PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQINGMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE

Public Disclosure Authorized THEWORLD BANK E- 289

CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESI(N REVIEWAND ADVISORYSERVICES Public Disclosure Authorized

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ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Public Disclosure Authorized 100709. R6 August 1999 With the assistanceof CHONGQING ENVIRONMENTAL P MONITORING RESEARCH SOGREAH

INSTITUTE CONS'!-ANT'

;rSOGREAH C O NSU[tT 5N T S Overall Environmental Impact AssessmentReport

ExecutiveSummary

ThisExecutive Summary has been preparedby SOGREAHConsultants, on behalf of ChongqingEnvironmental Monitoring Research Institute (CEMRI), as part of the World Bank DesignReview and Advisory(DRA) Services for the projectpreparation of the Phase3A of the ChongqingUrban EnvironmentProject, China (Job Number 100709)

This report has been preparedby the projectteam underthe supervisionof MagnusHOLMER (ProjectManager) following the proceduresdetailed in the AssuranceQuality Manualand Codesof SOGREAHCQnsultants (SYSAQUAL/MAQ et CAQ) in compliancewith IS09001. The compilationof the EAhas followedthe guidelinesof the World Bank(OP 4.01) and those of th-eState Environmental Protection Agency of the People'sRepublic of China. Thisexecutive summaryhas been compiledin an extendedformat as requestedby the World Bankduring its missionto Chongqingduring March 1999 (World BankAide MemoireNo. 4).

AssuranceQuality Name and Function Date Signature

ReportPrepared by: Gary Moys,Team Leader

Report Checked by: Magnus Holmer, Project Manager ( 3/

ReponrApproved by: MagnusHolmer, ProjectManager

EASUR SEP2 0 1999 uCEIVEDE

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc Auoust199Q

TABLEOF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION vii l.i. Background Vil l.ii. The CUEPand EnvironmentalAssessment_ viii

11.POLITICAL, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK ix

1II. PROJECTDESCRIPTION x IlI.i. ChongqingWastewater Component xi Ill.ii. ChongqingSolid Waste Component xii Ill.iii. FulingWater SupplyComponent xi___

IlI.iv.FulingWastewater Component _xiv Ill.v.Wanzhou Water Supply Component xv Ill.vi.NanbinWater SupplyComponent xvi Ill.vii. Qianiiong Water SupplyComponent IlI.viii. Overall projectcosts and implementationschedule xviii

IV. BASELINEDATA xx IV.i. GeneralIntroduction to Chongqing Municipality xx IV.ii.Socio-economic conditions_ IV.iii. Air Quality xxii IV.iv. Water Resources xxii IV.v.Water Quality xxiii IV.vi. Ecologicalenvironment xxiv IV.vii. Water Supply xxvi IV.viii. Sewerage xxv IV.ix. Solid WasteManagement xxvIIi

V. ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES xxix V.i. ChongqingWastewater Component xx.

VI. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS xxoii VI.i.Impacts during construction xxxii Vi.ii. WaterEnvironmental Impacts xxxiii VI.iii. Air, Noise and SolidWaste Impacts xxxv VI.iv. Socio-EconomicImpacts xxxv

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 VIl. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN xxxvii VII.i.MitigationMeasures xxxvii VII.ii. Accompanyingpollution controlmeasures xl VII.iii. Monitoring_ xlii VIl.iv. InstitutionalStrengthening and Training xlii Vll.v. Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates xlii

Vill. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION xliii

IX. CONCLUSIONS xliii

100709/R6/drasummory2.doc August1999 LISTOF TABLES

Table 1: Water Quality Standardsfor China reiated to the functional useof the water body ix Table2: Overall ProjectCosts xviii Table 3: ChongqingMunicipality -Gross Domestic Product xx Table4: Averageannual flow volume and discharge- Jialing Jiang , Chang Jiang and Wu Jicing xxiii Table5: Low Flows for the main riversin the StudyArea - JialingJiang, ChangJiang, Appen Jicingand Wu Jiang. xxiii Table e : Summaryof existingWSC infrastructure xxvi Table 7: DomesticWater Consumptionin ChongqingMunicipality xxvi Table8 : Overall satisfactionwith watersupply and public perceptionof key objectivesfor improvement xxvii Table9 : Statisticalresults of tap water qualitysampling in Chongqing(number of samples exceedingthe standardper year) xxvii Table 10: Summaryof existingwaste water infrastructure xxviii Table 'I: FutureWater Quality Classificationon the Jailing Jiang in the vicinityof Chongqing (assumingno improvementof wastewatercollection and treatment) xxxi Table 12 : FutureWater Quality Classificationon the ChangJiang in the vicinityof Chongqing(assuming no improvementof wastewatercollection and treatment) xxxi Table ' 3: Socialimpact of the projectcomponents xxxvi Table 14 Negative impact & mitigating measuresof wastewatercomponents xxxviii Table 115 Negative impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component xxxix Table 116 Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project xl Table 1 7: Cost estimates for the Environmental Management Plan xliii

LISTOF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of Chongqing Municipality within China . vii Figure2: Organisationof EAPreparation for CUEP viii Figure 3: Location of Project Cities in Chongqing Municipality x Figure4: Overall ProjectImplementation Plan for CUEP xix Figure5 : Growth of ChongqingGDP compared to the whole Chineseeconomy (1 993-97) xx Figure6 : CurrentWater Quality Objectivesfor the major riversin ChongqingMunicipality xxv Figure 7 : Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [69]) xxv Figure8 : Comparisonof water levelsat Chongqingwith and withoutthe TGPfor 1993 flow conditions [91]. ____ Figure9 : PredictedChange in BOD on the Jialing Jiang 2005-2020 xxx Figure 10: Impactof ChongqingWastewater Component on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang xxxiii Figure 11: Impactof treatmenton the water quality of the Chang Jiang xxxiv Figure 12: Impactof dischargesfrom Jiguanshiand TangjiatuoWWTW_ XXXv

100709/R6/drasummory2.doc August1999

ACRONYMSAND ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS

CSCMEDI Central and SouthernChina Municipal Engineeringand ResearchInstitute CEMRI ChongqingEnvironmental Monitoring ResearchInstitute CEPB ChongqingEnvironment Protection Bureau CESD ChongqingEnvironmental Sanitation Division CISDI ChongqingIron and SteelDesigning Institute CJU ChongqingJianzhu Construction University CM ChongqingMunicipality CMG ChongqingMunicipal Government CUCB ChongqingUrban ConstructionBureau CUEP ChongqingUrban EnvironmentProject DHI DanishHydraulics Institute EDRIQIJ EnvironmentalDesign and ResearchInstitute of Qinghua University ERM EnvironmentalResources Management ESRI EnvironmentalScientific Research Institute of the PLALogistics Engineerin- NCMEDI North China MunicipalEngineering and ResearchInstitute PMO ProjectManagement Office SEPA StateEnvironment Protection Agency (former NEPA) SMEDI ShanghaiMunicipal EngineeringDesign Institute SPC StatePlanning. Commission WB World Bank WSC Water SupplyCompany

100709/R6/drosummarv2 .doc August1999

ABBREVIATIONS

1-D One dimensional 2-D Two dimensional ADWF AverageDry WeatherFlow BOD BiochemicalOxygen Demand CES Coliform ExtractableSubstances COD ChemicalOxygen Demand DO DissolvedOxygen DRA DesignReview and AdvisoryServices EIA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment FOG Fat,Oil and Grease GDP GrossDomestic Product GVIO GrossValue of IndustrialOutput HHD Huang Hai (YellowSea) Datum IR InterceptionRatio masl metresover sea level MSW Municipal SolidWaste NOx Nitric oxide compounds RAP ResettlementAction Plan RELRCV RearEnd LoadingRefuse Compacting Vehicule RMPR RevisedMaster Plan Report PAP ProjectAffected Person 5°2 Sulphurdioxide SOE StateOwned Enterprise SWM Solid WasteManagement TBM Tunnel BoringMachine TGP Three GorgesProject TSP Total SuspendedParticuiates WQO Water Quality Objective WTW,WTP WaterTreatment Works/Plant WWTVIW,WWVTPWastewater Treatment Works/Plant

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1. INTIRODUCTION Li. Background

ChongqingMunicipality, created out of SichuanProvince in May 1997, is the 4th Municipalityunder directcontrol by the Central Governmentin Beijing(Figure 1). The economyof Chongqinghas traditionallybeen centred on a strongindustrial base (largelysecondary industries, including steel works, manufacturing,chemical industries, etc.). Thiseconomic development has beenthe focusfor rapid urban growth,especially sincethe opening up of China from 1979. However,these rapid expansionshave not beenaccompanied by adequateenvironmental infrastructure, particularly in the fieldsof wastecontrol and treatment(air, water and solid wastes).

The ThreeGorges Project situated downstream of the ChongqingMunicipality adds an additional dimensionto the difficultiesfacing Chongqing. The projectitself will provide a direct economicbenefit to the municipalityfacilitating the transportof industrialgoods downstreamto the EasternYangtze Delta Region(Shanghai and elsewhere)and beyond. However,the social (resettlement)and environmental(water quality) impactsof the projectpresent the Municipalityof Chongqingwith a seriesof major challenges.

It is within this contextthat ChongqingMunicipal Government, with assistancefrom the InternationalBank for Reconstructionand Development(World Bank),has embarked on an ambitiousprogramme, the ChongqingUrban EnvironmentProject (CUEP), of which the initial investmentis in the order of 500 million US $. Figure 1: Locationof Chongqing Municipality within China

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100Q709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 1.ii. i e (utr ana tnvironmentai Assessmenr

CUEPis presentlydrawing to the end of the projectpreparation phase with implementationscheduled in the year 2000 as part of the World Bank Lending Programme.

- The projectpreparation, largely carried out by Chinese(largely local) organisationshas beensupported by varioussources of internationalassistance to CUEP.The overall environmentalassessment for CUEPhas beencarried out by the Chongqing L EnvironmentalMonitoring Research Institute (CEMRI) with assistanceby the internationcl consultantsSOGREAH; this overallassessment is basedon the ElAsfor the individual componentsof the project(in particularinstances, most notably for the Chongqing Wastewaterand SolidWaste Components, national institutes have also beenassisted by internationalconsultants).

Work on the ElAsfor the individualsub-components began soon after the establishment of the masterplanfor watersupply, sewerage and solid waste;in this way, the findings of the draft reportscompleted towards the end of 1998 were availableto the engineeringdesign consultants. The ElAsthemselves have been further adaptedin the light of the amendeddesigns and commentsfrom the World Bankand the State EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

The overallframework of the EAand the interactionsbetween the variousactors is summarisedin the followingdiagram (seeFigure 2).

Figure 2: Organisation of EA Preparation for CUEP

100796drasmmr2do J August 19SEPA

I'.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 1. POLITICAL,LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK

Since1979 with the introductionof the EnvironmentalProtection Law, China has implementeda comprehensivelegal and administrativeframework aimed at protecting the environment. Centralto this frameworkis the policy of the "3 at one time" environmentalimpact assessmentwhich should be developed,constructed (mitigation measures,etc.) and implementedconcurrently with the planning, constructionand implementationof the physicalinfrastructure.

At the Statelevel, the StateEnvironmental Protection Agency is responsiblefor promulgatingthe laws and regulationsof the People'sRepublic of China with respectto environmentalprotection. These responsibilities are delegatedat provincialand municipalitylevel to the EnvironmentalProtection Bureau who are also responsible'for organisingregular monitoringexercises through the laboratoriesunder their tutelage.

Integralparts of this environmentalprotection are the environmentalstandards that are usedto assessthe levelof pollutionoriginating from pollution sourcesand the ambient air and waterquality. Keystandards used in this report are:

* TheSurface Water Quality Standards(GB3838-88) SThe GroundWater Quality Standards (GB/T14848-93) • TheEnvironmental Air QualityStandard (GB3095-96) • The UrbanArea EnvironmentalNoise Standards (GB3096-95) * The QualityStandards of PotableWater Supply (GJ3020-93)

LSubsidiarystandards such as the WasteWater ComprehensiveEmission Standards (GB8978-96)are also referredto; however,the primary focusof the wastewater componentsof CUEPhas been to controltotal loads with respectto ambientwater [qualityrather than respectingstrictly in the short term emissionstandards.

Relatedto the water quality standardsare the WaterQuality Objectiveswhich describe the desiredquality of'the watercourseas a function of its major uses. In China these W'QO are divided into 5 major classesas indicatedin Table 1. Table 1: Water Quality Standards for China related to the functional use of the water body Water Quality Desireduse of water body Class Class I Riverheadwaters, and nationalnature protectionzones Class 11 Drinkingwater, protectionand breeding zones Class III Drinkingwater, secondclass protection zones,fishery and bathingwaters Class IV Industrialuse and non-directcontact recreation ClassV Agriculturaluse and general scenery requirements

100709/R6/drosummarv2 .doc August1999 The WQOs for each major river are decided by the Ministrv of Water Resources: more detailed WQOs are generaliy stipulated at the provincial/prefecture or city level. These local WQOs may be stricter than the nationally decided values. Suchlocal WQOs have been fixed previously by the 'old' prefecture of Chongqing ; these are currently in the process of revision. Often these local WQOs reflect the actual class of the river, rather than its functional use.

This latter use of WQOs hinders their application for the use of water pollution control, especially in the case of the tributaries of the main rivers, which generally possessWQO lower than the main rivers.

III. PROJECTDESCRIPTION

A comprehensive package of investmentsare proposed for the cities of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Nanbin and Qianjiang under the Chongqing Urban Environment Project.They include: Water Supply and Wastewater SystemsDevelopment, Municipal Solid Waste Management, Urban Management Information System,Cultural Heritage, EnvironmentalMonitoring and Institutional Strengtheningand Training; the project cost inclusiveof contingenciesis estimated at about Y 5865.3 million ($707 million).

The physical components for which an EIA has been establishedare summarised below.

Figure 3: Locationof Project Citiesin ChongqingMunicipality

0 50 100 150 200 km

1 00709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 111.i.Chongqing Wastewater Component

Existing Situation. Chongqing consistsof 11 Districts,3 cities and 7 counties.It is located at the confluenceof two rivers, Chang Jiang and Jialing Jiang, and the prefecturecovers 23,114 km2 with a population of 15,297,100 (StatisticalYearbook, 1997). The city of Chongqing itself comprisessix urban Districtswith a population totalling nearly 3 million people of which almost 2.4 million are found in the main urban area.

Chongqing is located in a strategic region (the Tail of the Dragon) for the general developmentof China. Not only does Chongqing area harbour both agricultural and heavyindustrial production units, but the proximity of the Three Gorges Dam and the increasingnumber of infrastructureprojects in the surroundinghinterland (expressways and roads, power plants, dikes...)should provide new opportunitiesfor businessand employment.Chongqing' s urban population should grow rapidly until 2020 due.in particularto the rapid expectedeconomic growth (industrialisation,services) and to the influxof rural populationfrom many parts of the WYR(Western Yangtze Region).

Thecity is facing major pollution of its rivers,particularly the JialingJiang, a principle sourceof potablewater. Almostall of the municipalwastewater and a large proportion olFindustrial wastewater enter the river systemwithout treatment, causing significant pollutionwithin the city. The JialingJiang with a water quality objectiveof Class l1l,is in its lower reachesactually classified as ClassIV. Notablepollutants passing the Class IlIl level are oils and phenols(largely of industrialorigin) and ammonia and faecal coliforms (indicativeof contaminationwith urban wastewater).Without the project oirganicpollution levelswill risedramatically, further endangeringthe alreadyprecarious potablewater supplies.

At present,only 50,000 m3/d of the estimated850,000 m3/d of wastewaterproduced in Chong-qingare treatedat the existingTang jiaqiao works,which serves a small catchmentin the Jiangbei District(to the north of the centraldistrict).

Wastewaterproduction is projectedto increasein line with economicdevelopment and population,reaching approximately 1.5 million m3/d by 2020.

Proposed Wastewater Component (Y 2508.0 million; $302.2 million). The proposedcomponent will comprisethe following works:

* An entire primary seweragenetwork (length of 78 km) comprisinga seriesof interceptorsranging in sizefrom 1.5x1.5m to 3.5x3.5m, constructedeither by cut- and-coveror by tunnellingmethods; * An invertedsiphon of externaldiameter of approximately4m togetherwith an upstreampre-treatment and pumping stationconveying wastewater under the Yangtzeriver from the centralbusiness district of Chongqing; * The Tangjiatuo wastewatertreatment works (pre-treatment)with an initial capacity of 300,000 m3/d and an associated2200 mm outfall 2 km from the worksto th, outfoll at TongluoGorge on the Yangtzeriver;

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 * The Jiguanshiwastewater treatment works (pre-treatment)with an initial capacity of 600,000 m3/d and an associated4000 mm outfall 220m long situated approximately1 km from the worksto the nearbyYangtze river; and * A program of secondarysewer construction, including link sewerstotalling approximately200km

The wastewater componentof CUEPwill representthe first phaseof a wastewater projecttotalling three phases: phase11 999-2003; phase 112004-2008; phaseIlIl 2009-2013.

The first phaserelated to the two plantswould includepreliminary treatment (screening and grit removal)of collectedwastewater and dischargeto the ChangJiang through appropriateoutfall facilities. At a later date, advancedprocesses such as secondary treatmentincluding nutrient removal could be implemented,possibly around 2009.

IlI.ii.Chongqing Solid Waste Component

Existing Situation. Percapita waste generation has beenassumed to risefrom 0.95 kg/capita/day in 1996 to 1.22 kg/capita/day in 2020. Thesegeneration figures excludeup to 10%which is alreadyrecycled at the householdlevel. This givesestimates for total wastesgenerated rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 tpd to 6 700 tpd in 2020. By2020 it is anticipatedthat about 20% of the estimatedwastes generated will be recoveredfor recycling,leaving the remainderrequiring treatment and disposal.. The collectionof the MSWis carried out in two stages:primary collectionremoves MSW from householdsand depositsit at a centralpoint or collectionstation within the locality; secondarycollection takes the wastefrom the collectionstations for disposalat one of the nine existingtreatment and disposalfacilities. Primarycollection is generally arranged by resident'scommittees or socialunits and secondarycollection is primarily the responsibilityof the districtenvironmental sanitation management agencies (DESMAs).

Disposalis achievedby open dumpingat eight sitescurrently operated by the DESMAs. Thesedumps have little in the way of leachateor gas controls,although six have rudimentaryleachate treatment facilities. Wasteis generallytipped and allowedto tumbledown a tipping face which can be as steepas 60% Until recentlyno compaction or grading was usedat the sitesalthough such approaches now appear to havebeen introducedat someof the sites. Wastepickers are presentat all of the sites,working in hazardousand dangerousconditions, and removingitems for recycling. The ninth is operatedby the ChongqingEnvironmental Sanitary Research Institute and is locatedat Liujiaolanya. The facilitiesfeature a combinationof mechanisedand hand sorting of materialsfor recycling,incineration at sevenof the facilitiesand, in two cases, composting. None of thesefacilities operates effectively and their contributionto recyclingis not significant.

100709/R6/drasummorv2.doc August1999 Mostsewage is dealt with through the useof septictanks. The DESMAspresently providea septictank emptyingservice using a small fleet of 24 five ton capacitysuction tankers. About a third of thesesuction tankers have been identifiedas needing replacementby 2000. Thesesuction tankers currently discharge at eight small anaerobic digestionfacilities. Thesefacilities appear to be too small to copewith the required throughputand do not work effectively,failing to meet currentdischarge standards. Alternativedisposal means are thereforerequired until the new seweragesystem is operational. Afterthat, there will continueto be a needfor a servicefor emptyingpublic toiletsand the septictanks of buildingsoutside of the main area servedby the new system.

Proposed Solid Waste Management Component (Y 485 million; $59.1 million). The proposedcomponent will comprisethe following works: a fleet of 8 and 10 ton capacityREL RCVs for use in six of the city'snine districts wherethey can be usedto greatesteffect; new storagebins ranging in sizefrom 0.66 to 1.1 m3 capacityfor usewith the new RELRCVs; A new sanitarylandfill with a first phaseto providedisposal capacity for up to 15 years. Thesite has beendesigned to accept 1 500 tpd of MSWand will incorporatea compositeliner of clay and HDPEfabric, appropriatelyprotected by geotextilemembranes and sand layers. A leachatedrainage system and landfill gas ventingsystem have been included

IlI.iii. IFulingWater SupplyComponent

ExistingSituation. Fulingis situatedon the confluenceof two rivers,the ChangJiang and the Wu Jiang. It is an importanttransport hub in ChongqingMunicipality, connectedto Chongqingitself by a new highwayand servingas a port. The urban population is projectedto grow from the current200,000 to 500,000 by 2020. This howeverincludes a number of newtowns associated with the ThreeGorges Project; in the projectarea populationgrowth is more moderate,rising from a current180,000 to about 305,000 by 2020.

Fuling Water Supply Component:' Thereare currentlythree water treatmentworks supplyingthe main urban area of Fuling.Of these,WTP1 will be abandonedshortly due to its age, the pollution of the near-banksource by upstreamurban dischargesand the need to constructa retainingembankment around the central districtof Fuling. The poor quality of potable water is confirmedby social surveyswith 60%of the sampled populationdissatisfied with the overall water quality. Currently,WTP2 is undergoing extensionfrom a currentcapacity of 30,000 m3/d to a total capacityof 60,000 m3/d.

100709/R6/drosummary2.doc August1999 The waterdistribution system comprises about 23 km of mainsof diametersand particularlyin the old urban area is need of rehabilitationand strengthening;pipe failuresare reportedto be frequentwith 30% of the populationcomplaining of frequent interruptionsto supply. Thereare two high-levelreservoirs with a combinedcapacity of 2,500 cubicmeters.

Presentsupplies are inadequateto meet presentand future water demandand are endangeredby nearbywastewater discharges. Water demand has been projectedto rise to about 140,000 in 2010 and 180,000 in 2020. This impliesa needfor an additional supplyof about 100,000 m3/d by the year 2010. The proposedoption is to constructa new WTPupstream of the current(and future)main urban area, thus not affectedby near-bankpollution plumes. A first phaseof 50,000 m3/d has been proposedfor finoncingin this project

ProposedWater Supply Component(Y 96.6 million; S11.6million). Thefirst phasefinanced under the projectwill havea capacityof 50,000 m3/d. The component will comprisethe following works: * An intakefrom the Chang Jiang upstreamof Fulingnear to the YangtzeBridge at Tianzidianof ultimatecapacity 100,000 m3/d with an initial 50,000 m3/d pumpingcapacity; o A 820 mm raw watertransmission main 0.7 km lorig, to the treatmentplant; 3 3 The watertreatment plant upstreamof Fulingwith a capacityof 50,000 m /d;

3 Treatedwater pumpingstation;

* A treatedwater transmissionmain comprising2.7 km of pipes of 920 mm; * New water distributionpipelines comprising 3.2 km of 600mm, 7.3km of 400mm and 5.3km of 300mm pipes;and * Distributionnetwork improvements of existingnetworks

IlI.iv. FulingWastewater Component

ExistingSituation. Currentlyall wastewaterfrom the centralarea of the city is conveyedin sewersdischarging directly to the Chang Jiang and the Wu Jiang.The seweragein the main urban area is combined,with about 13 main outfallsto the Chang Jiang and 14 to the Wu Jiang. Currently,discharges in and upstreamof the harbour zonehave a clear impacton water quality. The raw water for Nr. I WTPis pollutedby thesedischarges; secondly, the visual impactof the wastewaterdischarges is apparentespecially in the harbour area where recirculatingcurrents tend to trap floating matter.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc Auaust1999 Beforeimplementation of the ThreeGorges Project, there is little necessityfor providing any form of wastewatertreatment for Fuling,other than pre-treatment. Nevertheless, interceptionof the currentwastewater systems with dischargedownstream of the confluenceof the Wu Jiang with the Chang Jiang will protectthe currentwater intakes and also improvethe visual aspectof Fuling harbour. The projectwould be implementedin co-ordinationwith the newembankment project. In a secondstage, trecitmentwill be provided.The total averagewastewater flows are projectedat 110,000 m3/d in 2010, and 123,700 m3/d in 2020.

ProposedWastewater Component (Y 147.0 million; $17.7 million). The proposedworks would comprisethe following:

0 Reinforcedconcrete pipe interceptors4.5 km in length running along the south bank of the Chang Jiang, of diametersranging from 800 mm to 1,200 mm; i Reinforcedconcrete pipe interceptors1.6 km in length runningalong the west bank of the Wu Jiang, of diametersranging from 600 mm to 1,200 mm; * A pre-treatmentand pumping stationupstream of the Wu Jiang siphon;

a A siphonconsisting of two 1100 mm steel500m in length under the Wu Jiang; is A reinforcedconcrete box culvert(1500x1 500 mm) 2.5km in length conveying flows from the invertedsiphon to the future treatmentplant site;

* A 200m long steeloutfall of diameter 1500mm with 4 risers; * Linksewers and missingconnections

IIl.v.Wanzhou Water SupplyComponent

ExistingSituation. Wanzhousituated some 320 km downstreamof Chongqingon the Chang Jiang has a current populationof 280,000, expectedto grow rapidly to 900,000 by 2020, partlyas a resultof resettlementdue to the ThreeGorges Project. Knownas the "Gatewayto Sichuan",Wanzhou is the secondlargest port, after Chongqingon the upper Chang Jiang. Dominantindustries include food processing and light industry. It is the town the mostaffected by the ThreeGorges Project,with around 2/3 of the existingurban area to be submergedby the backwaterfrom the dam in the long term.

The total populationserved by the currentwater supplyservice area is estimatedat 265,000, representinga 95%coverage of the populationof the urban area. The urban area of Wanzhouis divided into three separatedemand zonesserved by three separate systems.On the west bank of the Chang Jiang,are found the areasof Longbaoand Tian Cheng; on the east bank is found the area of Wu Qiao, location of one of the major ThreeGorges Resettlement Areas.

100709/R6/drosummary2 .doc August1999 The Longbao demandzone has threetreatment works with total capacityof 110,000 m3/d. The intakesof thesethree treatmentworks are currentlyaffected by upstream pollutionsources; furthermore these intakes are likelyto be flooded as part of TGP;WTP Nr. 2 is old an currentlyneeds replacing. The existingworks for both the Tian Cheng and Wu Qiao demandareas are small, 12,000 and 5,000 m3/d respectivelyand are seriouslyaffected by pollution.Both plantswill also be flooded by TGP. Water demand in Wanzhouas a whole is predictedto risefrom a current94,000 m3/d to 244,000 m3/d in 2010 and 365,000 m3/d in 2020.

ProposedWater SupplyComponent (Y 139.9 million;$16.8 million).The proposedwater supplycomponent comprises the following works: * Constructionof a newwater intakeof overall capacity100,000 m3/d upstreamof the main urban area of Wanzhouto supplythe newWTP; * Constructionof a newwater treatment works with an initial capacityof 50,000 m3/d supplyingboth the Longbaoand Tian Chengdemand areas; * Constructionof a new intakeof 100,000 m3/d supplyingraw water to the existingWTW Nrs. 1 and 3, upstreamof the existingintakes; * Reinforcementand replacementof the existingwater distribution systems.

HlI.vi. Nanbin Water Supply Component

ExistingSituation. Nanbin is the administrativecentre of ShiZhu countyof Chongqing Municipality. It lies on the Long He river about 40 km from the right bank of the Chang Jiang; The currentpopulation of 30,000 is projectedto riseto 56,500 in 2010 and over 70,000 in 2020.

The total populationserved by the currentwater supplyservice area is estimatedat 20,000. Thereis an old existingWTW of capacity10,000 m3/d whoseintake is at risk from pollution. Water demandis projectedto rise to over 15,000 m3/d in 2010 and approximately30,0000 m3/d by 2020.

ProposedNanbin Component(Y 36 million;$4.3 million).The proposed works comprisethe following: * Constructionof a newwater intakeof capacity30,000 m3/d upstreamof the main urban area of Nanbin to supplythe newWTW; * Constructionof a newwater treatment works with an initial capacityof 18,000 m3 /d; * New transmissionlines from the newWTW to the town of Nanbin; * Reinforcementand replacementof the existingwater distributionsystems.

100709/R6/drcsummorv2.doc Auaust 1999 IlI.vii. Qianjiang Water Supply Component

ExistingSituation. Qianljiangcounty town is located in the Qianjiang autonomous region, in the south-eastof ChongqingMunicipality. It is the economicand administrationalcentre of the region, with tobaccoand tourismas the major industries. The urban population has beengrowing rapidly over recentyears (at greaterthan 8%); this populationgrowth is projectedto continuefrom the presentday value of 78,000 to 56,000 in 2010 and 73,000 in 2020.

Thereare three existingWTWs serving the projectarea as follows.(seeThe Old Area WIW (5000 m3/d), intendedto abstractwater from the Qian Jiang.However, because of increasingpollution and changingriver flow patterns(a minimumflow of 36 I/s, perhapslinked to upstreamdeforestation), the WTWhas been out of operationfor five years.Sheng Yang Gong WTWalso servingthe Old Urban Area, constructedin 1992 with a capacityof 20,000 m3/d. It usesraw water from Xiao Nan Hai reservoirsupplied by an aqueductabout 32 km long. FengJia Zheng WIW extractswater from the Zhe He. It has a designcapacity of 400 m3/d but becauseof lower water levelsat the intake site,its presentcapacity is only 100 m3/d.

The presentsystem suffers from many problems.The aqueductfrom Xiao Non Hai reservoirsupplying Sheng Jia ZhengWTW fails eachyear becauseof land slips,some serious.The Qian Jiang is pollutedand can no longer provide a continuoussupply of water to the Old Area WTW. FengJia ZhengWTW is small, old and dilapidated;it is on a very restrictedsite, with no possibilityfor extensions.Less than 30%of domesticusers aretsatisfied by the water supplyservice, 10% use water cleanerand 40% buy purified waterfor drinking. Lessthan 10%of domesticusers reported interruptions in water supply.

Wcaterdemand for Qianiiang as a whole is projectedto rise to about 74,000 m3/d in 2010 and 126,000 m3/d in 2020.

ProposedWater Supply Component (Y 61.2 million; $7.4 million). The proposedscheme will comprisethe following: * Rehabilitationof the existing32km aqueductfrom Xiao Nan Hai reservoirto the ShengJia ZhengWVTW; * Extensionof the ShengJia ZhengWTW by 30,000 m3/d; * Constructionof a newWTW of 30,000 m3/d at Baijawanserved by the Dongtang reservoir; * Rehabilitationof the Chengbeicanal supplyingthe BaijawanWTW; * Extensionand rehabilitationof the existingdistribution network (by the addition of 27.5 km of pipe network).

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 IlI.viii. Overall project costsand implementation schedule

The overall projectcosts including contingencies, construction supervision and managementhave been estimatedat 5900 million Yuan (710 million US$). The breakdownper componentis providedin Table 2. Clearlythe investmentin the ChongqingWastewater component predominates representing almost 70%of the total basecost of CUEP.

Table 2: Overall Project Costs ProjectComponents Total (million % of Total YuanRMB) BaseCost

A Urban Environment Infrastrudture ______1 ChongqingWastewater 2508.0 67% ChongqingSolid WasteManagement 485.0 13% Sub-totalChongqing City 2993.0 2 WanzhouWater Supply 139.9 4% 3 Fuling WaterSupply 96.6 3% FulingWastewater 147.0 4% Sub-totalFuling city 243.6 4 Qianjiang Water Supply 61.2 2% 5 NanbinWater Supply 36.0 1% B Environmental Water Quality Monitoring 24.4 1% C Urban Information Management System 40.2 1% D Cultural Heritage 81.0 2% E IST 129.0 3% Total Base Cost 3748.3 100% PhysicalContingencies (15%) 562.2 ConstructionSupervision and Project 449.8 Management(1 2%) I Sub-total 4760.3 1 = PriceContingencies (24%) 1142.5 _ TOTALPROJECT COST 5902.8_

Projectimplementation is plannedto commenceat the beginningof 2000 with a number of retro-activelyfinanced contracts,notably for the Chongqingand Fuling wastewatercomponents where certaininterceptor contracts are plannedto be implementedconcurrently with the constructionof the embankments/bundroads. Figure4 providesan overviewof the currentProject Implementation Plan.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 Fiaure 4: Overall Project Implementation Plan for CUEP

CCNCPGWNG URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT DE31GI T~ENDER - . -

PROJtECT IAIPLEMINTATIOI PROGRAM - -.---- sj

I 2 W o.~~~~~~~~~~~.- 1~~~~~~~~~i990 2000 2001 2002 2003

CQY?AW

1 CO-A'2.1.213 O-TEICEORSO 2 cowalaE..3 roooas

B HUUNG WASTEWATER

FUWS .FUN WATER SUPPLY IUWSZG TW&AO0MANIMD0 lOETW

1.20UL1EI C12000w wT-WOWN EZ - . .- __ _

0000W30.20.2 IAEW0MyMDGMAO"10

WAS 002.2 RW000l0ASA0O0.S0E0I- -_____ D WANZHCUJ WATER SUPPLY

9 WAW.IEZ-.3. *T%ASMO."AAPSTAJOkQ4S F

1 ______- - -, - - --- r~~~..

GIANJIANG WATER SUPPLY ~II______

Ti 101$0 .12 *10.0601 .- ______

F NANBIN WATER SUPPLY

1402*05 100*52 *00 A. 9El00~~.IWASAL3004 -......

G CNONOONGSCUG WASTE 22 COMW.1.2.2 LIA-t10O0.WC 18 COSTIETOO CCOGECI1CO .002 1043032021021.30..5 1...... -...... -......

0- URBAN INPORMATI064 MANAGEMNJ SYSIE* ____

...... C..aG0CQS - --- ~- ~

It C000.l 223 1023 00AC1CO-0 I0000

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Is C06120. JOQOAI00020VSE- 001010

CCY---~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .-.- .~

I..~~~~~~~~~COGN NIOtANA IOITRN

100709/R6/drasummAry2.doG August199 iV. BASELINEDATA IV.i. General Introduction to Chongqing Municipality

ChongqingMunicipality with a populationof approximately30 million peoplewas _ separatedfrom SichuanProvince in March 1997. Chongqingranges among the five biggestcities of China. The followingvalues indicate the breakdownof the GDP(gross L domesticproduction) inside the Municipalityin 1996. L Table 3: Chongqing Municipality -Gross DomesticProduct Primarysector - agriculture 285 billion YuanRMB Secondarysector - industry 493 billion YuanRMB Tertiarysector- services 401 billion YuanRMB

Total GDP 1179 billion Yuan RMB

Chongqinglike other areasin China hasshown a strongeconomic growth in recent years.,mirroring or evenexceeding that of the Chineseeconomy as a whole(see Figure 5). This high economicgrowth is expectedto continuein the nextdecade. Figure 5: Growth of ChongqingGDP compared to the whole Chineseeconomy (1993-97)

16

14 I

12

&10 6

OChino r D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CChongqing

4

2

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Yoar

L

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 This strong growth has created large demands for new infrastructures services.Growth rates (excluding inflation) over the period 1993-7 , for basic infrastructure such as electricity generation and supply, telecommunications and transportation were extremely high: 58%, 116% and 38 % respectively. These growth rates were to a certain extent mirrored by those in the water supply industry which showed a 29% increase in investment over the period. However, investment in pollution treatment as a whole (air, water and solid wastes) lagged dramatically behind with an average annual growth of 5% in real terms. Obviously, the investment as part of CUEP needs to redressthis imbalance.

IV.ii. Socio-economicconditions

-Theeconomic development of central China (WYRor Western Yangtze Region), in particular in the new Chongqing province has a dramatic impact on the daily life of people of the region. The role played by infrastructure in this development is of primary importance; examples include the Chongqing/Chengdu expresswayand the future increased capacity of Chongqing to accept large vessels(10,000 tons) compared to the present limitation -of 3,000 tons. While the share of heavy industry and agriculture in the local output value is decreasing, the share of services and more generally production with a higher added value is growing. Correlated to this trend is the continuing urbanisation with the urban population of Chongqing Main Urban Area projected to grow to about 3.3 million by 2020. Productivity gains in agriculture should allow greater availability of rural labour force, to which should be added aspirations of new rural generation for a more urbanised life. Non agricultural population increased sharply between 1990 and 1994 in all areas of the Municipality. In the prefecture of Qian Jiang, Fuling and Wanzhou the increase was 30.3%, 20.5% and 14.4% respectively.

The trend towards urbanisation and increased standards of living will go "hand-in- hand" with new expectations regarding consumption, quality of life, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Recentsurveys on willingness to pay in Chongqing clearly suggest a general aspiration of people for a higher quality water supply (only 26,9% satisfied or very satisfied by the existing system in Chongqing and 33,5% in Wanzhou). Although indirectly, the survey also points out the importance of health problems resulting from the lack of sanitary infrastructures.

If environmental projects are not carried out on time, there is a noticeable risk of destroying the human, social and economic environment of people moving from one social/professional category to another. This move is psychologically difficult, especially for the eldest people who may accompany their younger relatives in their move toward a more urban life . Projects should also strengthen the awareness of ordinary people toward the value of their environment; an environmental policy cannot succeed without an active participation of people themselves (e.g. the case of domestic waste).

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 The rapid economicgrowth of Chongqinghas seriouslyendangered health conditions. In particularthe poor quality of water and wasteremoval undoubtedly explains the high incidenceof hepatitis(34 casesper 1000 inh.) and dysentery(157 casesper 1000 inh.). In a period during which peoplewill have unequalaccess to the benefitsof the growth, it is importantto allow the poorest,the eldestand the youngestaccess to basiccollective equipmentsuch as water supply,sanitation or solid wastecollection.

IV.iii. Air Quality

Ambientair quality in the projectcities, and particularlyin Chongqing, is poor. With respectto ChineseAir Quality Standards,the objectivefor air quality in the region is Class11 indicating threshold values of SO2,NO. and TSPof 60 pg/im3 , 50 p.g/rn and 200 p.g/m3 respectively.

Needlessto say,annual averagevalues for Chongqingexceed these limits, mostnotably 3 in the caseof SO2, where averageannual values of about 200 pig/rn are currently measured(1997 values). Thiscompares to the 1994 valuesof about 300 pg/m3, indicatinga markedreduction in ambient levels. Nevertheless,daily valuesin excess of 900 pg/M 3 are still beingrecorded (6 times the daily limit). Thesituation with regard to NO, and TSPis lessdramatic only exceedingslightly (if at all) the Class11 limits.

The situationin other projectcities is varied. Accordingto recentdata, the air qualityof Fulingis as bad (if not worse)than Chongqingwith averageannual SO2 valuesof 300 pg/M 3 and daily maximumvalues exceeding 1000 .1g/m3 . In Wanzhou,only TSP seemsto be a problem perhapsreflecting the high level of building activitiescurrently underway. In Nanbin and Qianjiang daily averagevalues only exceedthe daily limitsby a small amount.

IV.iv. Water Resources

The region is dominatedby the ChangJiang systemthat originatesfrom the southern sidesof the TanggulaMountain Chain on the Qinghai-Xizong(Tibet) Plateau and runs eastwardthrough different China's provincesor autonomousregions or municipalities. Mostmajor tributaries(Dadu, Min, Tuo, Fu, Jialing)enter from the north, i.e. on the left bank ; the Wu Jiang, confluentwith the Chang Jiang at Fuling,is a right bank tributary.

River flows: The flows in all the major rivers(Chang Jiang, JialingJiang and Wu Jiang) vary seasonally.The lowestflows occurduring Februaryor March eachyear in both rivers.The highestflows occureach year during the summermonths of July,August or September.

Table4 showsthe averageyearly discharges and the averageannual runoff for the major riversin the studyarea.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 Table 4: Average annual flow volume and discharge - Jialing Jiang, Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang Averageannual flow volume Averagedischarge 3 Gauging station 1ol ml m /s Zhu Tuo (Chang.Jiang) 2600 8,450

Bei Pei(Jioling Jiang) 689 2,220 Cun Tan (ChangJiang) 3420 11,102

Chang Jiang u/s of Fuling __12,200 AppenJiang at Qian Jiang 100

Wu Jiang at Fuling _ 1,560 Chang Jiangat Wanzhou 4238 13,415

Theyearly variation in dischargeis extreme.During high flow season,the largestflow measuredat Cun Tan downstreamof Chongqingon the Chang Jiang approached 85,700 m3/s;onthe JialingJiang, the largestflow recordedis 44,800 m3/s.

With respectto water quality,the lowestdischarges are the mostimportant. The followingtable summarisesrelevant values for the riversin the projectarea. TabIle5: Low Flows for the main rivers in the Study Area - Jialing Jiang, Chang Jiang, Appen Jiang and Wu Jiang. Station Minimumaverage monthly discharge (m 3/s) BeiPei (JialingJiang) 285 Cun Tan (ChcngJiang) 2,540 ChangJiang u/sof Fuling 2,870 Appen Jiang at Qion Jiang 6 Wu Jiang at Fuling 310 Chong Jiang at Wanzhou 2,770

Froma purelyquantitative point of view,the water resources(Jialing Jiang and Chang .Jiang)are sufficientfor the domestic,industrial and agriculturalsupply of their immediatehinterlands. The total currentdemand (1995) upstreamof Wanzhou representsapproximately 17% of the averageflow of the Chang Jiang in March (this value has beenestimated to rise to 19%by 2010).

IV.v.Water Quality

At presentthe analysisof monitoreddata is hamperedby the lack of coherencein the data furnishedby the various EPBof the differenttowns and citiesconcerned by the project. In part, this is due to certain problemsassociated with the analysisof these data. Until recently,each EPBsent data directlyto NEPA(now SEPA) for collationand analysis;no real analysiswas performed at a local or regional level. This situationis currentlychanging so that regional monitoringcentres such as CEMRIwill also perform a data processingand analysisrole for all reachesof the Chang Jiang within ChongqingMunicipality.

100709/R6/drasummarv2.doc August1999 The two following figures (Figure6 and Figure 7), comparethe currentwater quality objectivesof malor riversin Chongqingwith their actualwater quality as reported in 1995. It is clearthat the water quality of the major riversin Chongqingdo not comply with their Water Quality Objectives. This is especiallythe caseof the Jialing Jiang and the Wu Jiang (thelatter apparentlydue primarilyto high mercurylevels). Nevertheless, recentinformation would tend to indicatethat the complianceof the Chang Jiang, at leastimmediately downstream of Chongqing,is not achieved,especially in terms of phosphoruswith concentrationsnow often higher than the 0.1 mg/l ClassIII/IV limit, as evidencedby the resultsof the NutrientMonitoring Exercise.

IV.vi. Ecologicalenvironment

Chongqingpossesses a diversefauna and flora. Knowninvertebrates total 369 species, dividedinto 85 speciesof mammal,237 birds, 27 lizardsand 20 amphibians. Fish inhabitingthe major riversare of the cyprinidvariety such as carp, chub and grassfish. Reflectingthe deterioratingenvironmental conditions, the fisherycatch on the Chang Jiang has decreaseddramatically in recentyears.

Plantlife is abundantin Chongqingreflecting the hot monsoonalclimate, with over 2,800 speciesof higher plant. Again, plant life (especiallyagricultural crops) is deterioratingin the municipalityas a resultof high levelsof acid rain associatedwith the continuinghigh levelsof atmosphericpollution.

100709/R6/drosummorv2.doc August1999 Figure 6: Current Water Quality Objectives for the major rivers in Chongqing Municipality

WO Objectives IV'Class1 /\Class2 Class3 Class4 /\/ Class5

Figure 7: Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [69])

WO Classes NotAnalysed /"'class1 'N'Class2 Class3 C1asS4 L Al ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ClassS

100709/R6/'drasummary2 .doc August1999 IV.vii. Water Supply

Table 6 summarisesexisting WSC infrastructure in the projectcities. A commonfeature of many of the townsis that often the major industriesand public institutionsprovide domesticwater for their employees.In Chongqingand Fuling for exampleup to 30 % of the domesticsupply is obtainedfrom self-supply. In the future with the reform of the StateOwned Enterprises(SOEs) this situationis plannedto change,with the municipalitiestaking over their service-providerrole. Table 6 : Summary of existing WSC infrastructure

Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling Qianjiang Nanbin Nr. of MunicipalWTP 16 5 3 3 1 Total Production 955 000 127 000 80 000 25 400 10 000 Capacity (m 3 /day) Populationserved 1 652 000 265 000 150000 78 000 20 000 ServedArea (kM2) 219 20 5 nc 1.1 Distributionnetwork 87 22.5 length (km)

Existinglevels of service: Official statisticsconcerning water supplyobtained from the WSCare difficultto interpretdue to the incompletecoverage and responsibilityvis-a- visthe distributionnetworks. A betterpicture of the currentsituation is providedby the surveysconducted by CMG during 1998 as summarisedin the following tables. Table 7: DomesticWater Consumptionin Chongqing Municipality Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling Qianjiang Shizhu __County Averageconsumption 8.69 7.45 8.79 9.31 6.14 per household (m 3/month) Nr. of peopleper 3.34 3.26 3.21 3.38 3.37 household Averageconsumption 86 75 90 91 60 per person (I/c /d) from survey Averagemaximum 12.0 10.55 13.57 12.3 8.65 consumption, (m3/month) Averagemaximum 120 108 141 121 86 consumptionper [person(I/c /d)

Thesefigures show an averageconsumption per capitawhich is relativelylow, especially the valuesfor ShizhuCounty (Nanbin and Xituo). Averageconsumption in the range of 130 - 170 I/c/d could be consideredsufficient as a long term objective.

100709/R6/drosummary2.doc August 1999 The assertionthat water is safe to drink (as indicatedby official statistics)is not borne out by the surveys.Satisfaction with the water supplyis generallylow, between25% and 33% (see Table 8). In general,the poor quality and visualaspect of the water supply is perceivedto be the major problemand should be improved(as opposedto the amount and regularityof supply).

Apart from boiling water (a commonpractice in Chongqing),many families have bought water cleanersand buy bottledwater to ensurea supplyof safe drinking water. Table 8 : Overall satisfaction with water supply and public perception of key objectives for improvement Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling Qianjiang Shizhu Satisfiedor very 26.9% 33.5% 32.5% 28.6% 21.3% satisfiedwith water supply(overall nature) Objective: clean 97.9% 97.5% 93% 98% 97.3%

w ater______Objective: 80.4% 87.5% 87% 72.7% 93.3% continuoussupply _I

The statisticsof top water qualityfrom Chongqingpresent a typicalillustration of the problems. Table 9 : Statistical results of tap water quality sampling in Chongqing (number of samples exceeding the standard per year)

Year Parameter Turbidity Colour pH Phenol Total Se Mn Cr Hg detergen iron 1991 3 1 25 7 1 3 1992 7 17 13 17 2 (1993 13 2 5 24 11 9 = 1 = =

1994 7 5 ____ 23 18 19 1 ___ 11995 2 1 16 6 17 1 __1 TOTAL 32 8 6 105 55 63 2 1 5 8 %occ. 3.8 0.9 0.7 12.3 6.5 7.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.9

Chlorineresiduals are also high due to the needto treatthe highly pollutant raw water (large E-colicounts) and to maintain reasonablyacceptable bacteriological levels in the distributedwater. Theseresiduals themselves will presentproblems to human health, forimingin combinationwith other organic compounds,complex toxic agents(such as organochlorides).Other parameterssuch as : turbidity,colour, pH , Mn, Cr, detergent, do not complywith the Chinesestandards for drinkingwater on rare occasions. IV.viii. Sewerage

Table 10 summarisesthe existinglevel of wastewater infrastructurein the Chongqing, Wcinzhouand Fuling ; the towns coveredby wastewater investmentunder CUEP. Most premisesare requiredto connectto a septictank before connectionto the waste water networks; centralisedwaste water treatment is extremelyrare, limited only to th, TangJiaQiaocatchment in Chongqingserving a populationof approximately74,000.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 Table 10: Summary of existing waste water infrastructure Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Lengthof pipe 408 86 network ConcretePipes 289 StoneDitches 119 Nr. ofWWTP 1 0 0 Plants ServedArea 152.6 10 13.8 Served 2005000 200000 Population I

Existinglevels of service: In generalin the studyarea approximately80% of the householdsare connecteddirectly to the sewerage,with alsoapproximately 80% possessingtheir own toilet facilities.Househoids are generallyconnected to septictanks (or other a at-source)" treatment facilities). Exceptfor the septictanks serving public toilets,these facilities are rarely emptied,thus creatinga human-healthproblem. In general,cleansing is carried out when the tanks overflow; the retrievednight-soil is then often dumpedon the nearestpatch of uncoveredground-.

IV.ix. Solid Waste Management

Generation. Percapita wastegeneration has beenassumed to rise from 0.95 kg/capita/dayin 1996 to 1.22 kg/capita/day in 2020. Thesegeneration figures excludeup to 10%which is alreadyrecycled at the householdlevel. This givesestimates for total wastesgenerated rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 tpd to 6 700 tpd in 2020. By 2020 it is anticipatedthat about 20% of the estimatedwastes generated will be recoveredfor recycling,leaving the remainderrequiring treatment and disposal.

Collection.The collectionof the MSWis carried out in two stages:primary collection removesMSW from householdsand depositsit at.a centralpoint or collectionstation within the locality;secondary collection takes the wastefrom the collectionstations for disposalat one of the nine existingtreatment and disposalfacilities. Primarycollection is generallyarranged by resident'scommittees or social unitsand secondarycollection is primarilythe responsibilityof the district environmentalsanitation management agencies (DESMAs).

100709/R6/drasummarY2.doc August1999 Disposal. Disposalis achievedby open dumping at eight sitescurrently operated by the DESMAs.These dumps have little in the way of leachateor gas controls,although six haverudimentary leachate treatment facilities. Wasteis generallytipped and allowedto tumble down a tipping face which can be as steepas 60% Until recentlyno compaction or grading was usedat the sitesalthough such approachesnow appearto havebeen introducedat some of the sites. Wastepickers are presentat all of the sites,working in hazardousand dangerousconditions, and removingitems for recycling. The ninth is operatedby the ChongqingEnvironmental Sanitary Research Institute and is locatedat Liujiaolanya. The facilitiesfeature a combinationof mechanisedand hand sortingof materialsfor recycling,incineration at sevenof the facilitiesand, in two cases, composting. None of thesefacilities operates effectively and their contributionto recyclingis not significant.

V. ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES

Throughoutthe projectpreparation process, a number of alternativeshave been analysedfor eachof the components.Due its size and importance,much of the option analysishas focussed on the ChongqingWastewater Component, which is summarised below. Option analysisof the remainingcomponents is summarisedin the Overall EA report ; further details may be found in the individualEIA reports and in the Feasibility Studies. V.i. Chongqing Wastewater Component

Overall form of the component.Without the CUEPinvestment, the poor water quaiityof the Jialing Jiang will deterioratefurther (the resourcewill no longer be suitable for supplyingpotable water); furthermore,it would seemthat the ChangJiang would alsosignificantly deteriorate. This is due to two factors:

* First,the increasingflows and loads associatedwith the increasingpopulation of Chongqing.

* Secondly,the impactof the ThreeGorges Project(TGP). After the constructionof the TGPscheduled for 2009, the flow and water levelsin the ChangJiang upstreamof the dam and especiallyin the Chongqingarea will be affected significantly.Based on the assumedoperation of the dam, modelsimulations have been carried out ( Figure8 showsgraphically the impact of TGPon water levelsat Chongqingfor 1993). As can be seen,the impact of the TGP is only significant during the dry season.The simulatedincrease in water level is approx. 18 m in Januaryand Decemberleading to a significantdecrease in flow velocity(from 3 m/s to around 0.4 m/s) and the assimilativecapacity of the river.

100709/R6/drasummorv2.doc August1999 Figure 8: Comparisonof water levels at Chongqingwith and without the TGP for 1993 flow conditions[91].

180

175 Without TGD WMhTGD

E 170 3.

41 165

160

155 93-1-2 93-3-3 93-5-2 93-7-1 93-8-30 93-10-29 93-12-28

Modelling studiesillustrate "without" the projecthow the water quality of the Jialing Jiang ad Chang Jiangwill deterioratein relationto thesetwo factors. Figure9 illustratesthe magnitudeof thesechanges for the lower reachesof the JialingJiang and the Chang Jiang after its confluencewith the JialingJiang. It can be seenthat the most seriousimpacts are on the Jialing;it is only in the long term that the waterquality of the ChangJiang startsto deterioratenoticeably (in terms of its water qualityclass).

Figure 9: Predicted Change in BOD on the Jialing Jiang 2005-2020

Average-concentrations SOD. Without Project 2005.2020

10 _., - - ______v

9

8

7 o

-.2020

-.-c,,. III a -- Ck.s Nv .0 - -2010 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--2005

2

2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 chainage

100709/R6/drosummcry2.doc August1999 Analysesof the resultsfor a range of pollutantsleads to the matricesof water quality ciassesat differentfuture horizonsin the following tables. Pollutantswhich exceedthe water quality objectiveare markedin bold. Clearlyin the short term the Jialingis at mostrisk and requiresimmediate action to protectwater supplies;in the long term the Chang Jiang,which is a major water resourcedownstream of Chongqingis also at risk. Table 1 1: Future Water Quality Classificationon the Jailing Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collectionand treatment) Horizon

2005 2010 2020 DO 11 11 il BOD II III IV Ammonia IV IV IV Phosphorus NC NC NC Faecal NC NC NC Coliforms

Table 12: Future Water Quality Classificationon the Chang Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collectionand treatment) Horizon 2005 2010 2020 DO II II III BOD 1I 1l Ammonia 11 .I Phosphorus IV IV IV Faecal NC NC NC -Coliforms _

A, large range of alternativeschemes were consideredin the early stagesof project preparationfor the ChongqingWastewater component to resolvethese problems. The initial schemeconsisted of 21 wastewatertreatment plants; reducedsubsequently to 16, distributedthroughout the urban area . This schemewas rejectedfor a numberof reasons: * the schemedoes not presentthe overall least-costsolution to wastewatercollection and treatmenton a long term basis; * the locationof wastewatertreatment plantsin an urban environmentpresents considerableenvironmental impacts (odour and noise impacts)requiring expensivemitigation measures; * this schemeto a certainextent represents a continuationof the existingsituation 1 WWTPcreated in 10 years ...)

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 After considerablestudy, an alternativescheme consisting of a small number of treatment plantslocated largelydownstream of the existing(and future) water supply plantswas favoured. This schemepresented the distinctadvantage to lend itself to phasing,whereby the immediateproblems of poor qualitywater supply in Chongqing are tackledinitially; the problemsof downstreamwater qualityexacerbated by the Three GorgesProject would be dealt with at a later date by the implementationof wastewater treatment.

Discharge configuration: The initial phaseof the ChongqingWastewater Componentinvolves only pre-treatment. In order to reducethe local impact of the dischargeof untreatedwastewater on the Changjiang,complete mixing of the effluent shouldbe facilitatedas quicklyas possible. Variousconfigurations of diffuserand locationsof diffuserhave been studiedusing a rwo-dimensional model of the Changjiangclose to the dischargepoints. This suggesteda numberof alternatives which have beenstudied from an economicalstandpoint and with respectto the impact on other river uses,most notably navigation. The final configurationconsists of two outletdiffusers consisting of 4 risers,one locatedclose to the Jiguianshiplant, the other locatedapproximately 2 km downstreamof the Tang iatuo plant (to avoid disrupting navigation).

VI. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS

CUEPis aimed at improvingthe urban environmentalservices to the populationof ChongqingMunicipality; as such, the projecthas a clearenvironmental and socio- economicbenefit. Where impactslead to potentialdis-benefits, appropricte mitigation measureshave been proposed(see the EnvironmentalManagement Plan, below).

This projectshould also be viewedas the first phaseof continuingeffort by Chongqing Municiplaityand more broadlythe People'sRepublic of China to tacklethe environmentalproblems of the Municipality. Subsequentphases of CUEP,will undoubtedlyaddress the issueof wastewatertreatment (not includedfor financingin this first phase)as dictatedby water quality objectives. VI.i. Impactsduring construction

Impactsduring constructionconsist largely of

* Spoil from earth works; * Noisefrom machinery,in particulartunnel excavation(drill and blast techniques); * Dust generation; * Traffic disruption.

100709/R6/drasummarv2.doc Auqust1999 The irnpact of the former w1i be mitigated generally by the re-use of spoil either for the component itself (earthworks for the treatment plant sites) or as part of the various vnl b.ni, -MEA

The irnpacts in the latter three categories will be minimised as illustrated in the Environmental Management Plan, summarised below, by appropriate restrictionson working hours and operational working procedures. In particular, it is recommended in ffi dense urban areas to explore the use of alternative tunnelling methods such as pipe- iacking and tunnel boring machines, to reduce the impact of blasting.

Vl.ii. Water Environmental Impacts

The water supply and wastewater components proposed as part of CUEPwill have clear benefits for water supply. In general, the underlying principle with these projects has been to protect potable water intakes by moving intakes upstream of pollutant sources and coliecting pollutant flows and discharging downstream of water intakes. The waste water components of CUEPat Chongqing and Fuling have this as their major objective.

Modelling studies conducted as part of the individual EIA studies clearly show the water quality benefits accruing from the Chongqing and Fuling waste water components. As an example, Figure 10 illustratesthe impact of the interception of wastewater on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang at the horizon 2005. "Without" the project the average water quality will no longer be in Class Ill in the urban area in Chongqing; therefore the raw water is unsuitable as a potable water supply without extensivewater treatment. 'With' the project the water quality is at Class 11.

Figure 10: Impact of Chongqing Wastewater Componenton the water quality of the Jialing Jiang

Impact of the project on SOD Jialing Jiang: Horizon 2005

10 __.

9

7

_.6 _ Projed_+Wth

4 cE 5 ------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Clcss11 O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CkssOil

2

1 ______

0 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 Chainage

rv1no7r 'M,irl<.,mmrrv2.doc August 1999 Suchan improvementobviously has markedbenefits for the populationof Chongqing. Clearly,allied with improvedwastewater and solid wastecollection, the incidenceof hydricdiseases should decrease; watertreatment costs should also decreasein line with reducedbacterial contamination of the raw water resource.

On a longerterm, with the introductionof wastewatertreatment facilities in the major projectcities (currentlynot funded),the overallwater quality of the major riversin the municipalitywill improve. Preliminarysimulations conducted as part of this projectfor the ChangJiang indicatesthat treatment(either physico-chemical or biological)will preventthe passageof the ChangJiang to ClassIII/IV, allowing it to attain its future ClassII Water Quality Objective(see Figure 1 1).

Figure 11: Impact of treatment on the water quality of the Chang Jiang

Master Plan Scenario 2020

= 3 . . .- -a.--.---- _ 6 _ _

2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500

In the short term howeverespecially for the Chongqingcomponent, there will be certain impactson the small water intakesimmediately downstream of the proposedoutlets. Theseimpacts will be reducedby the useof diffuseroutlets located as indicatedin Figure 12.

II

August 1999 Figure 12: Impact of dischargesfrom Jiguanshi and Tangjiatuo WWTW

J '~- 'hL! 2c+ 2 , 3/-+. [.[

~~c-i------

In the longerterm theseimpacts will be further reducedby the treatmentof wastewater at the two proposedWW1W. VI.iii. Air, Noise and Solid Waste Impacts

The impactof the componentsduring their operationon the surroundinghinterland in terms of air and noisepollution has been minimisedgenerally by locatingthe various plantswell awayfrom present(and future) urban areas.

Exceptionsto this rule are the pre-treatmentstations proposed for the Chongqingand Fulingwastewater components upstream of the invertedsiphons under the ChangJiang and Wu Jiang. In both instancesit will be necessaryto ensurethat specificmitigation measures(low noisemachinery, odour control,etc.) are included in the detaileddesign of each component.

Solidwaste generation from the treatmentplants will generally be disposedof at the landfill site;liquid sludgefrom the water supplyplants will be either dischargedto the drainagesystem or dischargeddirectly to the river after a delay to reducethe instantaneousimpact.

VI.iv. Socio-Economic Impacts

The projectas a whole will havedistinct socio-economic benefits improving distinctly sewerage,water supplyand solid wasteservices for the populationof Chongqing Municipality. In the ethnicminority regionsof Nanbin and Qianjiang,the two water supply projectsshould improveboth the quantityand quality of the watersupply, which in the former has previouslybeen subject to contamination.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 Implementationof the variousphysical components of CUEPwiil involveland acquisition,removal of buildingsand resettlementof ProjectAffected Peoples as detailed in the ResettlementAction Plan. Total land acquisitionwill be approximately320 hectares(4809 mu) which includesboth land to be occupiedby the projectsand the land for resettlementof PAPs; the total numberof PAPsis currentlyestimated at about 17,250 persons(almost 4,000 households), althoughthis figure is likely to be reduced as a resultof certainminimisation measures currently being undertakenfor the detailed designof ChongqingWastewater component. Detailsby componentare providedin Table 13.

Table 13: Social impact of the project components

Land(ha) Households EstimatedCost Project Component Resettled/PAPs (Million Yuan) ChongqingWastewater 217.6 3329/14255 638.27 FulingWastewater 0.5 257/1696 12.36 FulingWater Supply 4.9 51/225 2.39 WanzhouWater Supply 4.4 22/81 2.18 Qianjiang WaterSupply 0 0/0 0.0 Nanbin WaterSupply 1.9 36/153 0.52 ChongqingMunicipal Solid Waste 91.3 283/853 92.59 Management I_I Total CUEP 320.6 3978/ 17263 748.30

Thetotal costfor the RAPhas beenestimated at 748.30 million Yuan;this includesRAP preparation,monitoring and evaluation,administrative costs, and contingencies.

Of the total numberof ProjectedAffected People (17,263) approximately4% havebeen categorised as falling within a 'Vulnerable Group" (the poor, the disabled,households headedby a woman,the aged and ethnicminorities). The low number of ethnic minoritiesreflects the small amount of resettlementfor componentssuch as the Nanbin and Qionjiang Water SupplyComponents, where ethnic minorities are predominant. Specialmeasures have beenproposed to ensurethe successfulrehabilitation of living standardsof the vulnerablegroups after resettlement.

Compensationfor all affectedstructures would be paid at the replacementcost. Affected housesand enterpriseswould be providedwith alternativeplots of land for construction of structures.All affectedlabour would be re-employedin the sameenterprises after reconstructionand would be paid a subsistenceallowance for the duration of temporary unemployment.Compensation for land acquisitionwould be paid to the collectives, which would be responsiblefor redistributionof land among affectedfamilies. Temporaryland acquisitionwould be compensatedat ratesequivalent to the productive value of affectedland. Allowancewould be paid to the affectedpeople for moving to resettlementsites, and for facilitationtransition to newhouses and jobs.

100709/R6/drasummary2 .doc August1999 The lead group on land acquisitionand resettlementin each projectcity would co- orcdinatethe resettlementprogram. Eachcity would establishits own land acquisition and resettlementoffices. Internal monitoring and evaluationwould be done by the municipalproject offices. Separate monitoring institutionswould carry out independent monitoringand evaluation.

The detailed implementationschedule for the resettlementprogram has beendrawn up. The specificcompensation and relocation-relatedactivities, which needto be completed beforeconstruction can commenceon a given component,have been clearly listedin the ResettlementAction Plan(RAP).

Thieentire processof resettlementplanning has been participatory.Census and socio- economicsurveys were conductedwith the full participationof affectedpersons. The municipalgovernments were fully involvedin the processof RAPpreparation. Implementationwould involvemunicipal-level institutions and the representativesof the affectedpeoples. In order to ensurethat each affectedhousehold is fully informed about the resettlementprogram, the municipal projectoffices would distributeresettlement informationbooklets.

VII. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN VII.i. Mitigation Measures

The following tablesassociate the potentialnegative impacts summarised above with suggestedmitigation measures.

Of note is a particularmitigation measurefor the WanzhouWater Supply Component. In the short term, it is proposedto maintainthe useof the watersupply plcnts 1.and 3. However,the newwater plant supplyingwill engenderincreased waste water discharges upstreamof the new intake. It is thereforeproposed to constructa wastewater interceptoralong the left bank of the Chang Jiang to divertthis wastewaterand other pollutionsources downstream of the new intake. Thisoveroll solutionhas provento be the least-costsolution to improvingwater supply and wastewater managementfor Wanzhou.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999 Table 14 Negative impact & mitigating measures of wastewater components

nvironmental Negative impact Mitigating measures Executing actor institution 1. Carry out treatment, enhance equipment Waste water discharge management of sewage plant; of sewage plant can 2. Extendthe outlet of sewage plant of directly affect inlet water Jiguanshi quaiity of Dongfeng 3. Extendthe outlet of Tangjiatuo to the boatyard, Tangjiatuo lower reach of the Tongjiatuo backwater town, Daxinchang town area; and Wangjiang town 4. Move the inlet of Dongfeng boatyard, _ Tangjiatuowaterworks and so on. 1. Removeall overflow outlet between the urface water Overflow outlet might upper reach(l 000m) and the lower bring about the reach(100m) contamination of the 2. During operation of the overflow, stop lower reach during the operation of the affected WTW/enhance rainstorm treatment capabilities.

Waste water produced by construction, vehicle Sedimentation after collecting, making Instituton of washing, domestic methane from domestic sewage. project sewage designsig& 1. Prohibit blasting at night, and control construcion, the quantity of dynamite Dramage Exhausgas,no2. Logically arrange construction time, companies Exhaustgas, noese, shorten the construction period dubringon,dustructinerot 3, Promptly clean the ground, periodical .tmosphere & durng construction sprinkling noise 4. Choose advanced equipment, adopt noise elimination and sound insulation. Gases emitted during the 1. Planting trees operation of sewage 2. Reuseof methane, combustion of plant and pumping methane. i station Discarded spoil from 1. Use as backfill construction 2. Set-up dams to avoid water and soil Disposcl of solid running off. iasposaofslid Refuseand sludge fvaste generated from the 1. Consider use as fertiliser after analysis of sewage plant and sludge composition. pumping station .

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August 1999 Table 15 Negative impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component Environryentol Executing fnctoro n | Negativeimpact Mitigating measures institution 1. Constructand operate leachatetreatment works; Dischargeof 2. Strictlyabide by operatingstipulation of Dlschargeof landfill,employing sub area operationmethod leachate and timelycovering it by soil. Minimisethe area Surfacewater exposedto air in order to controlthe production of leachate 1. Increasethe capacityof adjustingpond, build Overflowof accumulatingfaciiity laadjustingepondo 2. Buildingflood barrier to preventoverland . leachate flow from entering. 1. Strictlymeet the requirementof the base and the underlay. 2. Constructground water by-passingsystem to Pollutioncaused preventerosion of substrate Groundwater by leakagevia 3. Buildsewage collecting pond to ensurethe substrate controlof pervasionof leaking liquid by ground Institutionof water project 4. Preventbypass system from destroying, designing & ______periodicallymonitor ground water. construction, Gas and dust at Plantingtrees to isolatethe landfill site Chongqing landfill site _ Sanitary 1. Forma compietevent system,keep it environment Atmosphere Explosioncaused functioning institution bysmethane 2. Promptlycover refuse, increase the heightof by methone the vent-pipe,construct collecting system to re- utilisemethane. 1, Reservethe upper layerof the landfill site, Altering retrievalafter the accomplishmentof Ecology traditional soil construdion usageand 2, Theexcavation should be balancedwith the ecology covering,decrease additional deposit of soil and destroyof local ecology. Noiseof machine anoeieofmcduring Logicallyarrange construction time; build and vehicle isolatingwall aroundthe constructionsite. construction Noise Noiseof vehicle Logicallyarrange transporting time and line, during operation reducedisturbance. Noiseof landfill Selectlow noiseequipment. machine

100709/R6/drasummary2 .doc August1999 Table 16 Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project

Environmental Negativeimpact Mitigatingmeasure Executing factor ______i__nstitution Wastewater and Collectionsedimentation then vehiclegenerated discharge during construction Surfacewater Sludgegeneration duringoperation of Removalto landfill thewaterworks Sewagegeneration Dischargethe wastewater after storage fromwaterworks to river,orto wastewaternetwork. Accidentdischarge of Strengthenoperating management, set Atmosphere chlorine upalert equipment in chlorinedosing chlorine______plant Machinenoise and Logicallyarrange construction time, explosivevibration abstainhigh noiseor blastingduring duringconstruction theresident's rest time. Noise Noiseof pumping Selectinglow noiseequipment, setting stationof water thenoise source far awayfrom the Institutionof pumping, discharge concentrationof resident,eliminating projectdesigning and pressuring noise,insulating noise, Planting trees, andconstruction 1. Pipeproject should be divided into watersupply subsection,after excavating one companies. section,backfilling it, cleaningit, timely Disposalof Dlsposol solid~ ~Soil runoff ~ oftnOf~ the ~ ~ carryemorraway depsithe discarded should soil,bel keepfthe waste discardedsoil during temporarydeposit should be keep in co'nstruction simplebarrier to preventsliding Into river. 2, Logicallyarrange construction time, tryto avoidlarge scale excavating duringrainfall. Plantingtrees, preventing water and soil runoff,(Baijiawan waterworks has Destructionof beenarranged 16, 000 trees), the Ecology vegetation. durng . waterworkspercentageshouldof virescencenot below in each30%. construction Treewall shouldalso be set between thethird Fulingwaterworks and Fuling YangtseRiver bridge.

Vll.ii. Accompanying pollution control measures

Pollutionfrom domesticwastewater contributes 70% of the organic load and 35%of the phosphorusload dischargedby point sources. For urban wastewatercontrol to be effective,accompanying pollution control measuresare requiredespecially for industrial point sources. A time-boundAction Planfor industrialsewage has been developedby ChongqingEPB for the Jioling Jiang basedon analysisof data concerningindustrial effluentsand hazardouswaste of 246 major pollutionsources covering 33 industrial sectors.This plan is divided into three major phases:

I (n7nQ/R6/drCsJUmmorv2.doc Auqust1999 * Shortterm (Year2000) - Stringentpollution concentration control - Factoryclosure/relocation/production line amendment(7 industries) - Wastewatertreatment plants for 9 industries - Control of hazardouswaste from 2 industries - Protectionplan for drinkingwater sources * Medium term (Year2005) - Reinforcementof monitoringcapabilities - Switchingfrom Concentration-basedcontrols to Load basedassessments - Wastewatertreatment plants for 14 industries * Long term (Year2010) - CompleteLoad based assessment - Wastewatertreatment plants for 7 industries

Associatedmeasures for implementingthe plan are also indicated,notably: * The reinforcementof environmentalsupervision and management; * Optimising industrialplanning; * Establishingwastewater plants and sanitarylandfills for the towns upstreamof Chongqingon the JialingJiang; - Encoragingindustrial polluters to dischargeto the municipalwastewater system (aftersuitable pre-treatment); * Reductionof nutrientsin the Jialing Jiang basin coveringagricultural non-point sourcesof nutrientsas well as the urban and industrialpoint sources.

A total investmentof 139.1 million YUAN(16.7 million US$)has been estimatedfor the industrialpollution control program over the period 2000-2010.

Bieforesuch a strategycould be proposedfurther informationis requiredto supportthe decisionmaking process;the improvementsin environmentalmonitoring proposed as part of CUEPwill aid in the collectionof this data and thus contributesignificantly to the long term goal of preservingand improvingthe water quality of the upstreamChang Jiang basin.

100709/R6/drasummarv2.doc Auqust1999 VII.iii. Monitoring

The CUEP Environmental Monitoring Component comprises the following elements:

Laboratory and Equipment: The overall objective is to increase the range and accuracy of sampling of both pollution sources and ambient water quality. To achieve these objectives more precise and easier to use instruments are needed. The actual building does not meet the standards needed to house the modern equipment; o new laboratory building is therefore needed .

Some instruments are already being procured through the Industrial Reform Project,the Water Quality Monitoring Component study has therefore produced a complementary list of requirements.

Automatic monitoring stations : To provide further information concerning the variation of pollution, it is recommended to set up an automatic monitoring network comprising 3 stations, which will monitor: temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity and total organic carbon. The stations are to be installed at the intakes of water plants to avoid the building of pumping systems,which in the case of the Chang Jiang and the Jialing Jiang are complex due to the river level variations.

Information system: CEMRIhas started developing its information system, it is recommended that this is continued and enhanced with a Laboratory Information Manangement System. VIl.iv. Institutional Strengthening and Training

Specific technical assistance programs are recommended for the various aspects of water quality monitoring and management: * Data collection co-ordination and data organisation a Technical capacity of the laboratories a Waste water discharges control * Technical and financial planrhing capacity

VIl.v. Implementation Scheduleand Cost Estimates

The phasing of the Environmental Action Plan follows the principles of "3 at one time" of the EIA procedures of the People's Republic of China, mirroring the implementation of the physical components. An exception to this is the improvements in monitoring which are required immediately to aid in the quantification of project benefits.

Tentative cost estimates are outlined in Table 17.

100709/R6/drosummary2.doc August1999 Table 17: Cost estimates for the Environmental Management Plan

Category Cost (million Yuan) A Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan 139.1funded by Industrial Reform Project B Environmental Monitoring Component funded by CUEP 1 Laboratory Building 13.3 2 Equipment 4.4 3 InformationSystem 2.2 4 IST 2.0 5 AutomaticMonitoring Network 2.5 Sub-total 24.4 C Wanzhou wastewater interceptor 11.0funded by CUEP

Total 174.5

VIil. PUBLICPARTICIPATION

Throughoutthe projectpreparation process the publichave beenconsulted via several differentapproaches:

* In the caseof the populationat large influencedby the projectvia two typesof survey:

- The Willingness to Pay surveys

- The EA surveys * In the caseof the ProjectAffected People (PAPs) via socio-economicsurveys * Via consultationswith ProjectManagement Offices and Stakeholders(Utility Companies)

IX. CONCLUSIONS

The EnvironmentalAnalysis conducted as part of the project preparationof CUEPhas beena significantdeterminant in the selectionand design of projectcomponents. Interactionbetween the teams conductingthese analyses and the design instituteshas fosteredthe developmentof environmentallyacceptable solutions.

100709/R6/drosummory2.doc August1999 Evidently,on balancethe componentsas definedwill providea distinctenvironmental and socio-economicbenefit to the Municipalityof Chongqing. Furthermore,as external environmentalfactors such as the increasedpace of urbanisationand the ThreeGorges Projectcome into play, the componentsas defined can be upgradedas necessaryto meetthe future more stringentrequirements.

Appropriatephysical and institutionalmitigation measureshave been proposed enabling negativeimpacts of the projectsand industrialsector pollution to be tackledto ensurethe overallsuccess of CUEP.

The quantificationof this success,in termsof improvedenvironmental conditions, has also beenallowed for by the propositionfor improvedenvironmental monitoring.

100709/R6/drasummary2.doc August1999