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Incremento De Eficiencia De Un Motor De Combustión Interna Mediante La Recuperación De Energía

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Incremento De Eficiencia De Un Motor De Combustión Interna Mediante La Recuperación De Energía 1 INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS ESTADO DE MÉXICO INCREMENTO DE EFICIENCIA DE UN MOTOR DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA MEDIANTE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA. TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN SISTEMAS DE MANUFACTURA PRESENTA MIGUEL ANGEL ROJAS RIVERA Asesor: Dr. ARMANDO BRAVO ORTEGA Comité de tesis: Dr. SADEGH BABAII KOCHEKSERAII Dr. JESUS ENRIQUE CHONG QUERO Jurado: Dr. SADEGH BABAII KOCHEKSERAII Presidente Dr. JESUS ENRIQUE CHONG QUERO Secretario Dr. ARMANDO BRAVO ORTEGA Vocal Atizapán de Zaragoza, Edo. Méx., 30 marzo de 2007 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Estado de México por haberme dado la oportunidad de demostrar la calidad de Ingeniero que soy y haber confiado en mí para poder cumplir en norma con los estándares del postgrado. Al Dr. Armando Bravo Ortega por haberme acompañado en esta investigación y orientado con palabras de aliento. Al Dr. Sadegh Babaii Kochekseraii y al Dr. Jesús Enrique Chong Quero por haber fungido como asesores en este proyecto que sin ayuda de ellos no se hubiera realizado. A mis padres los cuales han creído siempre en mí y me han apoyado en todo mi camino profesional, y esta tesis es sólo un pequeño regalo por todo lo que me han otorgado. 3 RESUMEN. En todo el mundo, la industria automotriz es una arteria principal, ya que cada día un mayor número de personas está haciendo uso de vehículos particulares o vehículos del transporte público. Estos transportes usan motores de combustión interna los cuales a pesar de todas las medidas para limpiar sus gases remanentes siguen contaminando. La contaminación ya se está regulando, como por ejemplo el restringir el uso de gasolinas con plomo, como resultado negativo se obtuvo una gasolina al principio con menor potencia, la cual incrementaba el uso de un recurso no renovable: el petróleo. El presente trabajo fue elaborado con la finalidad de proponer un sistema de recirculación de energía, para mejorar la eficiencia del ciclo y con el objetivo final de reducir el consumo de gasolina. Esto se realiza por el uso de los gases de salida que aún tienen una temperatura alta la cual puede ser usada para ayudar al mejor consumo de la gasolina, y de esta manera se propuso el diseño de un intercambiador de calor. Si este equipo se pusiera a pruebas de laboratorio, nos daría como resultado un avance o un punto de partida para futuras investigaciones sobre el adecuado uso del combustible. Se plantean también otras alternativas como son los autos híbridos, pero para esta década no dejaremos de usar los automóviles de gasolina, ya sea para recargar las baterías o para mover el vehículo directamente. Es por eso de la preocupación plasmada en este documento de hacer un uso adecuado de tan preciado líquido el cual en este siglo se acabará. El contenido de esta tesis presenta la teoría básica de termodinámica, los componentes que conforma un motor de combustión interna, avances tecnológicos, resultados de las ecuaciones aplicadas para diseñar un intercambiador de calor y su influencia en el motor, así como todo lo necesario para su diseño térmico y se plantean alternativas para mejorar tanto el diseño, como la eficiencia total del motor. 4 CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................................................... 2 RESUMEN. ..................................................................................................................................... 3 CONTENIDO.................................................................................................................................. 4 LISTA DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................................... 7 LISTA DE TABLAS..................................................................................................................... 11 NOMENCLATURA...................................................................................................................... 12 1. INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Historia de los automóviles. .......................................................................................... 14 1.2 Estado actual de los motores de combustión interna..................................................... 17 1.1.1 Clasificación de los motores.................................................................................. 17 1.1.2 Últimos avances tecnológicos. .............................................................................. 21 1.3 Motores con energías alternativas. ................................................................................ 35 1.4 Motores de CI y su relación con el ambiente. ............................................................... 36 1.4.1 Historia sobre contaminación. ............................................................................... 37 1.5 Problemática y justificación de la tesis.......................................................................... 38 1.6 Objetivos........................................................................................................................ 39 1.7 Metodología de investigación........................................................................................ 40 1.8 Organización de la tesis................................................................................................. 40 2. TERMODINÁMICA BÁSICA DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA. ................. 42 2.1 Calor. ................................................................................................................................... 42 2.1.1 Calor específico. ........................................................................................................... 43 2.1.2 Transmisión de calor. ................................................................................................... 43 2.2 Transferencia de calor dentro del cilindro........................................................................... 47 2.2.1 Modelo de gas ideal...................................................................................................... 48 2.3 Ley cero de la termodinámica. ............................................................................................ 49 2.4 Primera ley de la termodinámica......................................................................................... 49 2.4.1 Conservación de la masa. ............................................................................................. 49 2.4.2 Conservación de la energía........................................................................................... 50 5 2.4.3 Aplicaciones del flujo en estado estable....................................................................... 50 2.5 Segunda ley de la termodinámica........................................................................................ 51 2.5.1 Entropía. ....................................................................................................................... 51 2.5.2 Entalpía......................................................................................................................... 52 2.6 Tercera ley de la termodinámica. ........................................................................................ 52 2.7 Eficiencia térmica................................................................................................................ 53 2.8 Energía interna..................................................................................................................... 53 2.9 Calor específico. .................................................................................................................. 54 2.10 Ciclos térmicos y de combustión....................................................................................... 54 2.10.1 Carnot. ........................................................................................................................ 54 2.10.2 Otto. ............................................................................................................................ 57 2.10.3 Diesel.......................................................................................................................... 60 2.11 Diferencia entre ciclos de combustión............................................................................... 63 3. FUNDAMENTOS DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA. ................................. 64 3.1 Componentes. ...................................................................................................................... 64 3.1.1 Monobloque.................................................................................................................. 65 3.1.2 Cabezal o culata............................................................................................................ 66 3.1.3 Árbol de levas............................................................................................................... 66 3.1.4 Cigüeñal........................................................................................................................ 68 3.1.5 Carburador.................................................................................................................... 68 3.1.6 Convertidor catalítico. .................................................................................................
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