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Vietnamese in the United 6)%4.!-%3% GENERAL INFORMATION • Number of speakers: More than 1.5 million speakers of Vietnamese in the United States (2010 U.S. Census) • Writing system: The Vietnamese alphabet (quốc ngữ) in use today is a Latin alphabet with additional diacritics for tones, and certain letters. • Language Family: Austro-Asiatic—Mon-Khmer—Viet-Muong • Official language in: Vietnam and among approximately 3 million people residing in other locations around the world DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS FOR SPEECH After an exhaustive search, developmental speech norms for Vietnamese could not be found. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS FOR SPEECH Venn Contrast: Vietnamese & English Consonant Phonemes Vietnamese English Difference vs. Disorder /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /th/ /ʈ/ /ɡ//m//n/ /ð/ /dʒ/ /c/ /ɲ/ /j/ /w/ /f/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /ɣ/ /x/ /ɽ/ /z/ /h/ /tʃ/ /v/ /ʒ/ /ʐ/ /s/ /l/ /r/ /ʔ/ /ŋ/ 77 Copyright © 2014 Bilinguistics, Inc. All Rights Reserved Venn Contrast: Vietnamese & English Vowel Phonemes Vietnamese English /ɔ/ /o/ /ɯ/ /u/ /ɛ/ 8T8 8U8 /ɤ/ /i/ /e/ 8V8 /ɤQ8 /ə/ 8R8 8W8 I 8RS8 8 8 PHONOLOGY AND PHONOTACTICS Second Language Influenced Error Pattern: Example: Voiceless “th” (θ) replaced with /t/ or /s/ in thumb – tum all positions mouth – mous Voiced “th” (ð) replaced with /d/ or /z/ in all they – dey positions the – dee /v/ replaced with /b/ in all positions very – bery j replaced with /j/ or vice-versa in initial jello – yellow position /r/ distorted in all positions, often /r/ can be distorted in a variety of ways resembling a trilled /r/ in initial position Final consonants omitted or substituted Omissions Difference vs. Disorder wait – way In Vietnamese, final consonants are voiceless eat – ee stops (/t/, /k/, /p/ or nasals (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/); pass – pa whereas, in English, many more consonants Substitutions are allowed in this position. Off – op Bad – bat Tub – tup Omission or distortion of consonant clusters didn’t – din street – seet Consonant clusters do not exist in clean – cuh-lean Vietnamese. Vietnamese syllables are mostly CV. In English, there are a variety consonant clusters, such as /kst/ in “mixed” and /ŋz/ in “meetings”. 78 DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS FOR LANGUAGE After an e6haustive search, developmental language norms for Vietnamese could not ,e found. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS FOR LANGUAGE: MORPHOSYNTAX Note5 Sentences marked 1ith an asterisk )*) are not grammatical. Feature Vietnamese English Second Language Influenced Error Possessives Noun [ )prepositional ____Ks )singular I took the shoe of him.*8I phrase containing nouns) took his shoe. pronoun) ____sK )plural nouns) Adjectives Ad:ective follo1s noun Ad:ective precedes The ,all red is noun deflate.*8The red ,all is deflated. Plurality Quantifiers precede Add an 8s8 to the We sa1 three ,ird in the noun noun tree.*8We sa1 three ,irds in the tree. Verb tense Conte6t and addition of 2 forms in present I am eat.*8I am eating. 1ords ,efore or after tense5 the ver, convey the I eat She eat.*8She ate. tense _ou eat He eats Boy read.*8The ,oy 1ill We eat read. _ou all eat They eat 1 form in regular Difference vs. Disorder past tense5 -ed Question Questions 1ords are Word order Who 1ant eata*8Who formation used 1ith intonation in inversion or 1ants to eata a su,:ect2ver,2o,:ect addition of do structure Negation No precedes the ver,s Not comes ,efore I no 1ant play.*8I donKt an au6iliary ver, 1ant to play When the copula is used, the negation Do comes ,efore a It no car me.*8That is not phrase bkhcng phdie is main ver, my car re-uired HOME CORNER 9 I am a speech2language pathologist, and I am thrilled to ,e a part of such a meaningful profession. I 1ill also ackno1ledge that a su,stantive part of 1hat I ,ring to the ta,le is my e6perience gro1ing up ,i2culturally. fro1ing up in a small, rural to1n in Te6as, Copyright © 2014 Bilinguistics, Inc. All Rights Reserved my school days, though impactful, felt alienating. I 1ould put my ,est effort to1ards academic tasks. I assimilated to the task at hand, and )unintentionally) I, as a 2seven2old, learned to discount my cultural ,ackground. There 1ere times 1hen I could think of a ,etter 1ord, a Vietnamese 1ord )g), to ,est descri,e a situation. I 1ould ,ring the ,est, homemade lunches to school. Alas, due to snarky comments and my o1n sensitivities, I, too, ,rought ,ologna sand1iches and Doritos. Over time )and 1ith adult perspective), I em,raced and validated 1hat my parents, immigrants from Vietnam, provided and provided and provided. My culture, my stories, are made up of family, food, generational hardship, and personal successes. No1, each time I 1alk into a room to assist 1ith an evaluation, interpret at a meeting, or conduct therapy, I feel like I am making my parents proud. I am not only providing a resource for my clients and students, ,ut I am a,le to ,ring something that cannot ,e -uantified on a standardized test or IEh paper1ork. And, I am ever2so2grateful for the opportunity to ackno1ledge and validate these life matters. hhuong 0ien2halafo6, M.S., CCC2S0h, Bilingual Speech20anguage hathologist Difference vs. Disorder REFERENCES H1a2iroelich, D. )200 ). Vietnamese speech ac-uisition. In Mc0eod, S. )Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition. United States5 Thompson Delmar 0earning, pp. 5802591. H1a2iroelich, D., Hodson, B., j Ed1ards, H. )2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11, 26422 3. 4ohnert, 4. )2008). Language disorders in bilingual children and adults. San Diego, CA5 hlural hu,lishing. Nguyen, V. S., Carrl, R., j Castelli, E. )2008). hroduction and perception of Vietnamese short vo1els. In Acoustical Society of America Meeting )pp. 350923514). haris. 80 hham, f. and 4ohnert, 4. )2008). Vietnamese2English ,ilingual children assessment and intervention. haper presented at American Speech Hearing Association National Convention in Chicago, I0, 2008. Rose,erry2Mc4i,,in, C. )2008). 0anguage differences commonly o,served among Asian speakers from multicultural students 1ith special language needs. Oceanside, CA5 Academic Communication Associates. p.1232134. Tang, f. )200 ). Cross2linguistic analysis of Vietnamese and English 1ith implications for Vietnamese language ac-uisition and maintenance in the United States. Journal of Southeast Asian-American Education and Advancement, 2, 1233. Difference vs. Disorder 81 Copyright © 2014 Bilinguistics, Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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