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Der Ausdruck Drang Nach Osten
Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2006-2007 DER AUSDRUCK DRANG NACH OSTEN Auf der Suche nach der historischen und sprachlichen Funktion Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van licentiaat in de taal- en letterkunde: Germaanse talen, door Promotor: Dr. Torsten Leuschner Sarah Vanparys Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2006-2007 DER AUSDRUCK DRANG NACH OSTEN Auf der Suche nach der historischen und sprachlichen Funktion Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van licentiaat in de taal- en letterkunde: Germaanse talen, door Promotor: Dr. Torsten Leuschner Sarah Vanparys Dankeswort Zu Beginn möchte ich einigen Personen danken, die mich beim Verfassen der vorliegenden Arbeit unterstützt haben. An erster Stelle geht mein herzlicher Dank an Herrn Dr. Torsten Leuschner. Er hat nicht nur mein Interesse für dieses Thema geweckt und somit unmittelbar Anstoß zu dieser Diplomarbeit gegeben, sondern er hat mich auch in allen anderen Phasen der Untersuchung stets freundlich und hilfsbereit unterstützt und fachkundig korrigiert. Ein Wort des herzlichen Dankes gilt auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Luc De Grauwe und Herrn Prof. Dr. Walter De Cubber, die mir auf begeisternde Weise die notwendigen Deutschkenntnisse vermittelt und mir während der vier Studienjahre immer großes Vertrauen entgegengebracht haben. Auch Frau Martine Rottier möchte ich für ihre Hilfe in der Seminarbibliothek danken. Besonderer Dank geht ebenfalls an Edgar, der diese Arbeit sorgfältig auf Fehler nachgelesen und auch inhaltliche Vorschläge zur Verbesserung gegeben hat. Nicht zuletzt möchte ich mich bei meiner Familie und bei meinen Freunden bedanken: besonders meiner Mutter und Pierre, die mein Studium ermöglichten, bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet. -
The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades
Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 6-10-2019 The eutT onic Order and the Baltic Crusades Alex Eidler Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Eidler, Alex, "The eT utonic Order and the Baltic Crusades" (2019). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 273. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/273 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades By Alex Eidler Senior Seminar: Hst 499 Professor David Doellinger Western Oregon University June 5, 2019 Readers Professor Elizabeth Swedo Professor David Doellinger Copyright © Alex Eidler, 2019 Eidler 1 Introduction When people think of Crusades, they often think of the wars in the Holy Lands rather than regions inside of Europe, which many believe to have already been Christian. The Baltic Crusades began during the Second Crusade (1147-1149) but continued well into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands which were initiated to retake holy cities and pilgrimage sites, the Baltic crusades were implemented by the German archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg to combat pagan tribes in the Baltic region which included Estonia, Prussia, Lithuania, and Latvia.1 The Teutonic Order, which arrived in the Baltic region in 1226, was successful in their smaller initial campaigns to combat raiders, as well as in their later crusades to conquer and convert pagan tribes. -
GERMAN LITERARY FAIRY TALES, 1795-1848 by CLAUDIA MAREIKE
ROMANTICISM, ORIENTALISM, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY: GERMAN LITERARY FAIRY TALES, 1795-1848 By CLAUDIA MAREIKE KATRIN SCHWABE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Claudia Mareike Katrin Schwabe 2 To my beloved parents Dr. Roman and Cornelia Schwabe 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisory committee chair, Dr. Barbara Mennel, who supported this project with great encouragement, enthusiasm, guidance, solidarity, and outstanding academic scholarship. I am particularly grateful for her dedication and tireless efforts in editing my chapters during the various phases of this dissertation. I could not have asked for a better, more genuine mentor. I also want to express my gratitude to the other committee members, Dr. Will Hasty, Dr. Franz Futterknecht, and Dr. John Cech, for their thoughtful comments and suggestions, invaluable feedback, and for offering me new perspectives. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the abundant support and inspiration of my friends and colleagues Anna Rutz, Tim Fangmeyer, and Dr. Keith Bullivant. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my family, particularly my parents, Dr. Roman and Cornelia Schwabe, as well as to my brother Marius and his wife Marina Schwabe. Many thanks also to my dear friends for all their love and their emotional support throughout the years: Silke Noll, Alice Mantey, Lea Hüllen, and Tina Dolge. In addition, Paul and Deborah Watford deserve special mentioning who so graciously and welcomingly invited me into their home and family. Final thanks go to Stephen Geist and his parents who believed in me from the very start. -
Germany As a “Melting Pot”? Conceptions of Otherness Over Time
Germany as a “Melting Pot”? Conceptions of Otherness Over Time By Emma Gutman Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology Senior Honors Thesis Brandeis University May 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Chapter 2: Otherness Throughout German History 20 Chapter 3: Being German and (Legally) Becoming German 36 Chapter 4: Getting to Know You: German Attitudes Towards and Experience With Minority Groups 56 Chapter 5: Schaffen Wir Das?: Global Governance in the Refugee Crisis and National, Local, or Individual Responsibility for Integration 80 Chapter 6: Jews and Muslims: Applying the Lessons of the Past to the Present through Holocaust Education 98 Chapter 7: Conclusion 113 Works Cited 120 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Sarah Lamb, for her enthusiastic support and guidance from the moment I approached her about this topic, way over a year ago and shortly before I was about to leave for abroad. Professor Lamb was invaluable in helping me figure out all the necessary paperwork and procedures for conducting interviews, even when we could not meet in person. When I returned and began working on the paper itself, she was a source of validation for my writing skills and of constructive criticism that pushed me to think more critically and theoretically about the subject matter than ever before, only strengthening the final product. I would also like to thank the entire Anthropology Department at Brandeis University for introducing me, originally just a History major, to this wonderful discipline. I have had some of the most eye-opening educational moments of my undergraduate career during Anthropology class discussions. -
Module Hi1200 Europe, 1000-1250
MODULE HI1200 EUROPE, 1000-1250: WAR, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES Michaelmas Term Professor Robinson ( 10 ECTS ) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. A Guide to Module HI1200 3 3. Lecture Topics 6 4. Essay Titles 6 5. Reading List 8 6. Tutorial Assignments 11 1 1. INTRODUCTION This module deals with social and political change in Europe during the two-and-a- half centuries of the development of the crusading movement. It focuses in particular on the internal development of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Byzantium (the Eastern Christian empire based on Constantinople) and the crusading colonies in the Near East. The most important themes are the development of royal and imperial authority, the structure of aristocratic society, rebellion and the threat of political disintegration, warfare as a primary function of the secular ruling class and the impact of war on the development of European institutions. Module HI1200 is available as an option to Single Honors, Two-Subject Moderatorship and History and Political Science Junior Freshman students. This module is a compulsory element of the Junior Freshman course in Ancient and Medieval History and Culture. The module may also be taken by Socrates students and Visiting students with the permission of the Department of History. Module HI1200 consists of two lectures each week throughout Michaelmas Term, together with a series of six tutorials, for which written assignments are required. The assessment of this module will take the form of: (1) an essay, which accounts for 20% of the over-all assessment of this module and (2) a two-hour examination in Trinity Term, which accounts for 80% of the over-all assessment. -
Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony
he collection of essays presented in “Devotional Cross-Roads: Practicing Love of God in Medieval Gaul, Jerusalem, and Saxony” investigates test case witnesses of TChristian devotion and patronage from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, set in and between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, as well as Gaul and the regions north of the Alps. Devotional practice and love of God refer to people – mostly from the lay and religious elite –, ideas, copies of texts, images, and material objects, such as relics and reliquaries. The wide geographic borders and time span are used here to illustrate a broad picture composed around questions of worship, identity, reli- gious affiliation and gender. Among the diversity of cases, the studies presented in this volume exemplify recurring themes, which occupied the Christian believer, such as the veneration of the Cross, translation of architecture, pilgrimage and patronage, emergence of iconography and devotional patterns. These essays are representing the research results of the project “Practicing Love of God: Comparing Women’s and Men’s Practice in Medieval Saxony” guided by the art historian Galit Noga-Banai, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the histori- an Hedwig Röckelein, Georg-August-University Göttingen. This project was running from 2013 to 2018 within the Niedersachsen-Israeli Program and financed by the State of Lower Saxony. Devotional Cross-Roads Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony Edited by Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover Röckelein/Noga-Banai/Pinchover Devotional Cross-Roads ISBN 978-3-86395-372-0 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover (Eds.) Devotional Cross-Roads This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. -
A.J.P. Taylor:The Course of German History
The Course of German History A.J.P. Taylor July 27-30, 2015 Taylor does not suffer from as much as he enjoys Germophobia. The book was written just after the end of the War which he sees as the logical conclusion of German destiny. This rather tendentious survey makes for good reading and entertainment, the author generously drops his sarcasms as so many high-explosives and spreads his ’bon mots’ around as artillery fire. The nation of Germany is probably older than the nation of either England and France, due to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. It can be traced back to Charlemagne, and was of course a feudal contraption of vassals under the nominal authority of the Emperor. The high point of Germany was during the Middle-Ages, according to Taylor. A time of prosperity and local self-government and a proud tradition of independent towns and cities. And also the high-point of the Hanseatic League monopolizing trade on the Baltic. But early on there were two Germanies, the author reminds the reader. The Germany of the West, and the Germany of the East. It is the former with which most westerners are familiar, it is the civilized country of culture and achievement, while the Germany of the East, whom the Slavs would encounter to their peril, was an expansive and brutal power intent on expansion and subjugation, relentlessly and inexorably driving the Slavs eastwards. This ’Drang nach Osten’ is hence something that Taylor identifies as a defining character of the German fate. Luther was a catastrophe for Germany, Taylor claims. -
The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades. -
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns Abstract: The Second Crusade (1145-49) is thought to have encompassed near simultaneous Christian attacks on Muslim towns and cities in Syria and Iberia and pagan Wend strongholds around the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. The motivations underpinning the attacks on Damascus, Lisbon and – taken collectively – the Wendish strongholds have come in for particular attention. The doomed decision to assault Damascus in 1148 rather than recover Edessa, the capital of the first so-called crusader state, was once thought to be ill-conceived. Historians now believe the city was attacked because Damascus posed a significant threat to the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem when the Second Crusaders arrived in the East. The assault on Lisbon and the Wendish strongholds fell into a long-established pattern of regional, worldly aggression and expansion; therefore, historians tend not to ascribe any spiritual impulses behind the native Christians’ decisions to attack their enemies. Indeed, the siege of Lisbon by an allied force of international crusaders and those of the Portuguese ruler, Afonso Henriques, is perceived primarily as a politico-strategic episode in the on-going Christian-Muslim conflict in Iberia – commonly referred to as the reconquista. The native warrior and commercial elite undoubtedly had various temporal reasons for engaging in warfare in Iberia and the Baltic region between 1147 and 1149, although the article concludes with some notes of caution before clinically construing motivation from behaviour in such instances. On Christmas Eve 1144, Zangī, the Muslim ruler of Aleppo and Mosul, seized the Christian-held city of Edessa in Mesopotamia. -
A Viking-Age Settlement in the Hinterland of Hedeby Tobias Schade
L. Holmquist, S. Kalmring & C. Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17-20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B THESES AND PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY B New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17–20th 2013 Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.) Contents Introduction Sigtuna: royal site and Christian town and the Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & regional perspective, c. 980-1100 Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson.....................................4 Sten Tesch................................................................107 Sigtuna and excavations at the Urmakaren Early northern towns as special economic and Trädgårdsmästaren sites zones Jonas Ros.................................................................133 Sven Kalmring............................................................7 No Kingdom without a town. Anund Olofs- Spaces and places of the urban settlement of son’s policy for national independence and its Birka materiality Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson...................................16 Rune Edberg............................................................145 Birka’s defence works and harbour - linking The Schleswig waterfront - a place of major one recently ended and one newly begun significance for the emergence of the town? research project Felix Rösch..........................................................153 -
DISCUSSION PAPER Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies the French Revolution and German Industr
DISCUSSION PAPER Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies The French Revolution and German Industrialization: The New Institutional Economics Rewrites History Michael Kopsidis, Daniel W. Bromley DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 149 2014 Theodor-Lieser-Straße 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany Phone: +49-345-2928-110 Fax: +49-345-2928-199 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iamo.de Corresponding author: Michael Kopsidis is senior researcher at IAMO and a professor at Martin Luther University in Halle (Saale), Germany, [email protected]. Daniel W. Bromley is Anderson-Bascom Professor of Applied Economics (Emeritus) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S.A., [email protected]. Bromley is grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Reimar Lüst Prize, for financial support. Address: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO) Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany Phone: ++49-345-2928-230 Fax: ++49-345-2928-299 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iamo.de Discussion Papers are interim reports on work of the Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies and have received only limited reviews. Views or opinions expressed in them do not necessarily represent those of IAMO. Comments are welcome and should be addressed directly to the author(s). The series Discussion Papers is edited by: Prof. Dr. Alfons Balmann (IAMO) Dr. Stephan Brosig (IAMO) Prof. Dr. Thomas Glauben (IAMO) Dr. Daniel Müller (IAMO) Prof. Dr. Heinrich Hockmann (IAMO) Prof. Dr. Martin Petrick (IAMO) ISSN 1438-2172 The French Revolution and German Industrialization 3 ABSTRACT Our purpose here is to challenge the "big-bang" approach to economic history in which some alleged institutional imposition – a deus machine – is claimed to launch a series of new economic behaviors. -
University of Tarty Faculty of Philosophy Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF TARTY FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY LINDA KALJUNDI Waiting for the Barbarians: The Imagery, Dynamics and Functions of the Other in Northern German Missionary Chronicles, 11th – Early 13th Centuries. The Gestae Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum of Adam of Bremen, Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum of Arnold of Lübeck, and Chronicon Livoniae of Henry of Livonia Master’s Thesis Supervisor: MA Marek Tamm, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales / University of Tartu Second supervisor: PhD Anti Selart University of Tartu TARTU 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 I HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AND INTERTEXTS 5 I.1 THE SOURCE MATERIAL 5 I.2. THE DILATATIO OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY: THE MISSION TO THE NORTH FROM THE NINTH UNTIL EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 28 I.3 NATIONAL TRAGEDIES, MISSIONARY WARS, CRUSADES, OR COLONISATION: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PATTERNS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 36 I.4 THE LEGATIO IN GENTES IN THE NORTH: THE MAKING OF A TRADITION 39 I.5 THE OTHER 46 II TO DISCOVER 52 I.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 52 PERSONAE 55 LOCI 67 II.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 73 PERSONAE 74 LOCI 81 II.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 86 PERSONAE 87 LOCI 89 II.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 93 PERSONAE 93 LOCI 102 III TO CONQUER 105 III.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 107 PERSONAE 108 LOCI 128 III.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 134 PERSONAE 135 LOCI 151 III.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 160 PERSONAE 160 LOCI 169 III.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 174 PERSONAE 175 LOCI 197 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 210 RESÜMEE 226 APPENDIX 2 Introduction The following thesis discusses the image of the Slavic, Nordic, and Baltic peoples and lands as the Other in the historical writing of the Northern mission.