon NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Corey Brown Aerojet-Rocketdyne, West Palm Beach, Florida 12.1 Introduction Earth to orbit launch vehicles are propelled by rocket engines and motors, both liquid and solid. This chapter will discuss liquid engines. The heart of a launch vehicle is its engine. The remainder of the vehicle (with the notable exceptions of the payload and guidance system) is an aero structure to support the propellant tanks which provide the fuel and oxidizer to feed the engine or engines. The basic principle behind a rocket engine is straightforward. The engine is a means to convert potential thermochemical energy of one or more propellants into exhaust jet kinetic energy. Fuel and oxidizer are burned in a combustion chamber where they create hot gases under high pressure. These hot gases are allowed to expand through a nozzle. The molecules of hot gas are first constricted by the throat of the nozzle (de-Laval nozzle) which forces them to accelerate; then as the nozzle flares outwards, they expand and further accelerate. It is the mass of the combustion gases times their velocity, reacting against the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, which produce thrust according to Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. [1] Solid rocket motors are cheaper to manufacture and offer good values for their cost. -
PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, and the V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ENGINEERING CONSENT: PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, AND THE V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael Brian Petersen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf Departmen t of History This dissertation is the story of the German scientists and engineers who developed, tested, and produced the V-2 missile, the world’s first liquid -fueled ballistic missile. It examines the social, political, and cultural roots of the prog ram in the Weimar Republic, the professional world of the Peenemünde missile base, and the results of the specialists’ decision to use concentration camp slave labor to produce the missile. Previous studies of this subject have been the domain of either of sensationalistic journalists or the unabashed admirers of the German missile pioneers. Only rarely have historians ventured into this area of inquiry, fruitfully examining the history of the German missile program from the top down while noting its admi nistrative battles and technical development. However, this work has been done at the expense of a detailed examination of the mid and lower -level employees who formed the backbone of the research and production effort. This work addresses that shortcomi ng by investigating the daily lives of these employees and the social, cultural, and political environment in which they existed. It focuses on the key questions of dedication, motivation, and criminality in the Nazi regime by asking “How did Nazi authori ties in charge of the missile program enlist the support of their employees in their effort?” “How did their work translate into political consent for the regime?” “How did these employees come to view slave labor as a viable option for completing their work?” This study is informed by traditions in European intellectual and social history while borrowing from different methods of sociology and anthropology. -
Quest: the History of Spaceflight Quarterly
Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 1992 - 2017 www.spacehistory101.com Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly Since 1992, 4XHVW7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW has collected, documented, and captured the history of the space. An award-winning publication that is the oldest peer reviewed journal dedicated exclusively to this topic, 4XHVW fills a vital need²ZKLFKLVZK\VRPDQ\ SHRSOHKDYHYROXQWHHUHGRYHUWKH\HDUV Astronaut Michael Collins once described Quest, its amazing how you are able to provide such detailed content while making it very readable. Written by professional historians, enthusiasts, stu- dents, and people who’ve worked in the field 4XHVW features the people, programs, politics that made the journey into space possible²human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. What follows is a history of 4XHVW, written by the editors and publishers who over the past 25 years have worked with professional historians, enthusiasts, students, and people who worked in the field to capture a wealth of stories and information related to human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. Glen Swanson Founder, Editor, Volume 1-6 Stephen Johnson Editor, Volume 7-12 David Arnold Editor, Volume 13-22 Christopher Gainor Editor, Volume 23-25+ Scott Sacknoff Publisher, Volume 7-25 (c) 2019 The Space 3.0 Foundation The Silver Anniversary of Quest 1 www.spacehistory101.com F EATURE: THE S ILVER A NNIVERSARY OF Q UEST From Countdown to Liftoff —The History of Quest Part I—Beginnings through the University of North Dakota Acquisition 1988-1998 By Glen E. -
Apollo 13 Mission Review
APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2. -
Celebrating 50 Years of America in Space Fifty Years Ago, a Group of German Rocket Pioneers Led the Team That Put America Into Space
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 35, Number 8, February 22, 2008 EIR Science & Technology Celebrating 50 Years Of America in Space Fifty years ago, a group of German rocket pioneers led the team that put America into space. Marsha Freeman reports on a celebration held to mark that milestone. For millions of Americans, the successful launch of the Ex- cle, a 36-story, 6.5-million-pound rocket. Its remarkable re- plorer-1 satellite on the evening of Jan. 31, 1958, three months cord includes 13 launches without any failures, a testament after the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik, allowed a sigh of re- not only to the meticulous design, rigorous testing, and ex- lief. For a team of over 100 German space pioneers, it was the traordinary management of this complex project, but also to culmination of nearly two decades of rocket experiments, and the decades of dedication of the German space pioneers to the proved that soon, man himself, could explore space. dream of space flight. The German rocket team that came to the United States That dream was energized in the late 1920s by Hermann after World War II, under the leadership of Wernher von Oberth, who himself took the dreams of Johannes Kepler, Braun, had already carried out many of the tests, and experi- Jules Verne, and others before him, and created the scientific enced the failures, necessary for the technology of space flight and engineering basis to make manned space flight a reality.1 to be born. As teenagers in Germany in the 1930s, some had In 1927, the German Society for Space Travel was orga- participated in amateur rocket clubs to begin the small-scale nized in Breslau, formed by space enthusiasts, with the after- experiments that would eventually take men to the Moon, and school participation of a teenage Wernher von Braun, and to carry out educational campaigns to excite the public about guidance from Professor Oberth. -
USSRC Annual 2004
ANNUAL REPORT 2004 Mars Exploration Rover: An artist's concept portrays a NASA Mars Exploration Rover on the surface of Mars. Two rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have the mobility and toolkit to function as a robotic geologist. Resembling sparks from a fireworks display, this image taken by a JPL camera onboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows delicate filaments that are sheets of debris from a stellar explosion in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. — Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) 2 SPECTRUM Celebrating Exploration PREFACE “Spirit” and “Opportunity” are more than just ideals to Americans. They are viewed as inalienable rights. The American Spirit that fueled a revolution in 1776 has always looked forward, believing that the “The urge to explore has been the opportunities are boundless. primary force in evolution since the first water creatures began to President Thomas Jefferson believed that when he commissioned reconnoiter the land. The quest for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to embark on the exploration of the the larger reality, the need to see Louisiana Purchase in May 1804, a journey that took the American flag to the Pacific Ocean. President John Kennedy believed it in May 1961 when the whole — from the mountaintop he challenged the nation to reach the moon within a decade. The first or the moon is the basic imperative American flag was planted on the moon on July 20, 1969, and five others of consciousness, the hallmark of joined it later. This year, as the nation celebrated the two hundredth our species.” anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the thirty-fifth —Dr. -
The Rocket That Started It
The V-2 - The Rocket That Started It All Presented by John Halchak Retired Senior Fellow in the Engineering department of Rocketdyne (now named Aerojet Rocketdyne), Canoga Park, California The German A-4 rocket was renamed by the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, as “Vengeance weapon No. 2”, and became commonly known as the V-2. It was the world’s first true ballistic missile. It also was the first man-made vehicle to enter outer space. Over 3000 of these were launched at various targets in WWII, killing perhaps 9000 people. However, far more slave laborers died producing it, perhaps as many as 25,000. Although rushed into production, the V-2 essentially was a research vehicle, full of design and production flaws. Materials shortages in Germany required its designers to utilize some creative substitutions in material selections. It was a leap in technology, achieved in a very short time, yet most of its design features still are common in today’s launch vehicles. Although it was a technological achievement, the fact cannot be ignored that it was produced in support of one of history’s most evil regimes, and its mass production plant involved untold human suffering and the death of thousands. The engineers developing the V-2 had been attracted by the prospect of exploring space; they found too late that they had entered into a Faustian bargain from which they could not escape even if they had wanted to. Afterwards, the V-2 was the genesis for both the American and Russian space and missile programs, and eventually every other country’s program. -
Marshall Space Flight Center
............__........ Marshall Space Flight Center Introduction This booklet, prepared by the Marshall Space Flight Center, is illustrative of the Center's support for the von Braun Celebration of the Arts and Sciences (VBCAS). Marshall is honored to be a participant in the celebration of this 50-year cultural and technological legacy of Dr. Wernher von Braun and the members of his famed German rocket team. The VBCAS features a year-long series of events, performances, exhibits and historical, cultural and educational programs. Special performances by internationally known artists and speakers, and commemorative events featuring an aerospace, German, or nostalgic theme will be held during this year-long celebration. More than 30 arts, technology, educational and community organizations have been working for almost three years to plan this series of events. In 1950, Dr. von Braun and approximately 100 of his team members came to Huntsville, Alabama, to begin work on what would later become America's historic space program. Dr. von Braun eventually served as the first director of the Marshall Center and led the development of the Saturn V launch vehicle that lofted three American astronauts on their journey to the moon in July 1969. music. In the 1920s, von Braun was accepted for led the piano lessons by the great composer Paul design for the most powerful rocket the world has Hindemith and had even composed some pieces of ever known and used it to launch the first humans his own by the age of 15. Von Braun also took cello to the surface of the moon in 1969. -
Celebrating 50 Years of America in Space Fifty Years Ago, a Group of German Rocket Pioneers Led the Team That Put America Into Space
EIR Science & Technology Celebrating 50 Years Of America in Space Fifty years ago, a group of German rocket pioneers led the team that put America into space. Marsha Freeman reports on a celebration held to mark that milestone. For millions of Americans, the successful launch of the Ex- cle, a 36-story, 6.5-million-pound rocket. Its remarkable re- plorer-1 satellite on the evening of Jan. 31, 1958, three months cord includes 13 launches without any failures, a testament after the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik, allowed a sigh of re- not only to the meticulous design, rigorous testing, and ex- lief. For a team of over 100 German space pioneers, it was the traordinary management of this complex project, but also to culmination of nearly two decades of rocket experiments, and the decades of dedication of the German space pioneers to the proved that soon, man himself, could explore space. dream of space flight. The German rocket team that came to the United States That dream was energized in the late 1920s by Hermann after World War II, under the leadership of Wernher von Oberth, who himself took the dreams of Johannes Kepler, Braun, had already carried out many of the tests, and experi- Jules Verne, and others before him, and created the scientific enced the failures, necessary for the technology of space flight and engineering basis to make manned space flight a reality.1 to be born. As teenagers in Germany in the 1930s, some had In 1927, the German Society for Space Travel was orga- participated in amateur rocket clubs to begin the small-scale nized in Breslau, formed by space enthusiasts, with the after- experiments that would eventually take men to the Moon, and school participation of a teenage Wernher von Braun, and to carry out educational campaigns to excite the public about guidance from Professor Oberth. -
FROM the CHIEF HISTORIAN BORIS CHERTOK's Rockets and People
NASA HISTORY DIVISION Office of External Relations volume 26, number 2 second quarter 2009 FROM BORIS CHERTOK’S THE CHIEF ROCKETS AND PEOPLE HISTORIAN By Asif A. Siddiqi, visiting scholar, Space, Policy, and Society Research Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology For those interested in the history of Russian space exploration, and more broadly in the history of space exploration during the Cold War, the mem oirs of Boris Chertok provide a striking and unique perspective. Chertok This is my last newsletter as the National is one of those rare actors in history who not only played a critical role Aeronautics and Space Administration in the program but has been able to convey with grace and eloquence his (NASA) Chief Historian. Having reached the experiences to the broader public. For over 40 years, Chertok worked at canonical 30 years of federal government ser- the senior-most levels of the famous “OKB-1” design bureau, which in its vice, I will be retiring shortly after the Apollo present incarnation as the Energiya Rocket-Space Corporation continues 11 40th anniversary, returning to full -time to play a leading role in the Russian human spaceflight program. research and writing. It has been an honor to Chertok began his career as an electrician in 1930 at an aviation factory serve, especially during the 50th -anniversary near Moscow. Thirty years later, he was one of the senior designers in celebrations, as historian for the world’s pre - charge of the Soviet Union’s crowning achievement as a space power: the mier agency for exploration. launch of Yuriy Gagarin, the world’s first space voyager. -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E1314 HON
E1314 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks July 22, 2002 PERSONAL EXPLANATION A SPECIAL TRIBUTE TO THE COM- Konrad Dannenberg, born in Weissenfels, MUNITY OF WEST LEIPSIC, OHIO Germany, worked with Wernher von Braun in HON. STEPHANIE TUBBS JONES ON THE OCCASION OF ITS SES- Peenemunde, Germany and came to the OF OHIO QUICENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY United States after World War II under CELEBRATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ‘‘Project Paperclip’’. He later helped develop and produce the Redstone and Jupiter missile Monday, July 22, 2002 HON. PAUL E. GILLMOR systems for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency Mrs. JONES of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, please OF OHIO at Redstone Arsenal. In 1960, he joined be advised that I will not be voting on Monday, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center as Dep- due to a commitment in my District. Had I uty Manager of the Saturn program, where he been present, the record would reflect that I Monday, July 22, 2002 received the NASA Exceptional Service would have voted on: Mr. GILLMOR. Mr. Speaker, it is my distinct Medal. (1) H.R. 1209—Child Status Protection Act, privilege to stand before my colleagues in the Mr. Dannenberg is a Fellow of the American ‘‘yea’’; House to pay special tribute to a special com- Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and (2) H.R. 4558—To Extend The Irish Peace munity in Ohio’s Fifth Congressional District. was past president of the Alabama/Mississippi Process Cultural And Training Program, ‘‘yea’’; On August 17 and 18, 2002, the community of Chapter.