The Invention of the Western Film: a Cultural History of the Genre’S First Half-Century Scott Simmon Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-55473-2 - The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre’s First Half-Century Scott Simmon Index More information

Index

Films are identified by release year, writings by author. Page numbers in bold italics in- dicate illustrations. Endnotes have been indexed only where they provide substantive information.

Abbey, Edward, 66 American Film Manufacturing Co., 34, Abilene Town (1946), 263 86 Aborigine’s Devotion, The (1909), 4, 19, 27 American Film Musical, The (Altman), 110 Ace in the Hole (1951), 167 American Jeremiad, The (Bercovitch), Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico, 83, 293 125–6 acting styles American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., in B-Westerns, 171, 174–7 8; see also Biograph Co. of Henry Fonda, 226–9, 281–2 Americana (DeLillo), 330n1 of John Wayne, 171–4, 177, 230 Anasazi civilization, 10, 28, 53, 85 of Native Americans, 13, 64–5 Anderson, Gilbert M. “Broncho Billy,” 5, Adams, Henry, 183 34, 35, 45, 152 Adams, Herbert B., 158 Andrews, Dana, 138 Addison, Joseph, 336n15 Andriot, Lucien, 106 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), Angel and the Badman (1947), 230, 267–8 23 Anishinabes, 88, 92 African Americans Annie Oakley (1894), 7 film cycles about, 160, 238, 272 Annie Oakley (1935), 100 images of, 72, 136, 302n23 Apaches, xi, 146, 236 agrarian ideals, 132–4, 154–6, 250; see as film characters, 28, 44, 45, 143, also Jefferson, and agrarian ideals; 157, 281–3 pastoralism; Populism and Populists Apartment for Peggy (1948), 247 agriculture, see farms and farming Arapahos, 72 Alamo, the, 120, 248 Argonauts of California (1916), 108 Alamo, The (1960), 120 Aristotle, 290 Aldrich, Robert, 72 Arizona, 41, 166 Alexie, Sherman, 59 as filmmaking location, 34, 80, 106 Along Came Jones (1945), 230 as setting, 45, 74, 177, 190, 256 Along the Great Divide (1951), 106, 205 see also Monument Valley; My Darling Altman, Rick, 110 Clementine; Tombstone Altman, Robert, 61 Arizona (1940), 182 Alton, John, 272 Arizona Bill (French film series, 1911– American Adam, The (Lewis), 188 13), 35

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376 Index

Arizonian, The (1935), 222, 332n6 Best Years of Our Lives, The (1946), 228, Arminianism, 129 230, 272 Army, U.S., see Cavalry, U.S. Betty Zane (Grey), 313n10 Arrival of Train, Cheyenne (1903), 3 Betrayed by a Handprint (1908), 40 As Seen through a Telescope (1900), 68 Beverley, Robert, 21 Astaire, Fred, 112 Bibles, 85, 116, 124, 128, 230, 249 Auer, Mischa, 90 Bickford, Charles, 123 August, Joseph, 154 Bierstadt, Albert, 17, 41, 48 Austin, Mary, 304n4 Big Carnival, The (1951), 167 automobiles, 150–3, 162, 163, 167 Big Heat, The (1953), 272 Autry, Gene, 155, 175, 176, 188, 324n20 Big Trail, The (1930), 105–49 A-Westerns, see B-Westerns, compared democracy and, 131–7 with A-Westerns Hispanics in, 146, 236 history in, 108–9, 158 Bacon, Lloyd, 225 illustrated, 98, 107, 111, 115, 117, Bad Day at Black Rock (1955), 120, 261, 119, 131, 143, 145 279 Indians in, 142–5, 157 Ballad of Cable Hogue, The (1970), 318n8 John Wayne in, 99, 103, 105–49, 158, Balshofer, Fred, 35, 56, 57, 299n2 229 Bancroft, George, 190 Manifest Destiny and, 138–42 Bandit’s Waterloo, The (1908), 40 nature in, 115–24 bank robbery, 137, 150, 166, 167, 268, production, 100, 101, 105–7 270, 275 Raoul Walsh and, 106–7 banks and bankers religion and, 125–7, 129–30 in Populist rhetoric, 158, 167 social Darwinism and, 116–19, 121–2 in Westerns, 151, 175, 216, 268 South and, 146–8, 160 Banks, Dennis, 92 women in, 109–13, 122–3 Bargain, The (1914), 58, 80 Billy the Kid, 242, 270 Barnitz, Albert, 70 Billy the Kid (1930), 100, 105, 121, 213 Barnum, P. T., 61 Biograph Co., 4, 19, 20, 30, 34, 36, 37, Barton, James, 269 41 Bataan (1943), 330n5 D. W. Griffith’s actors in, 15, 82 Battle at Elderbush Gulch, The (1913), 5, Birth of a Nation, The (1915), 150 37, 37–9, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 74 Bison Life Motion Picture Co., 24, 30, Battleship Potemkin (1925), 249 34, 45, 56, 57, 79 Baxter, Anne, 268, 269 Bitzer, G. W. “Billy,” 7, 13, 17, 40, 41, 42, Baxter, John, 226, 264 55 Bazin, André, 197 Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, Bean, Judge Roy, 250 14, 69, 70 Beckett, Samuel, 196 Blazing the Trail (1912), 62, 108 Bedford, Barbara, 90, 91 Blood on the Moon (1948), 207 Beecher, Lyman, 124 Bluff from a Tenderfoot, A (1899), 7 Benjamin, Walter, 181 Bogart, Humphrey, 270 Bennett, Joan, 147, 336n21 Bogdanovich, Peter, 173 Benton, Robert, 288 Bold, Christine, 46 Bercovitch, Sacvan, 125–6 Boleslawski, Richard, 123 Berenger, Tom, 189 Bond, Ward, 247, 257, 333n15 Berger, John, 41 Bonnie and Clyde (1967), 288 Berger, Thomas, 273 Boone, Daniel, 15, 46, 120, 122, 135, Bergman, Ingrid, 243 144 Bergson, Henri, 118 Borde, Raymond, 202 Berry, Don “Red,” 162 Borgnine, Ernest, 120

Index 377

Borzage, Frank, 187, 262 Cagney, James, 121, 250 Bosworth, Hobart, 90 Cain, James M., 205 Boym, Svetlana, 182 Calhoun, Rory, 274 Bradford, William, 139 California Braudy, Leo, 291 as filmmaking location Braveheart (1925), 82–3 for silent films, 33–5, 37, 49, 56–7, Brendel, El, 106, 111 90 Brennan, Walter, 123, 237, 250, 259 for sound films, 92, 102, 106, 123, Brigham Young – Frontiersman (1940), 153, 206 127–8 gold rush, 118, 254 Broken Arrow (1950), 271, 275, 337n2 Native Americans in, xii, 63, 71, 78 Broken Doll, The (1910), 17, 24, 27 overland trail to, 107, 128, 134, 148, Broken Lance (1954), 239 187, 254 Brooks, Louise, 113 as Spanish colonial setting, 36, 168 Brooks, Richard, 121 see also Los Angeles Brown, Charles Brockden, 15 California (1946), 118, 130, 273 Brown, Clarence, 90 Call of the Wild, The (1908), 9, 306n5 Brown, Johnny Mack, 332n6 Calling Wild Bill Elliott (1943), 195 Bryan, William Jennings, 326n16 Campbell, Thomas, 26 Bryant, William Cullen, 96 Canutt, Yakima, 157 Buck’s Romance (1912), 81, 86 Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, 83 Buetel, Jack, 242 Canyon Passage (1946), 238 Buffalo Bill (1944), 61, 117, 237, Capra, Frank, 199, 248, 254 343n4 Captain Brand’s Wife (1911), 45 Buffalo Bill and the Indians (1976), 61, captivity narratives, 16 291 Carey, Harry, 90, 125, 138, 150–1, 151, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Pawnee Bill’s 214, 268 Far East (1910), 61–2 Carlisle (Pennsylvania) Indian Industrial Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, 6, 61–3 School, 64, 82 Buffalo Dance (1894), 296n2 Carmichael, Hoagy, 338n5 Buntline, Ned (Carroll Judson), 176 Carradine, John, 147, 189, 236, 285, Burnett, W. R., 213 333n15 Burns, Walter Noble, 212 Carrying Out the Snakes (1901), 7 Busch, Niven, 230 Carson, Kit, xi, 86, 144; see also Kit Carson Bush, George W., 258 Cat People (1942), 155, 276 Bush, W. Stephen, 33 Cather, Willa, 28, 39 businessmen, as film characters, 137, Catholicism, xii, 29, 126, 202, 240 214, 236, 275–6; see also banks and Catlin, George, 42 bankers Cattle Fording Stream (1898), 7 B-Westerns, 99–104, 112, 150–77, 188–9, Cavalry, U.S. 191, 230, 262, 272 film characters from, 28, 45, 92, 157, acting in, 171, 174–7 207, 272, 288 compared with A-Westerns, 99–100, group images of, 38, 49, 50, 68–9, 103–4, 149, 152–3, 157, 169–70, 71–2, 86, 121, 137, 281–3, 284–6 213–14, 264 see also Invaders, The; Wounded Knee Indians and, 156–8 massacre politics of, 158–68, 195 Chambers, Whittaker, 209, 218 production, 19, 100, 166 Chandler, Raymond, 202, 204 time and history in, 101–3, 151–6, Chang (1927), 88 180–5 Channing, William Ellery, 124 see also automobiles; nostalgia Chaumenton, Étienne, 202 Byron, (George Gordon) Lord, 122 Cheat, The (1915), 65

378 Index

Cheyenne Autumn (1964), 56, 283–6, 285, Cooper, Gary, 170, 230, 231, 250, 251 286–7, 345n5 in High Noon, 207, 261 Cheyennes, 63, 64, 69, 70 in The Virginian, 112, 229, 252 as film characters, 44, 59, 65, 73, 81, Cooper, James Fenimore, 46, 94, 284 142, 144, 189 films based on works, 28, 51, 89–93 Chief’s Daughter, The (1911), 40 landscape in, 15–17, 42, 52, 60, 73, Chingachgook: The Great Snake (1967), 28 95, 123, 130 Chippewas, 92 and The Last of the Mohicans, xi, 89–93 Chisum (1970), 144 and Leatherstocking series, 14–15, 44, Christianity, 76–7, 124–30; see also 120, 182, 188, 264 particular denomination and The Pioneers, 21 Christy, Howard Chandler, 78 and The Prairie, 47 Church, Frederic, 17, 48 white–native relations in, 21–7, 48 churches, 129–30, 183, 186, 244–6, see also specific book 248–50, 266 Cooper, Merian, 194 Churchill, Berton, 137, 333n15 Cooper, William, 52–3, 91, 194 Churchill, Marguerite, 109, 111, 111, Cooperstown, New York, 21, 52, 91 131, 146 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 38, Churchill, Ward, xiii 86 Cimarron (1931), 100, 101, 186–8, 249 Coroner Creek (1948), 266 cities, 102, 154, 156, 159, 204; see also Cosmatos, George P., 278 film noir; small town Costner, Kevin, 27, 278 Clanton, Billy, 215 Cotten, Joseph, 206 Clanton, Isaac “Ike,” 215 Country Doctor, The (1909), 40 Clanton, N. H. “Old Man,” 215 Covered Wagon, The (1923), 107–8, 138 Clash of the Wolves (1925), 117 Cowboy Commandos (1943), 195 Clift, Montgomery, 163 Cowboy Justice (1904), 7–8 Coaching Party, Yosemite Valley (1901), 3 Cowboy Metaphysics (French), xiii Cochise, 215, 262, 283 Cowboy Star, The (1936), 153, 177 Code of the Cactus (1939), 153 cowboys Cody, Iron Eyes (Oscar DeCorti), 63 in fiction, 46, 136, 252 Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” xii, 6, 48, in films 61–3, 297n2 silent, 5, 7–8, 34, 44–5 as actor, 51, 62, 176 sound, 126, 177, 205, 206, 277; see see also Buffalo Bill . . . also B-Westerns cold war, 218, 259–60, 261, 268, 334n18 and labor, 160, 262–3 Cole, Thomas, 16–17, 38, 52 Coyne, Michael, 211 Colorado, 8, 12, 34, 152, 182 Crane, Hart, 24 Colorado Territory (1949), 106 Crawford, Joan, 73, 229, 277 Colt Comrades (1943), 230 Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, 178, Columbia Pictures, 135 301n19 Columbia River, 99, 142 Crime of M. Lange, The (1936), 260 Comanches, 44, 86, 116, 143, 144 Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene (1899), 8 Comata, the Sioux (1909), 18, 26, 42 Crockett, David, 120 Come On, Tarzan (1932), 174–5, 176 Crook, George, 70, 71 community, 113, 182–4, 209, 243–55, Crooked River (1951), 272 256, 279–80 Cross Fire (1933), 179–80 cavalry as, 69 Crossfire (1947), 272 exclusions from, 234–42 Crowded Prairie, The (Coyne), 211 gunfighters and, 260–1 Crows (tribe), 74, 144, 157 see also cities; democracy; small town Cruze, James, 107, 108

Index 379

Curtiz, Michael, 133, 170, 247 Desire under the Elms (stageplay, O’Neill), Custer, George Armstrong, 64, 283 213 as film character, 71, 188 Destry Rides Again (1939), 136, 250, 261 and “Last Stand” imagery, 48, 60–1, Devil’s Doorway (1950), 87–8, 207, 271, 67, 69, 73, 75, 187, 282 271–2, 337n2 Custer’s Last Fight (1912), 56, 62, 81 Devine, Andy, 173, 238 Dietrich, Marlene, 204 Daisy Kenyon (1947), 229 dime novels, 46, 47, 51, 175 Dakota (1945), 228 Dippie, Brian W., 11, 60–1 Dakotas, the, 29, 33, 49, 59, 119, 188 Directed by John Ford (1971), 320n27 Dallas, Claude, Jr., 166 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Dances with Wolves (1990), 27 (Rousseau), 26 Daniel Boone (1936), 101 Dix, Richard, 83, 84, 84, 85, 152, 186, Daniel Boone; or, Pioneer Days in America 332n6 (1906), 297n7 Dmytryk, Edward, 239, 289–90, 346n14 Darcel, Denise, 254 Doc (1971), 278, 284, 288 Dark Cloud, see Tahamont, Elijah Dodge City (1939), 100, 108, 182, 247, Dark Command (1940), 147, 219 261, 274, 332n6 Dark Corner, The (1946), 253 domestic novels, 121, 341n26 Darnell, Linda, 201, 201, 241–2 Don Juan (Byron), 122 Darwell, Jane, 257 Donlevy, Brian, 128 Darwinism, social, 84–5, 116–19, 122, Doorway to Hell, The (1930), 121 254, 268 Double Indemnity (1944), 248 Daves, Delmer, 271 Douglas, Kirk, 330n1 Davis, Jefferson, 298n16 Downs, Cathy, 202, 203, 244–5, 253, 265 Davy Crockett (stageplay, Mayo), 51 Dracula (1931), 213 Dawn Rider, The (1935), 264, 317n16 Dru, Joanne, 202 Day-Lewis, Daniel, 93 Drums along the Mohawk (1939), 233, 241 De Mille, Cecil B., 65, 108, 170, 251–2 Duel in the Sun (1946), 207, 211, 239, and The Squaw Man, 80–2, 83 241–2, 273 and Union Pacific, 157, 187 Dunaway, Faye, 266 see also specific film Dunne, Irene, 186 Dead Man’s Claim, The (1912), 35 Durand, Earl, 166–7 DeCorti, Oscar, 63 Dwan, Allan, 34, 35, 86, 214, 226 Dee, Frances, 187 Dwight, Timothy, 124 Deerslayer, The (Cooper), 15, 16, 46, 73, Dwire, Earl, 157 92, 264, 302n29, 329n15 Deism, 124, 129 Eagleshirt, William, 64, 65 DeLillo, Don, 193–4, 199 Earp, James, 216 democracy, 23, 130–7, 141–2, 156, 158– Earp, Josephine Marcus, 212 9, 164, 186; see also voting and Earp, Morgan, 215 elections Earp, Virgil, 215, 216 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 96 Earp, Warren, 216 Dench, Ernest, 79–80 Earp, Wyatt, 212, 215–16, 223, 262, 267 Der Letzte Mohikaner (1965), 92 as film character, 210, 212–4, 236–7, Der Wildtöter und Chingachgook (1920), 237, 273–80, 283–6; see also My 303n29 Darling Clementine, Wyatt Earp in Desert, The (Van Dyke), 68 Eastwood, Clint, 128, 144 Desert Gold (1936), 323n4 Eclipse Co., 35 Desert Justice (1936), 153 Eclogues (Virgil), 21 Deserter, The (1970), 288 Edeson, Arthur, 106

380 Index

Edison Manufacturing Co., xii, 6–7, 8, and My Darling Clementine, 198–208, 20, 318n14 266–72 Edwards, Jonathan, 124 and politics, 242 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 259–60, 261 and Pursued, 230, 267 Ellis, Joseph, 134 and Return of the Bad Men, 270–1 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 95, 124 and women, 239, 240, 242, 243 Émile (Rousseau), 122, 138, 140 and Yellow Sky, 268–70, 272 Empty Water Keg, The (1912), 35, 57 Filson, John, 15 End of the Trail, The (1932), 71–2, 87 Firmin, Giles, 124 Enemy of the Law (1945), 195 First National Pictures, 157 Engel, Samuel, 333n11 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 181 England, 76, 94, 95, 118, 132, 141, 142, Fleming, Rhonda, 254 158, 231 Fleming, Victor, 252 film characters from, 141–2, 219–21 Florida, as filmmaking location, 34 Essanay Film Manufacturing Co., 34 Flynn, Errol, 51, 52, 234, 247, 251, 282, ethnic groups, see African Americans; 332n6 Irish Americans; Italian Americans; Fonda, Henry, 168, 260, 263, 284, 286– Jewish Americans; Mexicans and 93 Mexican Americans; Native Amer- acting style, 199–200, 226–9, 281–2, icans; Polish Americans 286–7 Evans, Estwick, 122, 319n20 and John Ford, 215, 233, 241, 281–2, Everett, Edward, 325n15 283, 286 in My Darling Clementine, 203, 226–9, Fairbanks, Douglas, 86, 87, 146, 152 236, 275, 277 family pictured, 201, 217, 220–1, 227, image in films, 49, 131–2, 133, 162–3, 235, 244–5, 247, 257, 259, 265 248, 258, 279–80, 287 pictured, in My Name Is Nobody, 293, Indians as, 19, 27–8 294 see also small town in Young Mr. Lincoln, 227–8 farms and farming Fonda, Peter, 263 film depictions of, 121 For the Papoose (1912), 4, 10, 30 idealization Ford, Francis, 56, 57–8, 59, 65, 66, 69, in American culture, 132–4, 139– 73, 81, 304n9, 336n15 40, 154, 158–60 Ford, John, 59, 81, 123, 154, 193–293 in Westerns, 102–3, 138–9, 161–3, and “cavalry trilogy,” 69, 71, 72, 112, 168, 183–5, 250 281–3 Farnum, Dustin, 83, 252 and Cheyenne Autumn, 56, 283–6 Fast, Howard, 341n26 and The Grapes of Wrath, 256–7 Fatal Environment, The (Slotkin), 156 and Harry Carry, 90, 125, 150–1, 268 Fatherhood of Buck McGee, The (1912), and Henry Fonda, 226–8, 281–3, 45 286–7 federal government, U.S., image in and Irish, 240, 265, 283 Westerns, 163–6, 214 and John Wayne, 171–3 Female of the Species, The (1912), 42, 94 and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Fetterman massacre, 69–70, 75 136–7, 210 Fiedler, Leslie A., 23, 24, 25, 158 and My Darling Clementine, 197–265, Fielding, Romaine, 34–5 266, 269, 270, 275, 277, 281 Fighting Blood (1911), 45, 49, 50 pictured, 172, 192 film noir, 155, 198–208, 225, 227, 231, and The Searchers, 144, 232, 241 238, 248, 253, 266–72 and Stagecoach, 103, 136–7, 157, 169, and Devil’s Doorway, 271–2 189, 194, 209, 240

Index 381

and Young Mr. Lincoln, 227–33 Girotti, Mario, see Hill, Terence see also specific film Gish, Lillian, 37, 38, 74, 94 Forrest, Edwin, 51 Glennon, Bert, 209 Fort Apache (1948), 59, 69, 73, 218, 233, Go West (1925), 152 281–3, 286, 288, 292, 345n3 Go West (1940), 12 Fort Laramie, 69 God Bless You, Buffalo Bill (Sarf), xiii Forty Guns (1957), 276–7 Godard, Jean-Luc, 276 Foster, Preston, 274 Goddard, Paulette, 251 Fox Film Corp., 105, 106 Gold Is Where You Find It (1938), 133–4 France, 47, 103, 133, 202, 205 Golden Stallion, The (1949), 101 film companies from, 9, 10, 35 Gombrich, E. H., 41 Frankenstein (1931), 213 Good Sam (1948), 231, 247 Franklin, Benjamin, 127, 139, 237–8 Gosuites, 63 Fremont, John C., 138 Grant, Cary, 112 French, Peter, xiii Grant, Ulysses S., 69 Frenzy of Renown, The (Braudy), 291 Grapes of Wrath, The (1940), 232, 233, Freud, Sigmund, 28, 118, 250, 276 250, 256, 257, 342n8 From Broadway to Cheyenne (1932), 153, Grass: A Nation’s Battle for Life (1925), 88 167–8, 180 Gray, Robert, 99, 142 Frontier Marshal (1934), 213–14, 216, Great Northfield Minnesota Raid, The 252, 333n15 (1972), 118 Frontier Marshal (1939), 214, 215, 217, Great Train Robbery, The (1903), 5, 8 226, 236, 237, 252, 331n3, 333n15 Greed (1924), 268 Frost, Robert, 94, 95 Grey, Zane, 46, 47, 95, 96, 116, 206 Fulgosi, Niksa, 288 films based on works, 90–1, 323n4 Fuller, Samuel, 276, 277 and The Vanishing American, 84–5, Furies, The (1950), 207 331n4 Griffith, D. W., 45, 53, 74, 94, 95, 108, Gabriel over the White House (1933), 135 124, 240 Gallagher, Tag, 264 and Biograph Co., 20, 34, 35, 36, 82 gangster films, 121, 127, 153, 213 pictured, 13 Gangsters of the Frontier (1944), 101, 195 representation of Native Americans, 9, Garfield, Brian, 288 12–27, 30, 33, 36–43, 49–50, 55–6, Garland, Judy, 241 60, 76–7, 89–90 Garner, James, 277 survival of films by, 4–5, 36 Generall Historie of Virginie (Smith), 77 visual style, 15–18, 37–43, 52, 66, 67 Gentleman’s Agreement (1947), 272 Guide in the Wilderness, A (Cooper), 52 Germany Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), 276, film characters from, 46, 154, 194–5, 277, 278 213 Gunfighter, The (1950), 267 Westerns produced in, 28, 92 Gunfighter Nation (Slotkin), 156 Geronimo, 236, 238, 271 Gertrude of Wyoming (Campbell), 26 Hackman, Gene, 279 Ghost Dance, Sioux (Lakota), xi, 6, 24 Half-Breed, The (1916), 86–7 Ghost Patrol (1936), 114, 155 Hall, Lillian, 91 Gibson, Hoot, 151, 223 Hall, Oakley, 289 Gilmore, Stuart, 253 Halsey, William F. “Bull,” 336n18 Gilpin, William, 184 Hamill, Pete, 278 Girl and the Outlaw, The (1908), 9, 15–16, Hamlet (stageplay, Shakespeare), 219–29, 24 231–3, 265, 267, 274, 275, 281 Girl of the Golden West, The (1915), 80 Hamlet (1948), 227, 231–2

382 Index

Hand, Learned, 344n1 Hopkins, Bo, 266 Hansen, Miriam, 181 Horizons West (Kitses), 197 Harlan, Kenneth, 252 Horizons West (1952), 109 Harron, Robert, 38, 50 horror films, 213 Hart, William S., 80, 112, 116, 128, 142, horses, significance in Westerns, 44–5, 213, 334n16 150–3 Harte, Bret, 129, 284 Hour of the Gun (1967), 277–8 Harvey Girls, The (1946), 241 How Green Was My Valley (1941), 262, Hathaway, Henry, 253 339n3 Haunted Gold (1932), 154–5 How the West Was Won (1962), 52 Hawks, Howard, 202, 261, 274 Howard, Leslie, 187 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 96, 134 Hudson’s Bay (1940), 142, 237 Hayakawa, Sessue, 65 Hughes, Howard, 241, 242 Hayes, George “Gabby,” 151, 180 Hunter, Jeffrey, 241 Hayworth, Rita, 168 Hunter, Tab, 344n6 Heartland (1980), 121 Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (Roosevelt), Heçeta, Bruno de, 99 50, 120 Hellfire (1949), 128 Hurons, 46, 89, 91, 92, 96 Hell’s Heroes (1929), 123 Huston, John, 202, 206, 212 Hell’s Hinges (1916), 128 Huston, Walter, 212–13, 240, 242, 269– Hemingway, Ernest, 181, 205 70, 273 Hepburn, Katherine, 112, 204 Her Awakening (1911), 40 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), Her Indian Mother (1910), 4 342n11 Hershey, Barbara, 189 I Wake Up Screaming (1941), 225 Hiawatha: The Indian Passion Play Iceman Cometh, The (stageplay, O’Neill), (1913), 4, 29 269 Hickok, James Butler “Wild Bill,” 251, immigrants and immigration, 9, 111, 260 181, 342n8 High Noon (1952), 110, 112, 207, 213, In Old California (1910), 36, 40 232, 260–1, 276, 279 Ince, Thomas H., 80, 81, 108 High Plains Drifter (1972), 128 and Bison Westerns, 35, 57 High Sierra (1941), 106, 167, 206 and The Invaders, 4, 56–8, 60–70, 73, Hill, Terence (Mario Girotti), 291, 293 85 Hired Hand, The (1971), 263 and New York Motion Picture Co., 34, His Trust Fulfilled (1911), 302n23 56–7, 60–2, 64, 69 Hiss, Alger, 218 Indian Bureau, U.S., 24, 84, 285, 345n5 History and Present State of Virginia Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 57 (Beverley), 21 Indian Killer, The (Alexie), 59 Hitchcock, Alfred, xii, 243 Indian Massacre, The (1912), 45, 58–9, Hobbes, Thomas, 116, 117, 121, 263 62 Hoffman, Dustin, 266 Indian Removal Act of 1830, 96 Hofstadter, Richard, 116, 167 Indian Runner’s Romance, The (1909), 14 Holden, William, 253 Indian Wars, The (1914), 310n14 Holliday, Dr. John Henry, 215, 267, 275 Indians, images of, see Native Americans Hollywood Ten, 290 Indiens et cow-boys (1904), 10 Holt, Tim, 192, 247 Informer, The (1935), 154, 202, 231 Homestead Acts, 133, 152, 321n45 Inslee, Charles, 299n2 Hondo (1953), 143–4 Intruder in the Dust (1949), 272 Hoover, Herbert, 161–2 Invaders, The (1912), 4, 5, 55–78, 79, 85, Hopis, 7 92

Index 383

illustrated, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 73, 75, Jurado, Katy, 239 76, 77 Just Gold (1913), 42 railroads in, 58, 69, 70, 78 Iola’s Promise (1912), 76–7 Kael, Pauline, 287 Irish, 92, 141, 345n5 Kalem Co., 34, 45 and John Ford, 240, 265, 283 Kalinak, Kathryn, 249 Irish Americans, 282, 283, 284, 342n8 Kammen, Michael, 184 Iron Horse, The (1924), 61, 81 Kansas, 147, 154, 260, 269 Iroquois, 132 Kasdan, Lawrence, 278 Irving, Washington, 130 Kaufman, Philip, 118 Italian, The (1915), 58 Kazan, Elia, 204, 331n8 Italian Americans, 63 Keach, Stacy, 278 Italy, films from, 9; see also spaghetti Keaton, Buster, 152 Westerns Keene, Tom, 176 It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), 199, 205, Keith, Ian, 141, 145, 146 243, 330–1n2 Kelly, Grace, 110 Kennedy, Arthur, 282, 284, 285 Jackson, Andrew, 96, 132, 134–7, 140–1, Kennedy, Burt, 288 142, 248 Kennedy, John F., 286, 337n25 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 37 Kentucke (Filson), 15 Jackson, William Henry, 41, 47, 53, Kentucky, 118, 120 305n5 Kilmer, Val, 279 James, Frank, 168, 260 King, Charles, 47 James, Jesse, 167, 168, 260 King, Henry, 267 James, William, 95 King, Louis, 274 Japan, 65, 195 King Philip’s War, 74 Jefferson, Thomas, 94, 114, 144, 185 Kingston, Winifred, 83 and agrarian ideals, 21, 53, 102–3, Kiowas, 55, 143 122, 132–4, 139, 154, 159, 248, 255 Kirkwood, James, 90 and democracy, 132–4, 135, 136–7, Kit Carson (1903), 8 140–1, 158 Kit Carson (1940), 138 and religion, 129 Kitses, Jim, 197 Jeffreys, Anne, 270 Jennings, Al, 68 La Cava, Gregory, 135, 152 Jesse James (1939), 168 La Rocque, Rod, 82 Jewish Americans Lady of the Dugout, The (1918), 68 film cycles about, 72, 272 Laine, Frankie, 276 images of, 186, 214 Lake, Stuart N., 212, 213, 229, 274, 275 Johnny Guitar (1954), 277 Lamarck, Jean, 119 Johnny Hamlet (1968), 223 Land beyond the Sunset, The (1912), 20 Johnson, Lyndon, 278 Land of the Spotted Eagle (Standing Bear), Jolson, Al, 174 64 Jones, Buck, 214 landscape, 28, 115–24, 194 Jones, Daryl, 46 eastern U.S., 4, 12–18, 22–8, 33–4, 36, Jones, Jennifer, 241–2 38, 52–3, 55, 66, 94 Jonson, Ben, 76 western U.S., 4, 33–54, 56–8, 60, 66, Joyce, James, 206 72, 94–7, 123, 206 Judson, Carroll, 176 see also specific state Judson, Phoebe, 250 Lang, Fritz, 260 Julius Caesar (stageplay, Shakespeare), Langtry, Lillie, 250 226 Lansbury, Angela, 241

384 Index

Lassoing Steer (1898), 7 Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 109 Last Drop of Water, The (1911), 35, 42, 45, Lincoln, Abraham, 120, 141–2, 183, 232, 49–50, 108 281 Last Hunt, The (1956), 121 as film character, 187, 227–8, 231–2, Last Hurrah, The (1958), 284 233, 265 Last of the Dogmen, The (1995), 189 Lindbergh, Charles, 315n1 Last of the Line, The (1914), 65 Little Big Man (Berger), 273 Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 73–4 Little Big Man (1970), 72, 266 film adaptations of, 18, 89–93 Little Bighorn, Montana, 48, 62, 282 interracialism in, 78, 240 Little Caesar (1930), 213 landscape in, 15, 42, 96, 299n5 Little Dove’s Romance (1911), 56 Natty Bumppo in, xi, 264 Little, Anna, 67, 78 Thomas Cole’s paintings of, 52 Locke, John, 139 Last of the Mohicans, The (1920), 2, 19, Logan, Joshua, 286 90, 91 London, Jack, 120 Last of the Mohicans, The (1932), 90 Lone Star (1996), 189 Last of the Mohicans, The (1936), 90–1 Long Voyage Home, The (1940), 202, 231, Last of the Mohicans, The (1992), 92–3 232, 262 Last of the Redmen (1947), 91–2 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 28, 29 Last Outlaw, The (1936), 150–1, 151 Loos, Anita, 86, 87 Last Round-Up, The (1947), 188 Lorraine, Claude, 15, 41 Last Tomahawk, The, see Der Letze Lorraine, Harry, 91 Mohikaner Los Angeles, 31, 52, 56, 276 Laughton, Charles, 141 as early studio location, 30, 33–4 Law and Order (1932), 212–13, 216, 217 Lost Weekend, The (1945), 243 Law and Order (1940), 332n6 Louisiana Purchase, 102, 134, 179, 185 Law and Order (1953), 273–4 Love and Death in the American Novel Law for Tombstone (1937), 214, 216–17 (Fiedler), 23 Lawless Frontier (1934), 157 Lovell, Alan, 197 Lawless Nineties, The (1936), 166 Loveridge, Leslie, 38 Lawrence, D. H., 23, 24, 25, 26, 94–5, Lubin Manufacturing Co., 24, 30, 34, 182, 239 82 Leather Stocking (1909), 18, 24, 89–90 Lucky Texan, The (1934), 151 Leave Her to Heaven (1945), 206 Lukács, György, 120 Lee, Bernard, 197 Lux Radio Theatre, 251–2 Left-Handed Gun, The (1958), 291 Leites, Nathan, 265 McBride, Joseph, 284 Leone, Sergio, 276, 287, 290–2 McCarey, Leo, 141, 231 Lerch, Theodore, 91 McCarthy, Joseph, 242 LeRoy, Mervyn, 195, 286 McCoy, Tim, 72, 114, 155 Lesser Evil, The (1912), 74 McCrea, Joel, 117, 187, 253, 275–6 Lesser, Sol, 214 McCutcheon, Wallace, 8 Leviathan (Hobbes), 116 MacDonald, Joseph, 268, 290 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 114, 210 McLaughlin, James, 19, 24 Levittowns, 246, 248 McMurray, Fred, 188 Lewis, R. W. B., 188 Magic Town (1947), 248 Liberty Belles (Christy), 78 Maine Woods, The (Thoreau), 24 Life of a Cowboy (1906), 8–9 Mainwaring, Daniel, 274 Life of Buffalo Bill, The (1912), 56, 62, Making the Movies (Dench), 79–80 63–4 Man from Laramie, The (1955), 125 Life of General Villa, The (1914), 106 Man from Music Mountain, The (1943), Lights of New York, The (1928), 121 99–100

Index 385

Man from Utah, The (1934), 150 Mexico, 108, 147, 226, 263 Man of Conquest (1939), 315n2 border with U.S., 137, 209, 215 Man of the Forest, The (Grey), 116 revolution, 51, 106 Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The (1962), Middletown (Muncie, Indiana), 248 136–7, 144, 210, 337n25 Milius, John, 74 Manifest Destiny, 141–8, 154, 184, 186, Miller Brothers 101 Ranch, 57, 60, 61, 199, 202, 239, 250 80 Mankiewicz, Joseph, 287 Miller, Winston, 214–15, 228, 229, 241 Mann, Anthony, 125, 271–2, 288 miners and mining, 133–4, 139, 215, Mann, Michael, 92–3 222–3, 246, 249, 254–5, 262, 269– March, Fredric, 174, 228 70 Marsh, Mae, 38, 45 ministers, 129, 183; see also churches Marshal of Mesa City, The (1939), 261 Miracle on 34th Street (1947), 247 Marshall, Tully, 107–8, 146 Missouri, 107, 109, 116, 133, 139, 167 Martin, Chris-Pin, 172 Mister Roberts (1955), 286 Martin, Dean, 126 Mitchell, Cameron, 274 Marvin, Lee, 112, 136 Mitchell, Thomas, 137, 189 Marx Brothers, 174 Mitchum, Robert, 230, 253, 267 Marx, Leo, 21 Mitry, Jean, 66–7 Mascot Pictures Corp., 90, 155 Mix, Tom, 34, 45, 63, 262 Massacre (1934), 87 Moana: A Romance of the South Seas Massacre, The (1912), 45, 108 (1926), 88 Mather, Cotton, 95–6, 126, 183 Moby-Dick (Melville), 23 Mature, Victor, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, Mohawks, 14, 22, 27, 53, 92, 331n4 220–1, 225, 228 Mohawk’s Way, A (1910), 14, 22, 24, 26, Maximilian von Hapsburg, Emperor of 27 Mexico, 147 Mollycoddle, The (1920), 152 May, Karl, 28 Montana, 81, 120, 157, 189; see also Maynard, Ken, 157, 174, 176 Little Bighorn Mayo, Frank, 51, 222 Monte Walsh (1970), 112 Mayo, Virginia, 254 Monument Valley, Arizona, 85, 203, Means, Russell, 92, 93 205, 214, 225, 233, 286 Meeker, Ezra, 316n7 Moore, Owen, 90 Méliès Co., 35, 58 Moran, Thomas, 41 Méliès, Gaston, 35 Mormons and Mormonism, 46, 127 Méliès, Georges, 35 Morricone, Ennio, 292 Melville, Herman, 95 Motion Picture Patents Co., 35, 52, 56, Melville, Sam, 277 57 Mended Lute, The (1909), 14, 16, 26, 30, Mowbray, Alan, 219, 220 33 Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House Metamora; or, The Last of the Wampanoags (1948), 247 (stageplay, Stone), 51 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), 136 Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM), 105, Muni, Paul, 174, 188, 237 204, 241 Murnau, F. W., 154 Metz, Christian, 197 musicals, 110, 112 Mexican War of 1846–8, 41 Mussolini Speaks (1933), 135 Mexicans and Mexican Americans Musuraca, Nicholas, 155 in The Big Trail, 110, 141, 145, 146 My Darling Clementine (1946), 197–265, images of 281–2, 286, 291, 292 in silent films, 38, 240 and exclusions from community, 234– in sound films, 172, 222, 225, 239– 42, 258, 267–8 42, 270; B-Westerns, 168 and film noir, 197–208, 266–72

386 Index

and Hamlet, 219–33, 265, 274, 275 Navahos, 83, 84–5, 238, 324n16 and ideals of community, 243–55, ’Neath the Arizona Skies (1934), 157 279–80 Nebraska, 30, 154 illustrated, 200, 201, 203, 217, 220–1, Nevada, 41, 62, 134 227, 235, 244–5, 247, 257, 259, 265 New Frontier (1934), 101, 102 preview version, 258–9 New Frontier (1935), 101, 102, 128 and violence, 256–63, 288–9 New Frontier (1939), 101–2, 104, 151, visual style, 197–208, 209, 226–32, 180, 183–4, 185 290 New Jersey, 61, 164 and women, 239–42, 243–55, 263–5 as filmmaking location, 4, 6, 12, 22, 35 Wyatt Earp in, 197–8, 202–3, 214–15, New Land, The (1972), 121, 140 219–39, 242, 243–59, 262–5, 281–2, New Mexico, xi, 7, 34, 167, 206, 230 289 New York City, 9, 20, 36, 120 compared to in other films, 209–18, New York Motion Picture Co., 34, 56, 57 273–80, 283 New York State, as filmmaking location, see also Fonda, Henry 4, 15, 17, 29, 55, 89, 246; see also My Friend the Indian (McLaughlin), 19, Cooperstown 24 New York World’s Fair of 1939, 183 My Friend, the Indian (1909), 24 Newman, David, 288 My Indian Boyhood (Standing Bear), 64 Nichols, Bill, 231, 232 My Name Is Nobody (1973), 281, 288, Nick of the Woods (Bird), 308n2 290–3, 293, 294 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 118 My People the Sioux (Standing Bear), 64 Night Riders, The (1939), 168, 169 Mystery Ranch (1932), 154, 213 Nixon, Richard, 242 Mystic Chords of Memory (Kammen), 184 Norris, Frank, 120 Myth and Meaning (Lévi-Strauss), 114 North of 36 (1924), 86 North West Mounted Police (1940), 170, Names, The (DeLillo), 193–4 251 Native Americans Northern Lights (1978), 121 as actors, 30, 63–5, 77–8, 79–80, 82, Northwest Passage (1940), 170, 237 88 nostalgia, 62, 180–5, 194, 203; see also as directors, 10, 29–31, 75, 81 pastoralism genocide, xii, 71, 140, 284 Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), images of 132, 134 in art and literature, 9–11, 14–18, Novak, Kim, xii 21–4, 26, 37, 46–9, 51, 92 in silent films, 3–97, 108, 142–3, O.K. Corral, 1881 gunfight near, 212, 186, 240 214, 215–16, 246, 262, 270 in sound films: (1930s), 74, 87–8, in My Darling Clementine, 198, 216, 90–1, 102, 109, 111, 142–3, 156–8, 232, 256–63 186, 212; (1940s), 71, 91–2, 117, in other films, 267, 278, 279 175, 188, 234–40, 256, 270–1, 282– Oak Openings, The (Cooper), 16 3; (1950s–), 28, 72, 74, 87, 92–3, Oakley, Annie, 7 144, 241, 271–2 Oates, Warren, 288 land disputes and treaties with, 69–70, Objective, Burma! (1945), 330n1 139–40 O’Brien, Edmund, 337n25 in Plains Wars, 6, 44–50, 69–70 O’Brien, George, 154, 213, 214 see also specific tribal group; Cavalry, U.S.; Odyssey, The (Homer), 291 Cochise; Cooper, James Fenimore; Oglalas, 6, 57, 63, 92; see also Sioux Geronimo; Pocahontas; Sitting Bull; O’Hara, Maureen, 117, 241 Wild West shows Ojibwas, 88

Index 387

O’Keefe, Georgia, 39 Paulding, James Kirke, 135 Oklahoma, xii, 57, 68 Pawnees, 47, 61, 81, 108, 122, 142 as filmmaking location, 8 Peck, Gregory, 207, 267, 269, 269 as setting, 101, 186, 187, 256 Peckinpah, Sam, 108, 240, 266, 288, Oklahoma Kid, The (1939), 250 292, 318n8, 326n19 Old Indian Days (1911), 31 Penn, Arthur, 266 Old Shatterhand (1963), 28 People’s Party, see Populism and Populists Olivier, Laurence, 227, 231–2 performance styles, see acting styles On the War Path (1911), 45 Perry, Frank, 278 Once upon a Time in the West (1968), 287 Phantom Bullet, The (1926), 223 101 Ranch, see Miller Brothers 101 Phantom Empire, The (1935), 155 Ranch physiocratic economics, 133, 321n44 O’Neill, Eugene, 213, 269 Pickford, Mary, 36, 40, 41, 57, 76, 187 Only the Valiant (1951), 207 Pierson, Carl, 101 Oregon, 107, 133–4, 141, 142, 148, 166 Pilgrim, The (1916), 262 Oregon Trail, 14, 107, 116, 133, 146, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, 148, 239, 319n21 6, 57, 80, 92 Oregon Trail, The (Parkman), 48, 239–40 Pinky (1949), 272 Osages, xii, 157 Pioneers, The (Cooper), 8, 16, 21, 53, O’Sullivan, Timothy, 41–2 329n15 Our Daily Bread (1934), 135, 165, 176 Pioneer’s Search for an Ideal Home, A Out of the Past (1947), 155, 206, 276 (Judson), 250 Outcasts of Poker Flat, The (1937), 109, Pitch o’ Chance, The (1915), 262 129 Place, J. A., 264 Outlaw, The (1943), 241–2 Plainsman, The (1936), 100, 108, 187, Over Silent Paths (1910), 42 251 Overland Stage Raiders (1938), 113, 151–2 Platt, Louise, 189 Ox-Bow Incident, The (1943), 195, 207 Plymouth Adventure (1952), 243 Pocahontas, 75–8, 143, 175 pacifism, 112, 124, 268; see also Quakers Polish Americans, 345n5 and Quakerism Politics, The (Aristotle), 290 Pals of the Saddle (1938), 100–1 Polk, James K., 142 Panorama du film noir américain (Borde Pony Express, 102 and Chaumenton), 202 Pope, Alexander, 65, 180 Panoramic View, Lower Kicking Horse Populism and Populists, 159–68, 180, Canyon (1901), 3 183, 184–5, 204, 216–18, 236 Parade of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show relation to 1930s, 160, 250, 326n18 (1898), 61 Porter, Edwin S., 5, 8 Paradise Canyon (1935), 153, 153 Post Telegrapher, The (1912), 69 Paramount Pictures, 88, 91, 187 Postman Always Rings Twice, The (1946), Parkman, Francis, 47–8, 50, 85, 156, 248 239–40, 308n5, 325n9 Powder River (1953), 274–5 Past Redemption (1913), 70 Power, Tyrone, 168 pastoralism, 20–2, 29, 48, 66, 90, 94, Power, Tyrone, Sr., 109, 141, 145, 146 133, 180 Powhatans, 75 see also agrarian ideals; farms and Prairie, The (Cooper), 14, 47, 73, 123, farming; nostalgia 329n15 Pastorals (Pope), 180 Pratt, Judson, 285 Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973), 240 Preminger, Otto, 229 Pathé-Frères Co., 10, 19, 30, 35 Price, Vincent, 128 Pathfinder, The (Cooper), 42, 73, 264 Prisoner of Shark Island, The (1936), 202

388 Index

Production Code, Hollywood, 123, 129, Red Raiders, The (1927), 157 190, 212, 213, 337–8n2 Red River (1948), 86, 126, 129, 144, 163, Professor’s House, The (Cather), 28 202, 274 Propp, Vladimir, 210 Redman and the Child, The (1908), 9, 12– Proust, Marcel, 233 13, 16, 19, 24, 27, 37, 60 Public Cowboy No. 1 (1937), 155 Redman’s View, The (1909), 14, 17, 42, Pueblo Legend, A (1913), 41 55–6, 57 Pueblos, 41, 83 Redskin (1929), 4, 24, 27, 82, 83–4, 84, Purgatory (1999), xv 186 Puritan Origins of the American Self, The Redskin’s Bravery, A (1911), 4, 23, 24–5, (Bercovitch), 126 27 Puritans and Puritanism, 15, 95–6, 124– Redwing, Princess, see St. Cyr, Lillian 30, 132, 183, 199 Reed, Carol, 205 English, 345n5 Reed, Donna, 205 as film characters, 22, 24, 25, 27 Regeneration (1915), 106 Pursued (1947), 106, 205, 207, 230, 267, religion, see specific denomination; churches 268 Remington, Frederic, 18, 39, 48, 52, 73, 305n6 Quakers and Quakerism, 110, 127, 230, Renegade Ranger (1938), 168 261, 267–8 Renoir, Jean, 232, 260 Qualen, John, 256, 332n9 Republic Pictures Corp., 101 Quantez (1957), 188 Return of Draw Egan, The (1916), 334n16 Quantrill, William, 147, 269 Return of Frank James, The (1940), 260, Quartero, Nina, 240 342n11 Quiet Man, The (1952), 241 Return of the Bad Men (1948), 270–1 Quinn, Anthony, 289–90 Reynolds, David, 46 Ride Him, Cowboy (1932), 101 Rachel and the Stranger (1948), 253–4 Riders of Destiny (1933), 165 Radisson, Pierre-Esprit, 237 Riders of the Purple Sage (Grey), 313n10 railroads, 61, 69, 81, 101, 108, 168, 182, Ringo, Johnny, 223, 267, 335n7 187 Rin-Tin-Tin, 117 in The Invaders, 58, 69, 70, 78 Rio Bravo (1959), 126, 260–1, 279 Rain (1932), 213 Rio Grande (1950), 69, 112, 121 Rainbow Valley (1935), 164–5 Rip Van Winkle (Irving), 243 Ramona (1910), 37, 42 Riskin, Robert, 248 Ramrod (1947), 207 Ritter, Tex, 101, 176–7, 195 Ranchman’s Rival, A (1909), 34, 152 River, The (1951), 232–3 Range Feud, The (1931), 183 Robards, Jason, Jr., 278 Rattlesnake, The: A Psychical Species (1913), Robinson, Edward G., 121, 213, 285 34 Rogers, Roy, 101, 256 Ray, Nicholas, 277, 318n7 Rolfe, John, 75 Raymond, Paula, 271 Romance of the Western Hills, A (1910), 40, Reagan, Ronald, 89, 273–4 305n5 Real Christian, The (Firmin), 124 Romeo and Juliet (stageplay, Shakespeare), Rebel without a Cause (1955), 276 229 Red Dawn (1984), 74 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 102, 154, 155, Red Deer’s Devotion (1911), 30 156, 164 Red Eagle’s Love Affair (1910), 82 Roosevelt, Theodore, 49–50, 85, 118–20, Red Girl, The (1908), 4, 9, 24, 27 156, 158–9, 188 Red Girl and the Child, The (1910), 19, and Native Americans, 44, 49–50 30 Roscoe, Albert, 91

Index 389

Rose o’ Salem-Town (1910), 14, 22–7, 23, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), 69 239 Sheridan, Philip Henry, 71 Roughing It (Twain), 62, 63 Sherman, George, 91, 101 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 26, 41, 122, 138, Sherman, William Tecumseh, 71 140, 248, 263 Shipman, Nell, 68 Ruggles of Red Gap (1935), 141–2 Shootist, The (1976), 177 Russell, Gail, 230, 267 Shoshones, 63, 271 Russell, Jane, 241–2 Sidney, George, 241 Russell, Kurt, 278 siege, image of the, 73–5, 167 Ryan, Robert, 271, 277 Signs and Meaning in the Cinema (Wollen), 210, 263 Saddlemates (1941), 71 Silent Enemy, The (1930), 87, 88 “safety valve,” West as, 154, 155, 251 Silver River (1948), 51 Sagebrush Hamlet, A (1919), 223 Simpson, Russell, 333n15 St. Cyr, Lillian, 30, 82, 83, 308n1 Singer, Ben, 181 Saint Johnson (Burnett), 212–13 Singleton, Joseph, 83 Salt, Waldo, 341n26 Sioux, xi, 44, 48, 69, 74, 183 San Antonio (1945), 35, 234, 247–8 as actors and performers, 6–7, 57, 61, Sand Creek massacre, 63, 72, 189 63–5, 80, 92 Santa Fe Stampede (1938), 165 as film characters, 12–13, 18, 26, 27, Santa Fe Trail (1940), 170 42, 47, 49, 59, 63–78, 81, 157 Savage Innocents, The (1959), 318n7 Sioux City Sue (1946), 175, 176 Sayles, John, 189 Sioux Ghost Dance (1894), xii, 6 Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 96 Sitting Bull, xi–xii, 24, 61, 345n5 Scarlet River (1933), 175, 176 Six-Guns and Society (Wright), 210 Schatz, Thomas, 197 Sjöström, Victor, see Seastrom, Victor Schnee, Charles, 254 Sky Pilot, The (1921), 129 schoolteachers, 112, 136, 252–3, 264 Slotkin, Richard, 46, 84, 156 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 123 Small Community, The (Morgan), 248 Schulberg, B. P., 252 small town, ideal of the, 130, 199, 236, Schurz, Carl, 285, 346n8 243–55, 260–1; see also community Scott, Randolph, 90–1, 93, 147, 214, Smith, Alexis, 234 236, 263, 266, 270 Smith, Capt. John, 75, 77 Scouts of the Prairie, The (stageplay, Smith, Henry Nash, 210 Buntline), 176 Smith, Joseph, 128 screwball comedies, 110, 112 social Darwinism, see Darwinism, social Sea of Grass (1947), 204, 205 Soldier Blue (1970), 72 Searchers, The (1956), 72, 125, 144, 205, Somewhere in Sonora (1933), 153, 153 232, 241 Song of Hiawatha, The (Longfellow), 28 Seastrom (Sjöström), Victor, 94 Song of the Wildwood Flute, The (1910), Secrets (1933), 187 14, 17 Selig Polyscope Co., 34, 45, 81, 152 South Dakota, xi, 57; see also Black Hills; Selig, William, 63 Pine Ridge Reservation; Standing Selznick, David O., 169, 175, 194, 241 Rock Reservation Seminoles, 34 South of Heaven, West of Hell (2000), xv Serra, Junípero, xii southerners and the South, 94, 159–60, Serving Rations to the Indians (1898), 7 183 Shakespeare, William, 96, 219–33, 267, film images of, 110, 141, 146–8, 183– 268 4, 190 Shane (1953), 196, 197, 261, 265 spaghetti Westerns, 108, 223, 242, 290, Shanghai Gesture, The (1941), 225 292, 318n7, 326n19

390 Index

Spanish–American War, 141, 186, 230 Sun Shines Bright, The (1953), 265, 284 Spellbound (1945), 243 Sunrise (1927), 154 Spencer, Herbert, 84–5, 85, 117 Sunset Range (1935), 317n15 Spirit Awakened, The (1912), 124 Susannah of the Mounties (1939), 89 Spirit of the Border, The (Grey), 313n10 Sutter’s Gold (1936), 108, 138 Squaw Man, The (1914), 80–2, 83, 86 Sweet, Blanche, 45, 74, 82 Squaw’s Love, The (1911), 16 Sydow, Max von, 140 Stagecoach (1939), 147, 168, 169–74, 194, 196, 197, 209, 214, 225 Tahamont, Elijah, 17, 63 acting in, 171–4, 333n15 Taney, Roger, 135 conclusion of, 137, 190–1, 203, Tangled Lives (1911), 34 342n11 Taylor, Alan, 21, 52–3 illustrated, 172, 173, 192, 211 Taylor, Robert, 121, 254, 271, 271 Indians in, 74, 157, 236 Tekakwitha, Kateri, 331n4 John Wayne in, 103, 136–7, 160, 169, Telegraph Trail, The (1933), 157 170, 171–4 Temple, Shirley, 73, 89 politics of, 136–7, 209, 256 Temporary Truce, A (1912), 240 representation of the past, 189–91 Terrible Ted (1907), 20 song cut from, 336n21 Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King (1901), women in, 112, 172–3, 189–91, 224, 319n14 240, 250 Texans, The (1938), 116, 147–8, 336n21 Stahl, John, 206 Texas, 106, 219 Standing Bear, Luther, 64 as filmmaking location, 35, 58, 101 Standing Rock Reservation, South as setting, 86, 147, 168, 266 Dakota, xi Texas Rangers (2001), xv Stanley, John Mix, 41 That Chink at Golden Gulch (1910), Stanwyck, Barbara, 277 302n23 Star Packer, The (1934), 157, 213 There Must Be a Lone Ranger (Calder), Stark Love (1927), 88 xiii Starrett, Charles, 177 There Was a Crooked Man . . . (1970), Steinbeck, John, 257 287–8 Sternberg, Josef von, 204, 225, 242 These Thousand Hills (1959), 189 Stevens, Charles, 237, 271 They Died with Their Boots On (1941), in The Big Trail, 106, 109, 117, 141, 282 145, 146 They Were Expendable (1945), 233, in My Darling Clementine, 235, 236 336n17 Stevens, Wallace, 95 Third Man, The (1949), 197, 205–6 Stewart, James, xii, 74, 125, 136, 199, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo (1944), 195 205, 248 Thoreau, Henry David, 18, 24, 36, 178 in Cheyenne Autumn, 283–5, 285, Thorpe, Jim, 82 346n7 3 Bad Men (1926), 101 Stone, George E., 186 Three Faces West (1940), 148, 149 Straight Shooting (1917), 125, 151 Three Godfathers (1936), 123 Strode, Woody, 136 3 Godfathers (1948), 123 Stroheim, Erich von, 318n7 Three Mesquiteers, The (1936), 150 Strongheart (1914), 82 Three Mesquiteers series, 161, 168, Studies in Classic American Literature 317n16 (Lawrence), 23 3:10 to Yuma (1957), 232 Sturges, John, 269, 276, 277 Three Texas Steers (1939), 262 suffrage, see voting and elections Tierney, Gene, 243, 342n11 Sullivan, Barry, 276 Tin Star, The (1957), 288

Index 391

Tobacco Road (1941), 232, 342n8 Valerii, Tonino, 290 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 96, 140, 186 Van Dyke, John C., 53, 68, 304n4 Toland, Gregg, 250 Van Dyke, W. S., 68 Tombstone, Arizona, 212, 214–16, 222, Vanishing American, The (Grey), 84–5 233, 246, 262, 267, 270 Vanishing American, The (1925), 3, 84–6, as setting 85, 117, 144, 186 for My Darling Clementine, 197–9, Vertigo (1958), xii 209, 214–16, 219, 222, 234, 238–9, Vidor, King, 129, 170, 241 243–5, 255, 256, 275 and Billy the Kid, 105, 121, 213 for other films, 212–17, 276–80 and Our Daily Bread, 135, 165 Tombstone (1993), 278–80 see also specific film Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest Vietnam War, 72, 278 (Burns), 212 vigilantes and vigilantism, 127, 147, 160, Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die 167–9, 187 (1942), 332n6 violence, 20, 45–6, 126, 147, 256–63, Tompkins, Jane, xiii, 80 266, 277 Tour of the Prairies (Irving), 130 Virgil, 21, 94, 132, 180 tourism, 40–1 Virginia City (1940), 251, 339n10 Tourneur, Jacques, 206, 238, 275, 276 Virginian, The (Wister), 46, 124, 135–6, Tourneur, Maurice, 90 206, 336n21, 337n23 towns, see small towns democracy in, 135–6 Track of the Cat (1954), 272, 344n6 Theodore Roosevelt and, 120, 307n19 Tracy, Spencer, 120, 204, 243, 261 women in, 252, 264 Trail of the North Wind (1923), 68 Virginian, The (1914), 80, 82, 252 Travelin’ On (1922), 116 Virginian, The (1923), 252 Treasure of the Sierra Madre, The (1948), Virginian, The (1929), 112, 229, 240, 252 206, 269–70 Virginian, The (1946), 252–3, 273 Trevor, Claire, 112, 172, 173, 190, 209, Vitagraph Co., 45 211, 224, 327n5 Viva Villa! (1934), 315n2 Trumbo, Dalton, 195 voting and elections, 136, 137, 163–4, Tumbleweeds (1925), 101, 112 333n9, 343–4n5; see also democracy Turner, Frederick Jackson, xii, 156, 158– 60, 164, 179, 185 Wagon Tracks (1919), 86, 108, 142–3 Tuska, Jon, xiii, xiv Walden (Thoreau), 18, 178 Twain, Mark, 21, 62, 63, 66, 92, 284 Walker, Janet, xiii Twentieth Century–Fox, 214; see also Fox Walker, Robert, 204 Film Corp. Walking Hills, The (1949), 269–70 Twisted Trail, The (1910), 36, 40, 41 Wallace, Henry, 102 Two Gentlemen of Verona, The (stageplay, Walsh, Raoul, 106–7, 147, 205, 282 Shakespeare), 96 and The Big Trail, 103, 107 Tyler, Tom, 170, 211, 327n33 and High Sierra, 106, 167, 206 pictured, 107 Ulzana’s Raid (1972), 72, 74 and Pursued, 205, 230 Unconquered, The (1947), 251 see also specific film Union Pacific (1939), 74, 157, 187 Walthall, Henry B., 22, 42, 82, 150, 151 Union Pacific railroad, 69 War on the Plains (1912), 57, 60, 62, 108 Unitarians and Unitarianism, 124, 129 Warlock (1959), 288–90 Universal Pictures, 154 Warner Bros., 157, 188 Uris, Leon, 276 Warshow, Robert, 127, 140, 274 Utah, 7, 66, 106 Washington, George, 183 Utes, 7, 53, 80, 81–2 Washington State, 141

392 Index

Washita River massacre, 72 Westward Ho (1935), 127, 168 Way West, The (1967), 115–16 Westward the Women (1951), 133, 254–5 Wayne, John, 99–191 When the Tables Turned (1911), 304n9 acting style, 141, 171–4, 177, 230 White Fawn’s Devotion (1910), 29, 29–30, in The Alamo, 120 75 ancestry, 141 Whitman, Walt, 123 in Angel and the Badman, 230, 267–8 Wichita (1955), 275–6 in The Big Trail, 99, 103, 105–49, 158, Widmark, Richard, 116, 289–90 229 Wild and Woolly (1917), 87 in B-Westerns, 100–2, 113, 127, 128, Wild Bunch, The (1969), 240, 266, 150–70, 171, 174, 176, 180, 182, 318n8 183–5, 213, 262, 264 Wild Horse Rustlers (1943), 195 in Chisum, 144 Wild West Circus, The (1912), 309n4 in Dark Command, 147, 219 Wild West Days (1937), 332n6 in Fort Apache, 233, 282 Wild West shows, xii, 30, 48, 61–3, 66, in Hondo, 143–4 175 and John Ford, 171–3 Wilder, Billy, 167, 202, 243 in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Wills, Garry, 103, 144 136–7, 144 Wilson, Lois, 85 pictured, 149, 153, 161, 169, 185 Winchester ’73 (1950), 74 in The Big Trail, 98, 111, 117, 119, Wind, The (1928), 94 131, 143, 145 Winnebagos, 10, 30, 63 in Stagecoach, 172, 173, 211 Winners of the Wilderness (1927), 73 in Red River, 86, 126, 144, 162–3, 202 Winning of the West, The (Roosevelt), 50, in Rio Bravo, 126, 261 158 in Rio Grande, 112, 121 Winters, Shelley, 74 in The Searchers, 72, 125, 144 Winters, Yvor, 124 in Stagecoach, 103, 136–7, 147, 160, Winthrop, John, 126, 127, 140, 183 169–70, 171–4, 189–91, 209 Wister, Owen, 95, 158, 179, 233, 284, in They Were Expendable, 233 336n21 in Three Faces West, 148–9 and The Virginian, 46, 120, 124, 135–6, in 3 Godfathers, 123–4 252–3, 264–5, 275, 337n23 in Wyoming Outlaw, 160–8, 181 Woal, Linda, 35 Webb, Clifton, 253 Woal, Michael, 35 Welcome to Hard Times (1967), 288 Wolfenstein, Martha, 265 Welles, Orson, 206, 260 Wollen, Peter, 210, 263, 264 Wellman, William, 237, 248, Womanhandled (1925), 152 and Westward the Women, 133, 254–5 women and Yellow Sky, 268–70, 272, 318n8 as audience for Westerns, 20, 32–3, see also specific film 250–2 Wells Fargo (1937), 100, 187 and film noir, 239, 240, 242, 243 Wept of Wish-ton-Wish (Cooper), 302n25 image in Westerns, 24–7, 73–8, 87, West of Everything (Tompkins), xiii, 80 190–1, 201–2, 270, 272 West of the Divide (1934), 175 in The Big Trail, 109–13, 122–3 Western Heritage (1948), 262 in My Darling Clementine, 239–42, Western Hero, A (1909), 10 243–55, 263–5 Western Stage Coach Hold Up (1904), 8, in Stagecoach, 112, 172–3, 189–91, 68 224, 240, 250 Westerner, The (1940), 250 Woodward, Henry, 91 Westerns: Films through History (Walker), Works Progress Administration (WPA), xiii 164, 319n21

Index 393

World Changes, The (1933), 188 Yellow Sky (1948), 207, 268–70, 269, 272, World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, 318n8, 344n6 Chicago, xii, 156 Young Bill Hickok (1940), 256 Wounded Knee massacre, xi, 6, 61, Young Deer, James, 10, 29–31, 35, 63, 310n14 75, 81, 82, 308n1 Wright, Will, 210 Young, Loretta, 253 Wyatt Earp (1994), 278–80 Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), 227–8, 231, Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal (Lake), 212, 232, 233, 265 274 Younger, Cole, 118 Wyler, William, 123, 228, 250 Yulin, Harris, 278 Wyman, Jane, 243, 248 Wyoming, 106, 133, 166, 272 Zanuck, Darryl F., as producer, 227, 274, Wyoming Outlaw (1939), 160–4, 166–7, 342n11 168, 181 of Frontier Marshal (1939), 214, 252, illustrated, 161, 163 333n7 of My Darling Clementine, 214, 216, 224, 225, 264, 334n1, 344n4 Yankee Film Co., 62 Zinnemann, Fred, 339n3 Yellow Robe, Chauncey, 87, 313n14 Zweig, Paul, 258