Escola Federal De Engenharia De Itajuba

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Escola Federal De Engenharia De Itajuba UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE ITAJUBÁ INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO POLÍTICAS ENERGÉTICAS AUTOMOTIVAS E O USO DOS VEÍCULOS FLEX FUEL Autor: Tiago Rocha Melo Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério José da Silva Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo José Pirani Itajubá, Junho de 2013 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE ITAJUBÁ INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA Tiago Rocha Melo POLÍTICAS ENERGÉTICAS AUTOMOTIVAS E O USO DOS VEÍCULOS FLEX FUEL Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica. Área de Concentração: Conversão de Energia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério José da Silva Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo José Pirani Itajubá, Junho de 2013 M.G. – Brasil UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE ITAJUBÁ INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA Tiago Rocha Melo POLÍTICAS ENERGÉTICAS AUTOMOTIVAS E O USO DOS VEÍCULOS FLEX FUEL Dissertação aprovada por banca examinadora em 25 de junho de 2013, conferindo ao autor o título de Mestre em Ciências em Engenharia Mecânica. Composição da Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Rogério José da Silva (Orientador) – IEM/UNIFEI Prof. Dr. Marcelo José Pirani – IEM/UNIFEI Prof. Dr. Genésio José Menon – IEM/UNIFEI Prof. Dr. Flávio Neves Teixeira – UFSJ Itajubá – MG 2013 i Dedicatória Dedico este trabalho. Aos meus pais, amigos e minha noiva pelo suporte e por entenderem todo o desafio atravessado. ii Agradecimentos Ao meu Orientador e Co-orientador que sem os quais não seria possível realizar a tarefa de me conduzir entre os meandros do conhecimento. À FAPEMIG por prover a bolsa de mestrado para dar suporte aos estudos e a realização do trabalho E a todos que contribuíram para a conclusão desta dissertação de alguma forma. iii “Tudo tem seu tempo e até certas manifestações mais vigorosas e originais entram em voga ou saem de moda. Mas a sabedoria tem uma vantagem: é eterna.” Baltasar Gracián iv Resumo MELO, T. R. (2012), Políticas Energéticas Automotiva e o Uso dos Veículos Flex Fuel, Dissertação (Mestrado em Conversão de Energia), Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá - MG, p. 108 Desde os primórdios da indústria automobilística no mundo, o uso da gasolina como principal combustível, trouxe consequências políticas e econômicas, com o crescimento da frota circulante. A gasolina como principal derivado do petróleo, gerou a necessidade de expansão de sua extração e da descoberta de novos campos petrolíferos, para atender ao crescente mercado consumidor, trazendo problemas financeiros em diversos países a partir das crises de energia, devido às flutuações ou ao aumento de preços. Para evitar maiores problemas decorrentes da dependência do petróleo oriundo de regiões com turbulências políticas e religiosas, vários países se organizaram na busca por alternativas ao uso da gasolina no transporte veicular. Neste trabalho são analisadas as políticas energéticas automotivas dos Estados Unidos, Japão e Europa, o desenvolvimento tecnológico automotivo e a questão do uso do etanol como combustível nos veículos flex fuel no Brasil. São analisadas também as implicações do uso da gasolina nos veículos flex fuel, pois com o lançamento do novo regime automotivo no Brasil, deve-se estar atento à eficiência energética. Palavras-chave Política Energética Automotiva, Veículos Flexíveis, Motores de Combustão Interna, Eficiência Energética, Etanol. v Abstract MELO, T. R. (2012), Automotive Energy Policies and the Flexible Fuel Vehicles Usage, MSc. (Dissertation), Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá – MG, p. 108 Since the beginning of automotive industry worldwide, the gasoline use as main fuel brought political and economical consequences, with increasing of vehicles fleet. The gasoline as main product from crude oil, generated the expansion need of its extraction and the discovery of new oil fields for the uprising consumer market, bringing with it financial problems in several countries from the energy crisis, due to the variations or the continuous rising of its prices. To avoid more problems from the dependence of oil that come from regions with political and religious instabilities, several countries organized themselves in search for alternatives to the use of gasoline vehicle transportation. In this dissertation is analyzed the automotive energy policies of United States, Japan and Europe, the automotive technological development and the issue of the ethanol use as fuel in flexible fuel vehicles in Brazil. The implications of gasoline use in the flexible fuel vehicles are analyzed as well, because with the launching of a new automotive policies in Brazil, it’s important to pay attention to the energy efficiency. Keywords Automotive Energy Policies, Flexible Fuel Vehicles, Internal Combustion Engine, Automotive Energy Efficiency, Ethanol. vi Sumário DEDICATÓRIA _____________________________________________________________ i AGRADECIMENTOS _______________________________________________________ ii RESUMO _________________________________________________________________ iv ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________ v SUMÁRIO ________________________________________________________________ vi LISTA DE FIGURAS _______________________________________________________ x LISTA DE TABELAS ______________________________________________________ xiv SIMBOLOGIA ____________________________________________________________ xv LETRAS LATINAS ________________________________________________________ xv SIGLAS ________________________________________________________________ xvii CAPÍTULO 1 ______________________________________________________________ 1 INTRODUÇÃO E MOTIVAÇÃO ______________________________________________ 1 1.1 OBJETIVOS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 CAPÍTULO 2 ______________________________________________________________ 5 REVISÃO HISTÓRICA DOS MOTORES DE COMBUSTÃO INTERNA ALTERNATIVOS E O CONSUMO DE COMBUSTÍVEIS _________________________ 5 2.1 O CONSUMO DE COMBUSTÍVEIS NO MUNDO --------------------------------------- 19 2.1.1 DADOS GERAIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.2 OS COMBUSTÍVEIS RENOVÁVEIS ------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.2.1 MERCADO DE CARBONO ------------------------------------------------------------- 28 2.2.2 PROPRIEDADES DA GASOLINA ---------------------------------------------------- 29 2.2.2.1 Gasolina ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 vii CAPÍTULO 3 _____________________________________________________________ 33 AS PRINCIPAIS POLÍTICAS ENERGÉTICAS AUTOMOTIVAS __________________ 33 3.1 A POLÍTICA ENERGÉTICA AUTOMOTIVA DOS EUA ------------------------------- 33 3.1.1 RECOMENDAÇÕES DE POLÍTICAS VEICULARES ----------------------------- 38 3.1.2 DESCRIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA ----------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.1.3 CONCLUSÃO DA POLÍTICA ---------------------------------------------------------- 41 3.2 A POLÍTICA ENERGÉTICA AUTOMOTIVA DO JAPÃO ----------------------------- 42 3.2.1 DESCRIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA ----------------------------------------------------------- 45 3.2.2 A POLÍTICA PARA OS HÍBRIDOS --------------------------------------------------- 47 3.2.3 O GOVERNO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO VEICULAR --------------------------- 48 3.2.4 DESAFIOS ECONÔMICOS E AMBIENTAIS --------------------------------------- 49 3.2.5 POLÍTICAS ATUAIS --------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 3.2.6 ESTUDOS E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS ------------------------------------------- 51 3.2.7 CONCLUSÃO DA POLÍTICA ---------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.3 A POLÍTICA ENERGÉTICA AUTOMOTIVA DA EUROPA --------------------------- 53 3.3.1 DESCRIÇÃO DAS POLÍTICAS -------------------------------------------------------- 55 3.3.2 DESAFIOS ECONÔMICOS E AMBIENTAIS --------------------------------------- 59 3.3.3 PROGRAMA CARS 21 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 3.3.4 CONCLUSÃO DA POLÍTICA ---------------------------------------------------------- 62 CAPÍTULO 4 _____________________________________________________________ 63 MOTORES DE COMBUSTÃO INTERNA ALTERNATIVOS E OS VEÍCULOS FLEX FUEL ___________________________________________________________________ 63 viii 4.1 INTRODUÇÃO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.2 DESENVOLVIMENTOS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 4.3 O USO DOS VEÍCULOS FLEX FUEL ------------------------------------------------------ 72 CAPÍTULO 5 _____________________________________________________________ 84 CONCLUSÕES E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS _________________________________ 84 5.1 CONCLUSÕES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 5.2 PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS ------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 APÊNDICE A ____________________________________________________________ 88 CONCEITOS TEÓRICOS ___________________________________________________ 88 A.1 INFORMAÇÕES GEOMÉTRICAS DE MCI ---------------------------------------------- 89 A.1.1. VOLUME DESLOCADO PELO ÊMBOLO ----------------------------------------- 90 A.1.2. RELAÇÃO DE COMPRESSÃO (TAXA DE COMPRESSÃO)
Recommended publications
  • Manawatu Meanderings April 11Th Was Our Manawatu Branch AGM; a Fine Autumn Day Saw a Good Turnout in Pauline’S Garden for a BBQ Followed by the Meeting
    June~July 2010 June–July 2010 Daimler & Lanchester Owners’ Club in New Zealand Inc. NATIONAL EXECUTIVE President: Ed Hayhoe ‘Beechcroft’ 19 Cabeleigh Drive, Helensville 0800 Ph: 09 420 6390 Fax: 09 420 6791 E-mail: [email protected] Vice President: Paul Edginton 35 Uretara Drive, Katikati 3129 Ph: 07 549 4569 E-mail: [email protected] Secretary: Mike King 21 Millar St, Palmerston North 4410 Ph: 06 357 1237 Fax: 06 356 8480 E-mail: [email protected] Treasurer: Peter Mackie P.O. Box 8446, Havelock North 4157 Ph: 06 877 4766 E-mail: [email protected] Club Captain: Winston Wingfield 7 Pioneer Crescent, Helensburgh, Dunedin 9010 Ph: 03 476 2323 E-mail: [email protected] Patron: Ian Hill Printer: Penny May, Aorangi Print, 125 Campbell Rd, RD 5, Feilding 4775 Ph: 06 323 4516 (wk), 06 323 4698 (hm) E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.daimlerclub.org.nz All membership enquiries to the Secretary. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MAGAZINE Please send all contributions for inclusion in the magazine directly to the Secretary via fax email or mail by the TENTH day of the month prior to publication. DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed in this magazine are purely those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Daimler and Lanchester Owners’ Club. Daimler & Lanchester Owners’ Club in New Zealand Inc. June~July 2010 CONTENTS Page From the Driver’s Seat – National President’s Report ..................................................... 2 Getting Up to Speed – National Secretary’s Report ....................................................... 3 Round the Bazaars – Daimlers on the Run ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Christchurch 1
    "'J:!!!!!!'C! Since the earliest days of motoring . Firestone have set the standard of reliability, economy, and safety . Today 's motorist, like his father and grandfather before him. looks to Firestone for EXTRA mileage and EXTRA reliab ility . Firestone can do this because their technicians are experts who make only tyres, there are no other products to cloud the issue. Tyres are the life blood of Firestone. they literally know them inside out. From their uniquely successful formula of tyre making has emerged the famous Firestone family of rad ial and crossply passenger car tyres. No other range of tyres caters for your individual requ irements qu ite like Firestone ... re·Y.oo~,~ Tt .. m r44 Vintage Car Club of N.Z. [Inc.] Vol XXI, No. 102 October-November 1976 NATIONAL EXECUTIVE President : N . C. Skevington Canty) 22nd YEAR OF PU BLlCATION Club Captain: A. D. Storer (Canty) Club Vice-Captain: M. H . Ferner (Wgtn) Hon. Secretary: Clynt Inns (Canty) Club Re gistrar : R. W. Sarchett, 597 Madras Street, Christchurch 1. Phone 66-511. IN THIS ISSUE Executive: Mes srs N. A. Dewhurst (Auckland), L. J. D. Priest (Hawkes Bay), L. B. Southward (Wellingto n). W. M. Birch (Wa nganui), President's Message 2 The Alan Woodman story 3 CLUB OFFICE Phoenix House, Early History of English Cars 7 82 Hereford Street, Christchurch Telephone 74·003 Book Reviews 11 Hours 12-4 p.m. A Touch of Madness 12 CLUB CORRESPONDENCE Irishman '76 Photos 16 Club correspondence, including members' CHANGES 1920s Heyday of Battery Power 18 OF ADDRESS, must be sent to The Vintage Car Club of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Renault Advanced Plus Extended Warranty
    Renault Advanced Plus Extended Warranty Your Cover Explained This document sets out the terms and conditions of your extended warranty and provides details of the cover it provides. Please read this document and keep it in a safe place so that you can refer to it easily if you need to make a claim. If anything is unclear, or if you have any questions, please contact our Customer Services team on 0844 573 8035. Insurance Provided Subject to the policy terms and conditions and payment of the appropriate premium, the Insurer will pay the costs of repair and out of pocket expenses incurred by you as a result of the failure of any insured components occurring during the period and mileage shown on the policy confirmation letter. This mechanical breakdown insurance policy is administered by Car Care Plan Limited trading as Renault Extended Warranty Administration and underwritten by Motors Insurance Company Limited (MICL) which is authorised and regulated as an insurance company with the Financial Services Authority. Parts Covered Your Advanced Plus Extended Warranty covers the following components against mechanical or electrical breakdown (subject to the terms and conditions detailed in this document). Engine Camshaft, camshaft followers, camshaft pulleys, conrods and bearings, crankshaft and bearings, cylinder bores, cylinder head, cylinder head gasket, flywheel, gudgeon pins, oil pump, pistons and rings, push rods, rocker assembly, starter ring gear, tappet gear, tensioners, timing belts, timing chains, timing gears, valves and guides. All other engine components are not covered, nor are burnt out, sticking or pitted valves, or any damage resulting from the failure of a timing belt which has not been replaced as per the manufacturer's recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daimler Motor Company Limited (GB) 1896 - 2011
    The Daimler Motor Company Limited (GB) 1896 - 2011 Daimler Motor Company The Daimler Motor Company Limited (GB) 1896 - 2011 Daimler (GB) 1896-2011.doc 2 / 22 Daimler Motor Company The Daimler Motor Company Limited The Daimler Motor Company was a British motor vehicle manufacturing company, founded in 1896, and based in Coventry. The company became a subsidiary of Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) in 1910, and was acquired by Jaguar Cars in 1960. Ownership of the Daimler marque stayed with Jaguar Cars through subsequent mergers with British Motor Holdings and British Leyland, remaining with Jaguar when the company regained its independence in 1984. In 1989 the Daimler badge transferred to the ownership of the Ford Motor Company when Jaguar Cars became a subsidiary of the American giant, and was subsequently incorporated into Ford's Premier Automotive Group. In March 2008 the Daimler brand was included in Ford's sale of Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India. As of 2006, the use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model, the Daimler Super Eight. As of 2011, the brand appears to be dormant. Origins of the name Confusingly, the name Daimler is used by two completely separate groups of car manufacturers. The history of both companies can be traced back to the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler who built the first four- wheeled car in 1889. This was the origin of the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, which is translated as Daimler Motor Company (aka, Daimler Germany), which has manufactured vehicles since the 1890s. Gottlieb Daimler died in 1900, having sold licences to use the Daimler name in a number of countries.
    [Show full text]
  • G. P. Putnam's Sons New York
    5TH PASS MASTER G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK 9780399184192_BuilttoThrill_TX_pi-viii_1-200.indd ii 5/23/16 10:34 AM 5TH PASS MASTER BUILT TO THRILL More Classic Automobiles from Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt CLIVE CUSSLER PHOTOGRAPHS BY DAYNA CUSSLER AND JASON TOFT 9780399184192_BuilttoThrill_TX_pi-viii_1-200.indd iii 5/23/16 10:34 AM 5TH PASS MASTER 9780399184192_BuilttoThrill_TX_pi-viii_1-200.indd viii 5/23/16 10:34 AM 5TH PASS MASTER IT DOESN’T TAKE MUCH TO LOVE OLD CARS iving in Southern California during the nineteen forties and owner wanted more than I could afford, and he took it out to his building a hot rod out of a 1936 Ford sedan, I fancifully devel- ranch, where he cut off the rear end and used the old car as a pickup Loped a love for old classic cars. Not long after, I bought a black truck, an occurrence that was quite common in those days. 1925 Auburn limousine for $18 that my buddies and I drove to the Years later when driving through the Colorado countryside, my wife football games, dressing like gangsters, wearing overcoats and with Barbara said, “Look! There’s a 1946 Ford Club coupe like I had in high fedoras pulled over one eye. We would sneak past the security guards school.” I paid $400 to the farmer and drove it home, where my son carrying beer and wine, hidden in a violin case. and I restored it in the street. This was the first car of my collection. The next car I set my sights on was a bit pricier.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd Quarter 2015 Skyline Spring 2011 SKYLINE.Qxd
    THE SKYLINE ION OF TH LICAT E ME PUB TRO AL R CI EG FI IO F N O O . F C T IN HE A, CL RIC ASS ME IC CAR CLUB OF A THIRD QUARTER — 2015 THE SKYLINE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE METRO REGION OF THE CLASSIC CAR CLUB OF AMERICA, INC. SECOND QUARTER — 2015 Officers Director — Ralph Marano Jr. Sergeant-at-Arms — Joseph Albanese Asst. Director — BarbaraAnna Kefalonitis “The Skyline” — BarbaraAnna Kefalonitis & Stuart R. Secretary — Patricia Albanese Blond Treasurer — JoAnn Saiya Website — Matthew Orendac Sunshine — Pat Albanese Managers Elected through 2016: Ralph Marano, Jr., Michael Paone, On our front cover — 1948 Daimler DE 36 Green JoAnn Saiya. Through 2017: Dan Danielson, Joe Barnes, Goddess drophead coupe by Hooper owned by Mark Stella Pyrtek-Blond. Through 2015: Hyman Patricia Albanese, BarbaraAnna Kefalonitis, Matthew On our back cover — Quaker State ad featuring a 1930 Orendac. Carl Zellers, (alternate) Stutz roadster from the editor’s collection “The Skyline” Editor — Craig Handley [email protected] The Skyline is published quarterly by The Metro Region Committee — Stuart Blond, BarbaraAnna Kefalonitis, Joe of the Classic Car Club of America, Inc. Barnes, Joe Albanese, Matt Orendac, JoAnn Saiya & Carl All editorial and advertising material should be sent to: Zellers The Skyline, 10030 Schweitzer Lane, Rapid City, MI 49676. Phone: (231) 322-3031. E-mail: craig.s.hand- [email protected] (please specify “The Skyline” in the Web-Site subject area). Webmaster — Matt Orendac [email protected] Display advertising rates — All rates are based on Visit us at www.metroccca.org black & white camera-ready copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 466 Nov 2000
    T EBULLETKN No. 466 NOVEMBERIDECEMB ER 2000 www.alvisoc.org Contents Alvivacity . ... 483 South East Alvis Day ... .................. 487 Lost And Found TA 2 1s In The U.S.A. .. 494 AnCCSlO rs ...... ......... 498 Our New Zcalnnd Touf ........... 508 Lcttcrs To The Ed itor 520 The Rcbirt h Of A Speed 25 SC DH C - Part 1 .................................... ... 535 I-Iot Ai r ln West Sussex ...................................................... ....................... 543 The Macmillan Cancer Rclief Run .. 544 The AOC Web Site ....... ... 545 Alvis Grey Lady Gcarbox ................. .... ...... 547 "The Malvcrn Link" ................................................... .... .. .. .... ............. .. 553 Archi ve ... .... ... .. .... ............ 558 Section Notes .. .. .. ... ... ... ............ .. 565 New Mcmbcrs. .570 Index 2000 .............................. ...................... 574 Cover Photo: George Gram. the Scollish Whis!..y Magl/(l/e wi," his braI/ri lIew Speed 25011 {l IV ;I/ Ie,.~" day il/ /939. See page 535. Photo: via /Jell Lem/mil Cellfl'e Spread: Wondelf lt/ perim! pholOgraph of(1 /2/60 SO/OOII . See page 507 for delails. Photo: Andrcw BCllcrofi Display Advcrliscrncnts; available on a per issue or anllllai (six issue) ba sis. Annual ra Ies; f450.00 l'cr full page. f275.00 per ha!fpage and f 150.00 per quarter page. Per issue rat es are f IOO.OO pcr page; f60.00 per ha!fpage and f35.00 per quarter page exccpl for quarter page adverti semelll s for persona! car sales for whi ch a special rate of f.7.50 app! ies Artwork costs extra ifnot supplied. 4 82 - A Round up of Alvis Matters - 1 still find it hard to realise that 1 am the President of our club. When 1 joined the AOC in 1971, having acquired my Speed 20 SA DHC, 1 did not anticipate in any way how involved 1 was to become in club activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Incremento De Eficiencia De Un Motor De Combustión Interna Mediante La Recuperación De Energía
    1 INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS ESTADO DE MÉXICO INCREMENTO DE EFICIENCIA DE UN MOTOR DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA MEDIANTE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA. TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN SISTEMAS DE MANUFACTURA PRESENTA MIGUEL ANGEL ROJAS RIVERA Asesor: Dr. ARMANDO BRAVO ORTEGA Comité de tesis: Dr. SADEGH BABAII KOCHEKSERAII Dr. JESUS ENRIQUE CHONG QUERO Jurado: Dr. SADEGH BABAII KOCHEKSERAII Presidente Dr. JESUS ENRIQUE CHONG QUERO Secretario Dr. ARMANDO BRAVO ORTEGA Vocal Atizapán de Zaragoza, Edo. Méx., 30 marzo de 2007 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Estado de México por haberme dado la oportunidad de demostrar la calidad de Ingeniero que soy y haber confiado en mí para poder cumplir en norma con los estándares del postgrado. Al Dr. Armando Bravo Ortega por haberme acompañado en esta investigación y orientado con palabras de aliento. Al Dr. Sadegh Babaii Kochekseraii y al Dr. Jesús Enrique Chong Quero por haber fungido como asesores en este proyecto que sin ayuda de ellos no se hubiera realizado. A mis padres los cuales han creído siempre en mí y me han apoyado en todo mi camino profesional, y esta tesis es sólo un pequeño regalo por todo lo que me han otorgado. 3 RESUMEN. En todo el mundo, la industria automotriz es una arteria principal, ya que cada día un mayor número de personas está haciendo uso de vehículos particulares o vehículos del transporte público. Estos transportes usan motores de combustión interna los cuales a pesar de todas las medidas para limpiar sus gases remanentes siguen contaminando.
    [Show full text]