Mispronunciation of English Sounds in CNBLUE's Songs

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MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS IN CNBLUE’S SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By METHODIA KARTIKA DINI Student Number: 144214104

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS IN CNBLUE’S SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By METHODIA KARTIKA DINI Student Number: 144214104

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

With God All Things are Possible

- Matthew 19:26

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ACKNOWLEDMENTS

First of all, I would like to say the greatest thanks to my amazing God Jesus

Christ for His grace and blessings which always I receive more than I deserve. I thank Him for not letting me to give up on my life and my undergraduate thesis.

I also would like to thank God for giving the chance to meet a wonderful thesis advisor. I would like to give the deepest gratitude to my advisor Arina

Istianah, S.Pd., M.Hum for giving her the best support to me in finishing this thesis. Thank you for being patient to me and spending your precious time for me.

I would also give a special gratitude to my co-advisor, Wedhowerti, S.Pd.,

M.Hum., for her time and kindness in helping me writing my thesis.

I would like to give the next gratitude to my lovely family. I thank my father, Paena Andreas, for trusting me in every choice that I make. I thank my late mother, Sri Handayani, for being my mom, and I would like to say that I always miss you everyday. I thank my older-brother, Kris Aditya, for being such a supportive brother. Lastly, I thank my sister-in-law, Karina Lega, and my niece,

Kalea, for being a new part of my family.

Last but not least, I would like to thank Acha, Echi, and April for being my best friends during my college life. Thank you for always being my support system. To Wannables, Stays and One Its, thank you for being my friends in fangirl life. To CNBLUE, thank you for producing beautiful music which also I can use as my research data. To Wanna One, Stray Kids and X1, your music gives me strength when I am down. Very last, thanks to Oh Yohan for being another reason to me to graduate as soon as possible. Let’s start a new journey.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix LIST OF TABLES ...... xii ABSTRACT ...... xiii ABSTRAK ...... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 8 1. Phonetics and Phonology ...... 8 2. English Sounds ...... 9 3. Korean Sounds ...... 15 4. English Phonological Processes ...... 20 5. Korean Phonological Processes ...... 21 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 23

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 24 A. Object of the Study...... 24 B. Approach of the Study ...... 25 C. Method of the Study ...... 25

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 28 A. How CNBLUE Mispronounces English Sounds ...... 28 1. Sound Substitution ...... 28 a. Substitution of Liquid Sounds ...... 29 i. Substitution /r/ into /l / ...... 29 ii. Substitution /l/ to /r / ...... 31 b. Substitution of Fricative Sounds ...... 32 i. Substitution /f/ to /s/ ...... 32 ii. Substitution /θ/ to /s/ ...... 34 iii. Substitution /z/ to /ʃ/ ...... 35 iv. Substitution /tʃ/ to /ʃ ...... 36 c. Substitution of Consonant Cluster ...... 38 i. Substitution /ts/ to /ʃ/ ...... 38 ii. Substitution /ks/ to /ʃ/ ...... 40 d. Substitution of Vowel Sounds ...... 41 i. Substitution /ʌ/ to /ɑ:/ ...... 41 ii. Substitution /e/ to /eɪ/ ...... 43 iii. Substitution /ɑ/ to /ɜː/ ...... 44 iv. Substitution /æ/ to /eɪ/ ...... 45 2. Sound Deletion ...... 45 a. Deletion of sound /z/ ...... 46 b. Deletion of sound /b/ ...... 46 B. Phonological Factors Causing the Mispronunciation ...... 47 1. The Same Alphabet Representation of Sounds /l/ and /r/ ...... 47 2. The Abscence of Almost All English Fricatives ...... 49 a. Correspondence of English Sounds /f/, /s/, /θ/, and /ʃ/ ...... 50 b. Correspondence of English Sounds /v/, /z/, /ʒ/ and /ð/ ...... 51 3. Limitation of Consonant Cluster ...... 51 4. Short Vowel Conversion ...... 52 5. The Existence of Minimal Pair ...... 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 54

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REFERENCES ...... 56 APPENDICES ...... 58 Appendix 1: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Now or Never” .. 58 Appendix 2: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Let’s Go Crazy” ...... 58 Appendix 3: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Love Revolution” ...... 58 Appendix 4: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Just Please” ...... 59 Appendix 5: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Where You Are”...... 59 Appendix 6: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Teardrops in The Rain” ...... 59 Appendix 7: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Have A Good Night” ...... 60 Appendix 8: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Change” ...... 60 Appendix 9: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Crying Out” ...... 60 Appendix 10: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “I Can’t Believe” ...... 60

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. English Consonants Based on Place and Manner of 13 Articulation 2. Table 2. English Vowels 13 3. Table 3. Korean Consonant Sounds 18 4. Table 4. Korean Monophthongs 19 5. Table 5. Korean Diphthongs 19 6. Table 6. Substitution/Deletion of English Sound in 27 CNBLUE’s Song 7. Table 7. Substitution of Sound /r/ into /l/ 29 8. Table 8. Substitution of Sound /l/ into /r/ 31 9. Table 9. Substitution of Sound /f/ to /s/ 33 10. Table 10. Substitution of Sound /θ/ to /s/ 34 11. Table 11. Substitution of Sound /z/ to /ʃ/ 36 12. Table 12. Substitution of Sound /tʃ/ to /ʃ/ 37 13. Table 13. Substitution of Sound /ts/ to /ʃ/ 39 14. Table 14. Substitution of Sound /ks/ to /ʃ/ 40 15. Table 15. Substitution of Sound /ʌ/ to /ɑ:/ 42 16. Table 16. Substitution of Sound e/ to /eɪ/ 43 17. Table 17. Substitution of Sound /ɑ/ to /ɜː/ 44 18. Table 18. Substitution of Sound /æ/ to /eɪ/ 45 19. Table 19. Deletion of Sound /z/ 46 20. Table 20. Deletion of Sound /b/ 47

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ABSTRACT

DINI, METHODIA KARTIKA. (2019). Mispronunciation of English Sounds in CNBLUE’s Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Language holds an important role in life as a communication tool. Language is unique, and it may have different features depending on the society and the language itself. English as one of the languages which is widely taught in the world has its own features compared to other languages especially the phonological features. It may cause difficulty for people who do not speak English as their first language to pronounce certain sounds especially for Korean speakers. The differences in the phonological features between English and Korean may cause mispronunciation. There are two objectives will be discussed in this study. The first objective is to find out how the English sounds are mispronounced by CNBLUE. The second objective is to observe what phonological factors affect the mispronunciation. This study uses audio-recording in the form of songs in collecting the data. The object of this study is the mispronunciation of English sounds in CNBLUE's songs. For the analysis, phonological approach is used in order to analyze the mispronounced sounds in the songs. Based on the analysis, there are 34 mispronunciations of English sounds found in 10 CNBLUE's English songs which are divided into 23 mispronunciations of consonants and 11 mispronunciations of vowels. These mispronunciations undergo two different phonological processes which are sound substitution and sound deletion. Moreover, the phonological factors which affect the mispronunciation are the same alphabet representation of sounds /l/ and /r/, the abscence of almost all English fricatives, limitation of consonant cluster, short vowel conversion, and the existence of minimal pair.

Keywords: Mispronunciation, Phonology, English sounds, Korean sounds

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ABSTRAK

DINI, METHODIA KARTIKA. (2019). Mispronunciation of English Sounds in CNBLUE’s Songs. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Bahasa memegang peran penting dalam kehidupan sebagai alat komunikasi. Bahasa itu unik dan mempunyai karakteristik berbeda tergantung lingkungan sosial dan bahasa itu sendiri. Bahasa Inggris sebagai salah satu bahasa yang dipelajari secara luas di dunia memiliki karakteristiknya sendiri jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa-bahasa lain terutama karakteristik fonologinya. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan bagi mereka yang tidak menjadikan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama untuk melafalkan bunyi tertentu terutama bagi orang Korea. Perbedaan-perbedaan karakteristik fonologi antara bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Korea dapat menyebabkan kesalahan pelafalan. Terdapat dua masalah yang dijawab dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah menemukan bagaimana kesalahan pelafalan bunyi dalam bahasa Inggris dilakukan oleh CNBLUE. Masalah kedua adalah mengobservasi faktor fonologis yang memengaruhi kesalahan pelafalan tersebut. Studi ini menggunakan rekaman audio dalam bentuk lagu dalam mengumpulkan data. Objek dari studi ini adalah kesalahan pelafalan bunyi dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan dalam lagu-lagu bahasa Inggris milik CNBLUE. Pendekatan fonologi digunakan dalam meneliti kesalahan pelafalan bunyi yang ditemukan di dalam lagu-lagu tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis, terdapat 34 kesalahan pelafalan bunyi bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan dalam 10 lagu berbahasa Inggris milik CNBLUE yaitu 23 kesalahan pelafalan konsonan dan 11 kesalahan pelafalan vokal. Kesalahan- kesalahan pelafalan ini melalui dua proses fonologi yang berbeda, yaitu proses perubahan bunyi dan proses penghilangan bunyi. Selain itu, faktor-faktor fonologis yang mempengaruhi kesalahan pelafalan adalah persamaan penulisan abjad untuk bunyi /l/ dan /r/, ketidakhadiran dari hampir semua bunyi frikatif dalam bahasa Inggris, pembatasan gugus konsonan, pengubahan bunyi vokal pendek, dan keberadaan pasangan minimal.

Kata kunci: Mispronunciation, Phonology, English sounds, Korean sounds

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a communication tool which is very important in human life.

Language exists in many different kinds depending on the society. Language is a unique system which has its own features for each language and may differ from each other. For example, the speech sound that ends in the word song—the velar nasal [ŋ]—cannot begin a word in English, but it can in Vietnamese (Fromkin,

Rodman & Hyams, 2010, p. 266). It can be seen in the name Nguyen which begins with velar nasal sound. It shows that every language has its own rules.

English as one of languages is mostly used by people all around the world. It becomes the official language used in many opportunities especially in international events. As the world language, spoken internationally, English is now the most widely taught language as a foreign language (Crystal, 2003, p. 5).

It increases the number of English speakers which mostly becomes the second language. There are many people who do not speak English as their mother tongue. It may be possible that they have different perception in pronouncing certain sounds because the languages have different features in phonology.

South Korea has a language system called Hangul. Hangul is a phonemic alphabet; in other words, there is one-to-one correspondence between a phoneme and a letter (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, p. 4). A sound is represented by one letter.

It is different from English which a letter may represent more than one

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sound. For example, /u/ is represented by letter ㅜ in Korean as in 가수 [kasu]

(singer) while it can be represented as ‘u’ or ‘oo’ in English as in rule and book.

Koreans are fluent in pronouncing words in their language. However, it may be difficult for them to pronounce English words because of the non- existence of several sounds. They will produce either similar sounds or totally different sounds depending on their language knowledge. It depends on which level they know English. Some people may only learn the basic language, and they may face difficulties while pronouncing sounds which they do not usually use in Korean.

Koreans find it difficult when they pronounce certain English sounds. It can be seen when they pronounce a word with /f/. They tend to change the sound into /p/ which can be noticed when they pronounce [fi:l]. In saying the word 'feel', they tend to pronounce it as [pi:l]. Another example can be noticed when they say

‘three’ which should be pronounced as [θri] but Korean pronounces it as [sri].

Due to the absence of fricatives such as /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ᴣ/, many errors are made with these sounds (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 253).

Korean and English have a lot of different sounds. There are sounds in

English which do not exist in Korean and vice versa. According to Choo &

O’Grady (2003), Korean has a number of speech sounds that have no direct counterpart in English - including three 'p'-like sounds, three 't'-like sounds, three

'k'-like sounds, three 'ch'-like sounds, and two 's'-like sounds, in addition to several unfamiliar vowels (p. 3).

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This study discusses mispronunciation of English sounds pronounced by a South Korean group band. The mispronunciation is taken from English songs by

CNBLUE. CNBLUE is a group band from South Korea which has released around 60 songs in English. The group is formed with four members who are all native Koreans. Although they are only active in doing promotion in Korea and

Japan, their album usually contains songs in English.

The writer conducts this study to know the production of the English sounds by Koreans. In this case, the writer will use the pronunciation by the members of CNBLUE who do not speak English as the first language. This study aims to explore the mispronunciation by South Korean singer and to find the phonological factors in the mispronunciation.

B. Problem Formulation

From the background of the study, there are two problems formulated to conduct this study, which are:

1. How do CNBLUE’s members mispronounce English sounds in their songs?

2. What phonological factors affect the mispronunciation?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to find out how the sounds, consonants and vowels, are mispronounced by CNBLUE’s members in singing English songs. The second objective is to observe the phonological factors which affect the mispronunciation.

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D. Definition of Terms

In this part, the writer explains some terms which are related to the study to make clear and prevent any misunderstanding. The terms are explained as follows.

This study observes the mispronunciation of English. Therefore, it is important to understand the term pronunciation. According to Otlowski (Cited in

Gilakjani), pronunciation is the way of uttering a word in an accepted manner. In addition, pronunciation is defined as the method of producing certain sounds

(Richard and Schmidt as cited in Gilakjani).

The second term is English sounds. English sounds are sound which exist while producing English words. It consists of consonants and vowels.

According to Verma (2015), in english there are approximately 44 speech sounds

(p. 666).

The third term is CNBLUE. CNBLUE is a band which has four members. This Korean pop rock band is formed in 2009 (Channel Korea, 2018, para. 1). It consists of Yonghwa as the main vocalist, Jonghyun as the guitarist and sub-vocalist, Minhyuk as the drummer, and Jungshin as the bassist.

The last term is songs. According to Cuddon (2013), songs are a poem and its musical setting; a poem for singing or chanting, with or without musical accompaniment (p. 666). From that definition, songs are poems which have relation with music. In this study, the songs are accompanied with musical instruments.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer presents the related literature. There are three parts of this chapter. The first part of this chapter discusses the studies which have been done and related to this study. The second part discusses the related theories which are about phonology, English consonants and vowels, Korean consonants and vowels, phonological processes and phonological factors. The last part is about theoretical framework which discusses the application of the theory to the study. This chapter summarizes all majors which will help the writer to do this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The writer chooses four previous studies for the references in doing this

study. The four studies are related to the mispronunciation of English sounds by

South Korean speakers.

The first related study is an undergraduate thesis by Wahyuni (2011). In

her thesis entitled Phonological Analysis on Labiodental Fricatives Produced by

South Korean Singers in Live-Performance Music Video, she observed how the

South Korean Singers produced /f/ and /v/ whether it was accurate or not. In

Korean, /f/ and /v/ do not exist, and it may be difficult for them to pronounce it.

Moreover, she tries to find out the linguistics strategies which they use in

pronouncing labiodental fricatives. The data are taken from videos of Korean

singers singing in live performance. The result of the study shows that Korean

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singers are not able to pronounce /f/ and /v/ accurately in certain conditions.

Moreover, there are eight strategies used by the Korean singers. Wahyuni’s study is different from this study because this study does not only focus on labiodental fricatives but also other consonants and even vowels. She uses the data from live performance videos while this study will use songs.

The second related study is the study by Hermastuti (2017). In her undergraduate thesis, she observed the consonants which were changed and substituted in English songs sung by Korean singers. Then, she conducts a study on the phonological patterns found in the changes. The data are collected using a purposive sampling technique from English songs sung by some of Korean group singers. Then, the data are analyzed using phonological approach. She concluded that fricatives had the most number of the sound change. In addition, the phonological processes which are found the most are the changing of fricatives into stops or affricate consonants, /r/ into /l/, and the process palatalization.

Hermastuti finds out only the consonants changes, while this study will also try to find out the changes of the vowels.

The third related study is a journal article by Cho and Park (2006). The study is about a comparison between English and Korean phonology. It also gives suggestions in doing interpretation. In conclusion, they state that Korean students of interpretation will be able to use English very well by being given proper instruction and practice. Cho and Park do not use songs to get the data although they also try to compare both consonants and vowels.

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The last related study is a journal article by Hwang (2008). This study tries to see the correlation between Korean learners' individual factors and their

English pronunciation. It is conducted by having one-the-one interview and giving a questionnaire to students. The result shows that the students' English pronunciation is also affected by an individual factor such as an experience to live in an English-speaking country. This present study is different from Hwang's study especially in collecting the data.

In this study, the writer explores how CNBLUE’s members produce

English sounds in singing English songs. This study uses phonological approach which is also used in those four related studies. The writer uses the data taken from CNBLUE’s mispronunciation in singing English songs. Moreover,

Wahyuni and Hermastuti also try to find the phonological processes in the changes of the English sounds. In addition, Cho and Park compare the vowels in

English and Korean. The last one is the study by Hwang which can give an example of phonological factors affecting English pronunciation by Korean speakers.

This study develops the studies by Wahyuni and Hermastuti which both have done the studies on consonants changes by South Korean speakers. This study tries to see the similar problems. However, the writer continues doing a research by finding not only the phonological processes but also the phonological factors which have not been discussed in previous studies. This study also develops Cho and Park’s research in the changing of consonants and vowels by

South Korean speaker. It is done by using the actual data which are taken from

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songs sung by CNBLUE. In addition, this study develops Hwang’s study on a

phonological factor affecting the sounds changes by trying to find more factors

caused the changes.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, theories which are related to the study are discussed. The

theories will be used in finding and analyzing the data to be able to solve the

problem formulations. The theories are about English and Korean phonology

because this study is about sounds.

1. Phonetics and Phonology

This study is about speech sounds which specifically discusses the mispronunciation of English Sounds by CNBLUE. Therefore, it is appropriate to use theories in phonetics and phonology. These two branches of study deal with speech sounds. According to Yule (2010), phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (p.26). To describe speech sounds, it is necessary to know what an individual sound is, and how each sound differs from all others

(Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 230). It helps this study in differentiating every single sound which is produced in unit level.

In this study, phonetic alphabet is used in order to differentiate the sounds changes. Orthography, or alphabetic spelling, does not represent the sounds of a language in a consistent way (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 232). So that, phonetics as a study branch, organize the sounds in a way that a letter will have the same sound every time.

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Phonology is the study of how speech sounds form patterns (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 225). The patterns may vary in different languages. Phonology provides the knowledge to know which sounds structures are available in a language but do not exist in other languages. It discusses the combination of sounds which are possible in every language.

2. English Sounds

English sounds are classified to consonants and vowels. English consonants are divided according to the place of articulation and manner of articulation while English vowels are according to the tongue position. a. English Consonants

English consonants are classified based on the place of articulation and the manner of articulation. i. Place of Articulation

Consonants are classified according to the place of articulation. The classification is according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs

(Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 235). Place of articulation is divided in seven classifications.

1) Bilabial

Bilabial consonants are produced by bringing both lips, upper and lower lips, together (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 236). Bilabials are [p] as in pet, [b] as in book, and [m] as in man.

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2) Labiodental

Labiodental consonants are formed by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 236). These sounds are [f] as in fun and [v] as in village.

3) Dental

Dental sounds are [ð] and [θ]. Dentals are produced with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (Yule, 2010, p.28). They include sound [ð] as in mother and [θ] as in cloth.

4) Alveolar

Alveolar sounds are [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]. These sounds are articulated with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth (Yule, 2010, p.28). These sounds are [t] as in top, [d] as in dance, [s] as in seal, [z] as in zero,

[n] as in nose, [l] as in life, and [r] as in rabbit.

5) Palatal

Palatal sounds are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 237). Palatal sounds are [ʃ],[ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ], and [j] as in shine, vision, cheap, job, and yacht.

6) Velar

Velar consonants are the sounds which are articulated by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 237).Velars consist of [k] as in kid, [ɡ] as in good, and [ŋ] as in sing.

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7) Glottal

Glottal sounds are [h] and [ʔ]. The voiceless glottal fricative [h] is articulated with no airflow restriction. The sound [h] is from the flow of air through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h] (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 237).

According to Fromkin et al. (2010), the other glottal sound is [ʔ] which is produced by tightly closed vocal cords, the sound upon release of the cords (p.

237). ii. Manner of Articulation

Manner of articulation gives more specification to distinguish the sounds to one and another. Manner of articulation refers to the way in which a consonant at a certain place of articulation is produced, indicating how airflow is controlled

(Odden, 2005, p. 28). In other words, the sounds are divided according to the way how the airstream is affected.

1) Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

Voiced sounds are [b, d, ɡ, z, ð, v, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j] which are produced by vibrating the vocal chords. Meanwhile, voiceless sounds are [p, t, k, s, f, θ, ʃ, tʃ, h, ʔ], which are produced when the vocal cords are apart so that air flows freely through the glottis into the oral cavity (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 238).

2) Nasal and Oral Sounds

Nasal sounds are [m], [n], and [ŋ]. It is produced when the velum is not in its raised position, air escapes through both the nose and the mouth (Fromkin et

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al., 2010, p. 239). Meanwhile, oral sounds are produced through oral cavity, Oral sounds consist of most sounds in all language except [m], [n], and [ŋ].

3) Stop and Continuant

Stop sounds are [p, b, m, t, d, n, k, ɡ, ŋ,tʃ, dʒ, ʔ]. These sounds are produced when the airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 241). On the other hand, the sounds which are produced when the airtream is not blocked are called as continuants. Continuants are all the sounds which are not listed as the stop sounds above.

4) Fricative

Fricative sounds are [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ]. According to Fromkin et al.

(2010), fricatives are produced when the airstream is so severely obstructed that it causes friction (p. 242). There will be hissing noise in the pronounciation of the sounds because of the constriction.

5) Affricate

Affricate sounds are produced by combining a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction (Yule, 2010, p. 32).

Affricates consist of sounds [tʃ] and [dʒ].

6) Liquid

Liquid sounds are [l] and [r]. Liquids are consonants sounds which are produced when there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 242).

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7) Glide

Glides are [w] and [j] which are semivowel consonants. It is produced with little obstruction of the airstream (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 242). Glides are always preceeding a vowel, and glides do not occur in the final position.

The table below is the summary of the English consonants based on the place and manner of articulation.

Table 1. English Consonants Based on Place and Manner of Articulation Place of Articulation

Velar

Dental

Palatal

Glottal

Bilabial

Alveolar

Labiodental

Nasal Voiced m n ŋ Voiced b d ɡ Stop Voiceless p t k Voiced v ð z ʒ Fricative Voiceless f θ s ʃ h Voiced dʒ Affricate Voiceless tʃ Liquid r, l Manner of of Articulation Manner Glide w j w

b. English Vowels

Vowels are produced with little restriction of the airflow from the lungs out the mouth and/or the nose (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 246). The English vowels are classified based on their position as seen in the table below.

Below is the table of English vowels according to the position of the tongue. This table is adopted from An Introduction to Language (9th Edition)

(2010) by Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams on page 248.

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Table 2. English Vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK i u HIGH I ʊ

e MID ə o rounded ɛ ʌ LOW æ a ɔ

The table above shows the classification of English vowels based on the position of the tongue. Vowels are categorized into three dimensions (Ogden,

2009, pp. 59-60), there are vowel height, frontness and backness, and lip posture

(or rounding). i. Vowel Height

Vowel height is represented in vertical dimension which is based on the tongue position between the articulators. It is categorized into 3 which are high vowel, mid vowel, and low vowel. High vowel is produced by raising the body of the tongue as in vowel [i], [I], [u], and [ʊ]. Then, mid vowel is articulated by placing the body of the tongue in medial position or intermediate height as in vowel [e], [ɛ], [ə], [ʌ], and [o]. Lastly, the low vowel is produced by lowering the body of the tongue as in vowel [æ], [a], and [ɔ]. ii. Frontness and Backness

Vowel frontness and backness is represented in horizontal dimension in

the table. Based on the frontness and backness, vowels are classified into 3

categories. They are front vowel as see in [i, I, e, ɛ, æ], central vowel as in vowel

[ə, ʌ, a], and back vowel as in [u, ʊ, o, ɔ].

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iii. Lip Posture (Rounding)

Another classification of vowels is based on the lip posture. When the

posture lips creates rounded shape, it produces vowel [u], [ʊ], [o], and [ɔ]. On the

other hand, the vowel [i], [I], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ə], [ʌ], and [a] are produced by

unrounded lips.

3. Korean Sounds

Korean sounds has the same system as English which is divided to consonant sounds and vowel sounds. a. Korean Consonants

Korean consonants are classified based on the place and manner of articulation (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, pp. 56-87). There are nineteen consonants which are divided into bilabial, alveolar, alveo-palatal, velar, and glottal according to the place of articulation, while they are categorized as stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, and liquid according to the manner of articulation. In addition, there two or three sub-classes for each of classification such as stop sounds are classified to lax, tense, and aspirated. i. Place of articulation

Korean consonants are classified into five classes according to the place of articulation. They are bilabial, alveolar, alveo-palatal, velar, and glottal.

1) Bilabial

Bilabials are articulated using both lips. In Korean, bilabial consonants consist of sound [p] as in bab [pɑp] (rice), [p'] as in appa [ɑp'ɑ] (father), and [ph] as in pibu [phipu] (skin).

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2) Alveolar

Alveolar consonants are produced with the tongue tip touching the teeth and alveolar ridge. Korean alveolar sounds are a little bit different from English alveolar sounds. Korean alveolar sounds are articulated with the blade or the tip of the tongue touching the teeth and alveolar ridge, whereas with English alveolars, the tongue only touches the alveolar ridge (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, p. 59).

Alveolar consonants are [t] as in dul [tul] (two), [t'] as in ttalgi [t'ɑlgi]

(strawberry), [th] as in thokki [thok'i] (rabbit), [s] as in saja [sɑjɑ] (lion), [sh] as in ssamjang [shɑmjɑng] (soybean paste sauce), nun [nun] (eyes/snow), and [l] as in norae [nolɛ] (song).

3) Velar

The tongue body touches the velum in producing velar consonants. Velar

sounds are [k], [k']. [kh], and [ŋ] as in the words kangaji [kɑŋɑji] (puppy), kkot

[k'ot] (flower), kalguksu [k'ɑlguksu] (Korean noodle dish) and bang [pɑŋ]

(room).

4) Alveo-Palatal

In Korean, alveo-palatal sounds consist of [ʨ], [ʨ'], and [ʨʰ]. It is produced by bringing the tip tongue to the front of hard palate. They include the sound [ʨ] in jib, [ʨ'] in jjimdak [ʨ’imdak] (braised chicken), and [ʨʰ] in chingu

[ʨʰingu] (friend).

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5) Glottal

Glottal sounds are produced by using the vocal cords in the larynx as the articulator with no airstream modification in the mouth. Glottal sound is [h] as in hanguk [hɑnkuk] (Korea).

ii. Manner of articulation

It is divided into stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, and liquids according to the manner of articulation.

1) Stops

Stop sounds consist of sounds [p, p', ph, t, t', th, k, k', kh]. The airstream is fully blocked in order to produce stop sounds.

2) Fricatives

Fricatives are the sounds produced by not completely blocking the airstream. The sounds are [s, sh, and h].

3) Affricates

Affricates consist of sounds [ʨ, ʨ',ʨʰ]. These sounds are produced by initially articulated with complete oral closure but having a turbulent air.

4) Nasals

Nasal sounds are produced by flowing the air through the nasal cavity, not through oral cavity. Nasal sounds are [m, n, ŋ].

5) Liquids

There is only one liquid in Korean consonant inventory. It consists of sound [l]. It is produced when the airstream in the mouth is obstructed without any real friction.

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The table below is provided to make it easier to see the classification of

Korean consonants discussed above. This table is adopted from The Sounds of

Korean (2013) by Shin J., Kiaer J., & Cha J. on page 57.

Table 3. Korean Consonant Sounds

Velar

Glotal

palatal

Bilabial

Alveolar

Alveolo

Lax p (ㅂ) t (ㄷ) k (ㄱ) Stop Tense p’ (ㅃ) t’ (ㄸ) k’ (ㄲ) Aspirated ph(ㅍ) th (ㅌ) kh(ㅋ)

Lax s (ㅅ) Fricative Tense s’ (ㅆ)

Obstruent ㅈ h Lax ʨ ( ) (ㅎ) Affricate Tense ʨ' (ㅉ) Aspirated ʨʰ (ㅊ)

Nasal m (ㅁ) n (ㄴ) ŋ (ㅇ)

Liquid l (ㄹ)

Sonorant

b. Korean Vowels

There are 17 vowels which are available in Korean phonology. These vowels are divided into two classifications which are monophthongs (simple vowels) and dipthongs (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, pp. 95-113). i. Monophthongs

Monophthongs are the vowels which only have one articulation. There are seven vowels which are categorize into monophthongs in standard Korean. These sounds are [i], [ɯ], [u], [ʌ], [o], [ɛ], [ɑ]. According to the height of the tongue

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when articulating the vowels, it can be classified into high, mid and low vowels.

Moreover, these vowels can be classified into rounded and unrounded according to the backness of the sounds. It can be summarized as seen on the table below.

Table 4. Korean Monophthongs Front Back Unrounded Unrounded Rounded High i (ㅣ) ɯ (ㅡ) u (ㅜ) Mid ɛ (ㅔ) (ㅐ) ʌ (ㅓ) o (ㅗ) Low ɑ (ㅏ)

The vowels ㅐ andㅔ are difficult to distinguish because they have no distinction in pronunciation. The common mistake is that people write 애 as 에 and 에 as 애. ii. Diphthongs

Diphthongs are the vowels which made up by two articulations. Korean has 5 diphthongs in which the glide [j] precedes the vowel and 5 diphthongs in which [w] as an initial sound followed by a vowel. The summary of Korean diphthongs can be seen in the table below.

Table 5. Korean Diphthongs i ɯ u ɛ ʌ ɑ o Glide jɛ j ju (ㅠ) jʌ (ㅕ) jɑ (ㅑ) jo (ㅛ) (ㅒ, ㅖ) wɛ (ㅙ, w wi (ㅟ) wʌ (ㅝ) wɑ (ㅘ) ㅞ, ㅚ) ɰ ɰi (ㅢ)

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4. English Phonological Processes

Phonological process is a process of sound change happening in the production of sounds caused by the surrounding units. There are four processes commonly happen in sounds changes which are assimilation, dissimilation, insertion, and deletion. a. Assimilation

Assimilation is a sound change produced to make the pronunciation easier that makes the sound similar to the neighbor sounds. For example, dogs is pronounced as [doɡz] not [doɡs]. It is because the sound [ɡ] is voiced. It should be followed by voiced sound in order to make it easier to pronounce. b. Dissimilation

While assimilation is to make the sound similar to other segment, dissimilation is to make it less similar. An example of dissimilation in English is the dissimilation rule of fricative. It occur when the sound /θ/ is changed into sound /t/. The fricative /θ/ is dissimilar because it is replaced by a stop. For example, the words fifth and sixth come to be pronounced as if they were spelled fift and sikst (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 289). c. Insertion

Insertion or epenthesis is a process of adding sound segment to form the sound. The insertion can be a consonant or a vowel. The most common sound which is inserted is schwa [ə]. It can be seen in the pronunciation of judges.

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d. Deletion

Deletion is a phonological rule that delete the entire sound segment. This rule is commonly found than insertion. Deletion commonly occurs when [r] is in the final position and pronounced in the British accent like in the word door pronounced as [dɔ:] rather than [dɔr].

5. Korean Phonological Processes

Each character of Korean alphabet or hangul has only one phoneme.

Moreover, it is written in syllables not letter by letter. Because Korean alphabetical system is different from English, the phonological rules are also different. In this part, the phonological rules are related to phonological constraints in Korean applied to pure-Korean, Sino-Korean and loan words (Shin,

Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, pp. 181-196). a. Neutralisation

In Korean phonological system, released consonants cannot happen in the final position of any syllable. If it occurs in the final position, it should be replaced with unreleased sounds. Fricatives and affricates are all pronounced the same as /t/ if it occurs in the final position. For example, in the word 다섯 'five' is pronounced as [dɑsʌt] instead of [dɑsʌs]. The sound /s/ is neutralised into /t/. b. Consonant Cluster Simplification

Consonant clusters do not exist in Korean phonological system. The orthography allows the consonant cluster in the final position of syllable but it is only pronounced as one sound. As in the word 여덟 'eight', the last syllable is

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pronounced as [jʌdʌl] instead of [jʌdʌlb]. The consonant cluster /lb/ is simplified into /l/ so the last syllable is pronounced as [dʌl]. c. Post Obstruent Tensification

Obstruent is the sound class for the non-nasal stops, fricatives and affricates. The airstream may be fully obstructed, as in nonnasal stops and affricates, or nearly fully obstructed, as in the production of fricatives (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 210). In Korean phonological rules, post-obstruent tensification is a tensification of a lax obstruent when stops such as /p, t, k/ is followed by a lax obstruent. For example, the word 듣기 [tɯtki] ‘to listen (connective)’ is pronounced as [tɯtk'i] after the tensification of the sound /k/. d. Obstruent Nasalisation

This process is done by nasalizing an obstruent when a sonorant follows an obstruent. Sonorants are produced with much less obstruction to the flow of air than the obstruents, which permits the air to resonate (Fromkin et al., 2010, p.

210). Sonorant sounds are vowels, nasals, liquid, and glides. The example of obstruent nasalisation is in the word 듣는 [tɯtnɯn] ‘to listen (adnominal)’ which is pronounced as [tɯnnɯn] after /t/ is being nasalized into /n/. e. Liquid Nasalisation

Liquid nasalisation refers to the process when the liquid becomes a nasal.

It appears when a non-alveolar nasal and a liquid occuring in a sequence in

Korean. It means that two kinds of sonorant appear together. Hence, /ml/ is replaced by /mn/ and /ŋl/ is replaced by /ŋn/. In this case, a sequence consisting of

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/n/ and /l/ cannot be realised due to a surface phonetic constraint. The example of liquid nasalisation is in the word 충리 [ʨʰuŋli] 'loyalty' which is pronounced as

[ʨʰuŋni] after /l/ is nasalized into /n/. f. Lateralisation

Lateralisation is the process of lateralising a nasal when a liquid and nasal are in sequence. For example is in the word 설날 [solnɑl] 'new year'. The sound

/n/ is laterised into /l/ so the pronunciation becomes [sollɑl].

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories which have been reviewed in the previous part are used to help the researcher in answering the problems in this study. This study is about

English sounds made by a Korean group singer. Therefore, the researcher will apply the theory of English phonetics, phonology, and phonological processes and theory of Korean phonetics, phonology, and phonological processes to solve the problems. The reason is that the first problem is trying to find the sounds changes in the level of individual sound which is suitable using the theory of phonetics and phonology, and the theory of phonological processes will help in observing the surrounding environment causing the changes. Furthermore, the second problem will be answered by comparing the theories between English and Korean phonological system including phonetics, phonology and phonological processes.

It helps the researcher to find the factors which cause the mispronunciation.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

There are three parts in this chapter. The first part presents the object of the study which is used in the study. It discusses the sources of the data. The second part is the approach of the study which shows the approach to conduct the study. The last part is the method of the study which is used to describe the research method used in the study.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study was the mispronunciation of English sounds in

CNBLUE's songs. This study was conducted to find the mispronunciation of the

English sounds in the songs and how it changed. In addition, this study aimed to find the phonological processes of the mispronunciation and the phonological factors caused the mispronunciation. Sounds were the linguistic elements which were analyzed.

The writer used English songs sung by CNBLUE in order to find the mispronunciation. The songs that were used were “Now or Never”, "Let's Go

Crazy", "Love Revolution", "Just Please", "Teardrops in The Rain", "Have A

Good Night", "Where You Are", "Change", "Crying Out", and "I Can't Believe".

The lyrics were all written in English. In addition, those songs had been officially released and included to CNBLUE's music albums.

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The writer chose English sounds pronounced by a Korean group singer which was CNBLUE. CNBLUE was chosen because they were already well- known for years as a Korean pop star. They released 23 music albums in Korea and Japan, and it had 64 songs in English. As a Korean pop star, CNBLUE held concerts in many countries in the world and they had won many awards such as

Asia Best Group at 2015 iQiyi Night (Soompi, 2014, Para. 1).

B. Approach of the Study

This study was conducted using phonological approach in order to answer the problems because this study analyzed sounds and pronunciation. According to

Yule (2010), phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language (p. 42). The speech sounds patterns which were observed in this study were the mispronunciation by a Korean group singer. Furthermore, this study categorized the mispronunciation according to the phonological rules.

Therefore, this approach was appropriate to see the sounds changes and the patterns. Moreover, it helped to uncover the factors caused the changes.

C. Method of the Study

Two steps were used in doing this study. They were data collection and data analysis which is explained in this section as follows.

1. Data Collection

The data were collected by using purposive sampling strategy. It means that any given list will reflect only the range of situations the author of that list has considered (Palys, 2008, p. 697). The data used in this study were only the data

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which were tied with the purpose of the study. In this case, the data were English sounds in CNBLUE’s English songs.

The data were collected by listening to the English songs sung by

CNBLUE on YouTube. Then, the process of finding the mispronunciation was done by listening to the songs carefully and repeatedly. Then, the mispronounced words were noted down, and then were transcribed into phonetic transcriptions. In order to find the correct mispronunciation, the researcher used a software called as

Praat, a computer software for analyzing speech in phonetics. After that, the researcher found the intended pronunciation from Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English.

2. Data Analysis

In doing the analysis, there were some steps. Firstly, the researcher found the words that were not pronounced correctly in the songs. Then, those words were written to phonetic transcriptions. After that, the researcher categorized the words according to the type of the phonological processes. In this study, there were only two types of phonogical processes which were substitution and deletion. Furthermore, the classification was done once again by categorizing it according to the sounds types, consonants and vowels.

There was a table used to point out the differences between the intended pronunciations and the mispronunciations occurring in the songs. It was used to make the mispronunciation easier to be seen. The table consisted of the English words, the song where the mispronunciation occured, intended mispronunciation

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using American English from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and

CNBLUE's pronunciation. The table was presented as follow.

Table 6. Substitution/Deletion of English Sound in CNBLUE’s Song CNBLUE’s Song Word Intended Pronunciation Pronunciation

Then, the researcher analyzed the pattern of the mispronunciation by finding the sounds change in each word. It was done by comparing the intended pronunciation with CNBLUE's pronunciation. In order to make it clear, the researcher wrote down the notation for each mispronunciation pattern.

The last step to solve the problem was done by observing the phonological factors caused the mispronunciation. The factors were found by comparing

English phonology with Korean phonology. In this study, the comparison was done by seeing the differences of the phonetics and phonological rules between the two languages.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

There are two parts in this chapter. The first part is the analysis of mispronunciation which is found in CNBLUE's English songs. It discusses how the mispronunciation occurs in CNBLUE's English songs. Then, the second part is the analysis of the factors that cause the mispronunciation.

A. How CNBLUE Mispronounces English Sounds

This study focuses on the mispronunciation of English sounds by

CNBLUE, a South Korean singer, in their English songs. There are 34 mispronunciations found in 10 English songs sung by CNBLUE. There are 23 mispronunciations of consonant sounds and 11 mispronunciations of vowel sounds. The discussion on the mispronunciations is divided into two parts according to the phonological processes. There are two phonological processes found in the research. These are sound deletion and sound substitution. Moreover, the processes can be seen as below.

1. Sound Substitution

These following parts are discussing the mispronunciations which undergo substitution. Substitution is done by changing the sounds into other sounds. From the data, there are twelve types of substitution which are /r/ to [l], /l/ to [r], /f/ to

[s], /θ/ to [ʃ], /z/ to [ʃ], /ts/ to [ʃ], /ks/ to [ʃ], /ʌ/ to [ɑ:], /e/ to [eɪ], /ɑ/ to [ɜː], and /æ/ to [eɪ]. Some of these types are not common patterns of mispronunciation by

South Korean speakers.

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a. Substitution of Liquid Sounds

This part discusses the mispronunciation of liquid sounds found in

CNBLUE’s English songs. The mispronunciation occurs by changing the liquid sound to the other liquid sound. It means that the subsitution happens by substituting /l/ into [r] and vice versa.These types of mispronunciation are as follows. i. Substitution /r/ into [l]

There are many mispronunciations of sound /r/ into [l] that can be found in

CNBLUE’s songs. This case occurs in 11 words in the songs. Below can be seen

the mispronunciations of /r/ into [l] in the words.

Table 7. Substitution of Sound /r/ into [l] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation direction /dəˈrekʃən/ [dəˈlekʃən] ready /ˈredi/ [ˈledi] “Now or Never” right /ˈraɪt/ [ˈlaɪt] rise /ˈraɪz/ [ˈlaɪz] “Teardrops in The Rain” rain /ˈreɪn/ [ˈleɪn] “Have A Good Night” ready /ˈredi/ [ˈledi] somewhere /ˈsʌmwer/ [ˈsʌmwel] “Where You Are” wherever /werˈevər/ [welˈevər] wrong /ˈrɒːŋ/ [ˈlɒːŋ] “Crying Out” here /ˈhɪr/ [ˈhɪl] “I Can’t Believe” romantic /roʊˈmæntɪk/ [loʊˈmæntɪk]

In the first song “Now or Never”, the sound /r/ is mispronounced as [l] in the words direction, ready, right, and rise. The word direction is pronounced as

[dəˈlekʃən] instead of /dəˈrekʃən/, while the word ready is pronounced as [ˈledi] instead of /ˈredi/. Moreover, the word right should be pronounced as /raɪt/ but it is pronounced as [ˈlaɪt]. The last word that has the same mispronunciation is the

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word rise which is pronounced as [ˈlaɪz] while it is should be pronounced as

/raɪz/. Then, the mispronunciation of sounds /r/ into [l] occurs again in the song

“Teardrops in The Rain” in the word rain. The word rain which should be pronounced as /reɪn/ is pronounced as [ˈleɪn]. In addition, mispronunciation of /r/ into [l] in the song “Have A Good Night” occurs in the word ready which should be pronounced as /ˈredi/ but the singer pronounces it as [ˈledi].

The next song which has the mispronunciation of /r/ into [l] is song

“Where You Are”. The sound /r/ is mispronounced into [l] in the word wherever which is intended to be pronounced as /werˈevər/ but the singer pronounces it as

[welˈevər]. The same problem occurs in the word somewhere which is pronounced as [ˈsʌmwel] instead of /ˈsʌmwer/. Next is in the song “Crying Out”.

The mispronunciation is in the words wrong and here which are pronouced as

[ˈlɒːŋ] and [ˈhɪl]. Then, the last song is “I Can’t Believe” which the word romantic is pronounced as [loʊˈmæntɪk] instead of /roʊˈmæntɪk/.

The sounds /r/ and [l] have features that are almost the same. The

phonological features of the sound /r/ as listed below.

+alveolar [r] [ −lateral ] +approximant

Moreover, the sound [l] has features as seen below.

+alveolar [l] [ +lateral ] +approximant

Sounds /r/ and [l] are the same in the place of articulation and the flow of the airstream which are alveolar and approximant. However, /r/ is [-lateral] and [l] is [+lateral]. The change of the sounds is because in Korean Phonology [l] and /r/

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are allophones of a single phoneme, with /r/ produced between vowels and [l] everywhere else (McMahon, 2002, p. 21). From this theory, it can be understood that this kind of mispronunciation is commonly produced by South Korean speakers.

From the table showed in the beginning, it can be seen that the sound /r/ is before or after a vowel. The vowels which follow the sound /r/ are /e/, /aɪ/, /eɪ/,

/ɒː/, /ɪ/, and /oʊ/. These vowels are classified as [-consonantal]. From the data, it can be concluded that the sound /r/ will be substituted into [l] and vice versa when this sound is preceded or followed by a vowel. The notations of the paterns are below.

[r]  [l] / [-consonantal] ______

[r]  [l] / ______[-consonantal] ii. Substitution /l/ to [r]

The number of substitution /l/ to [r] is smaller compared to the substitution

/r/ into [l]. There are only two cases of this substitution in CNBLUE’s songs. The mispronunciation is listed in the table below.

Table 8. Substitution of Sound /l/ into [r] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation “Teardrops in The Rain” flying /ˈflaɪɪŋ/ [ˈfraɪɪŋ] “Crying Out” blast /ˈblæst/ [ˈræst]

From the table above can be seen that substitution of /l/ into [r] occurs in the songs “Teardrops in The Rain” and “Crying Out”. The word flying should be pronounced as /ˈflaɪɪŋ/ but it is mispronounced as [ˈfraɪɪŋ] in the song “Teardrops

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in The Rain”. Moreover, the word blast is pronounced as [ˈræst] instead of

/ˈblæst/ in the song “Crying Out”. The word blast undergoes both sound deletion and substitution.

Based on the data above, the substitution of /l/ into [r] occurs when the sound /l/ is preceeded by a consonant and followed by a vowel. It is when /l/ is combined with another consonant to make a consonant cluster occuring in the initial position. The notation is written as below.

[l]  [r] / [+consonantal] ______[-consonantal] b. Substitution of Fricative Sounds

The substitution of fricatives occurs in four different fricative sounds.

They are sounds /f/, /θ/, /z/, and /tʃ/. The discussion is as follows. i. Substitution /f/ to [s]

There is only one mispronunciation by substituting sound /f/ into sound

[s]. This mispronunciation can be classified as an uncommon substitution of a sound produced by South Korean speaker. South Korean speakers tend to make a mispronunciation of the sound /f/ by replacing it with sound [p]. It is because of the abscence of the sound /f/ in Korean phonology. Most errors are made replacing such fricatives with nearby stops or affricates (Cho & Park, 2006, p.

238). In this case, the sound /f/ will be replaced with sound /p/. However, this sound is substituted with sound [s] in this song. In the table below, this mispronunciation occurs in the word self which the intended pronunciation should be /ˈself/ but CNBLUE’s pronunciation is [ˈsels].

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Table 9. Substitution of Sound /f/ to [s] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Now or Never self /self/ [sels]

Sounds /f/ and [s] are different only in one feature. The phonological features of sound /f/ is as follows.

−alveolar [f] [+ fricative] −voiced

Meanwhile, sound [s] has features as below.

+alveolar [s] [+fricative] −voiced

Sounds /f/ and [s] are different according to the place of articulation.

Sound /f/ belongs to labiodental which is produced when the active articulator is again the bottom lip but this time it moves up to the top front teeth (McMahon,

2002, p. 31). This sound is articulated by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth. Meanwhile, sound [s] is alveolar which is produced by the tip or blade of the tongue moving up towards the alveolar ridge (McMahon, 2002, p. 32).

Based on the table above, the sound /f/ comes after sound /l/ which is

[+consonantal] and [+ alveolar]. The sound /f/ is substituted with the sound [s] which is also an alveolar sound same with the sound /l/. The speaker produces the pronunciation as [ˈsels] instead of the common mispronunciation which is [ˈselp].

The sound is changed into the closest sound of the preceeding sound, /l/, in the word. The notation of this pattern as follows.

[f]  [s] / [+consonantal] ______

[-alveolar]  [+alveolar] / [+alveolar] ______

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The uncommon mispronunciation can occur because Korean phonology has poor consonant cluster. According to Tranter (2000), Korean does not allow word-initial or (in isolation) word-final clusters (p. 384). Therefore, the speaker pronounces the wrong pronunciation because consonant cluster in final position does not exist in Korean phonology. ii. Substitution /θ/ to [s]

The next sound substitution occurs in the sound /θ/. The mispronunciation of this sound is common because Korean phonology does not have this sound. In

CNBLUE’s songs, this case occurs in the songs “Now or Never” and “Teardrops in The Rain”. It can be seen in the table below.

Table 10. Substitution of Sound /θ/ to [s] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Now or Never thing /ˈθɪŋ/ [ˈsɪŋ] Teardrops in The Rain everything /ˈevriθɪŋ/ [ˈevrisɪŋ]

In the song “Now or Never”, the word thing is mispronounced as [ˈsɪŋ] instead of [ˈθɪŋ]. The sound /θ/ becomes [s] in producing /ˈθɪŋ/. Then, the word everything should be pronounced as /ˈevriθɪŋ/ but the singer pronounces it as

[ˈevrisɪŋ] in the song “Teardrops in The Rain”.

Sounds /θ/ and [s] have phonological features as below.

−alveolar [θ] [+fricative] −voiced +alveolar [s] [+fricative] −voiced

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According to the place of articulation, the sound /θ/ is dental which is articulated by inserting the tongue tip between the teeth. However, for some speakers the tongue merely touches behind the teeth, making a sound more correctly called dental (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 266). Meanwhile, /s/ is alveolar according to the place of articulation. However, the both sounds are fricatives and voiceless.

It is shown in the table that /θ/ is followed by /ɪ/ when it is substituted by

[s]. Vowel /ɪ/ is naturally categorized as [-consonantal]. Vowel /ɪ/ has some features which are [+high, +front, -tense, -round]. The patern can be concluded into notation as below.

−consonantal +high

[θ]  [s] / _____ +front −tense [ −round ] iii. Substitution /z/ to [ʃ]

Another substitution happens in the pronunciation of the sound /z/. In this substitution, consonant /z/ is changed into consonant [ʃ]. In order to analyze the differences of the sounds, the phonological features are used to do it easier. The features of consonant /z/ as listed below.

+alveolar [z][+fricative] +voiced

Moreover, the consonant [ʃ] has features below.

−alveolar [ʃ] [+fricative] −voiced

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According to the place of articulation, consonant /z/ is alveolar while consonant [ʃ] is palatal which is produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up towards the hard palate (McMahon, 2002, p. 33). Both sounds are fricatives according to the manner of articulation. Moreover, consonant /z/ is voiced while consonant [ʃ] is voiceless. Below is the substitution of consonants /z/ to [ʃ] in the song.

Table 11. Substitution of Sound /z/ to [ʃ] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Teardrops in The Rain freeze /ˈfriːz/ [ˈfriːʃ]

From the table above, substitution of sound /z/ to [ʃ] occurs in the song

“Teardrops in The Rain” in the word frreze. Based on the dictionary, freeze is pronounced as /ˈfriːz/. However, it is pronounced as [ˈfriːʃ] in the song.

Moreover, the table shows that the consonant /z/ is preceded by a vowel.

The vowel is /iː/ which its features are [-consonantal, +high, +front, +tense, - round]. This substitution happens when the sound /z/ is in the final position.

Moreover, the notation of the pattern for this case can be written as below.

−consonantal +high

[z]  [ʃ] / +front _____ +tense [ −round ] iv. Substitution /tʃ/ to [ʃ]

Another uncommon change of consonant sound occurs in the song

“Teardrops in The Rain”. This is uncommon because /ʧ/ is available in Korean

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phonology. The sound /ʧ/ which is in the coda position for the pronunciation of which is substituted with sound [ʃ]. Below are the features of sound /ʧ/.

+palatal [ʧ] [−fricative] −voiced

Meanwhile, below are the features of sound [ʃ].

+palatal [ʃ] [+fricative] −voiced

From the features above, both /ʧ/ and [ʃ] are [+palatal] and [-voiced].

These sounds are different in the manner of articulation which /ʧ/ is an affricate consonant while [ʃ] is a fricative consonant. According to McMahon (2002), fricatives are produced when the active and passive articulators are brought close together, but not near enough to totally block the oral cavity (p. 29). The air has to escape through a narrow gap. Meanwhile, affricates are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 242). These sounds are articulated by combining a short airstream stopping with an obstruction which cause friction. Moreover, below can be seen the change in the mispronunciation.

Table 12. Substitution of Sound /tʃ/ to [ʃ] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Teardrops in The Rain which /ˈwɪʧ/ [ˈwɪʃ]

From the table above, the substitution of sound /tʃ/ to [ʃ] happens in the word which in the song “Teardrops in The rain”. The word which has

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pronounciation as /ˈwɪʧ/ but CNBLUE’s member pronounces it as [ˈwɪʃ]. The sound /tʃ/ is mispronounced as [ʃ] in the producing /ˈwɪʧ/.

In addition, it can be seen from the table that the sound /ʧ/ is in the final position. The consonant /ʧ/ is preceded by vowel /ɪ/ which has features [- consonantal, +high, + front, -tense, -round]. In the notation, the pattern can be as below.

−consonantal +high

[tʃ]  [ʃ] / +front _____ −tense [ −round ]

c. Substitution of Consonant Cluster

Consonant cluster occurs when more than one consonant are combined together whether on the beginning or final position. Consonants cluster in English can be a combination of two or three consonant like in the words brother and sprout. However, consonant in Korean phonology is very limited. The limitation of consonant cluster causes the mispronunciation when CNBLUE needs to pronounce it in their English songs. There are two combinations of consonant cluster that are mispronounced in CNBLUE's English song which are consonant clusters /ts/ and /ks/. These mispronounciations are discussed in the following parts. i. Substitution /ts/ to [ʃ]

The first mispronunciation of consonant cluster occurs in the consonant cluster /ts/. CNBLUE failed to produce the consonant cluster of /ts/ in the song

“Teardrops in The Rain” and “Change”. It can be seen on the table below.

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Table 13. Substitution of Sound /ts/ to [ʃ] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Teardrops in The Rain heart’s /ˈhɑːrts/ [ˈhɑːrʃ] Change Waits /ˈweɪts/ [ˈweɪʃ]

From the table above, the word heart’s in the song “Teardrops in The

Rain” undergoes a mispronunciation which the consonant cluster /ts/ is mispronounced into [ʃ]. The word heart’s should be pronounced as [ˈhɑːrts] but

CNBLUE pronounces it as [ˈhɑːrʃ]. In addition, /ts/ is also mispronounced as [ʃ] in pronouncing the word waits which can be found in the song “Change”. The word waits is produced as [ˈweɪʃ] instead of [ˈweɪts].

Consonant cluster /ts/ is substituted into consonant [ʃ]. In order to know the differences between the sounds, phonological features are used to point out the differences. The features of consonant [ʃ] can be seen below.

+palatal [ʃ] [ −stop ] −voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sounds /t/ and /s/ are as listed below.

+palatal [t] [ +stop ] −voiced

+alveolar [s] [ −stop ] −voiced

From the listed features above, it can be seen that [ʃ], /t/, and /s/ are not voiced. The three sounds are voiceless. Moreover, both sounds /t/ and [ʃ] are palatal sounds according to the place of articulation. Then, [ʃ] and /s/ are fricatives while /t/ is a stop sound according to the manner of articulation.

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After knowing the phonological features, it is easier to find out the pattern of mispronunciation. From the words at the previous table, the consonant cluster occurs in the final position. There is a vowel, [-consonantal], placed before the consonant cluster. In the two English words, the substitution occurs when the sound /s/ follows another consonant. It can be seen that /t/ comes before /s/. The notation of this mispronunciation is as follow.

+stop [+consonantal][s]  [ʃ] / [−consonantal] [ ] [s] −voiced ii. Substitution /ks/ to [ʃ]

The next substitution occurs in the consonant cluster /k/ and /s/. It happens because Korean is quite poor in the number of consonant clusters that it allows in comparison with English (Tranter, 2000, p. 384). In this substitution, the consonant clusters are changed into a single sound [ʃ]. Moreover, below are the features of consonant [ʃ].

+palatal [ʃ] [ −stop ] −voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sounds /k/, and /s/ are as listed below.

−palatal [k] [ +stop ] −voiced +alveolar [s] [ −stop ] −voiced

From the features listed above, the same feature of the three sounds is only that these sounds are voiceless. Consonant [ʃ] is a palatal sound while /k/ is a velar sound and /s/ is an alveolar sound. According to the manner of articulation, [ʃ] and

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/s/ are fricatives while /k/ is a stop sound. Then, below are words that the consonant clusters are changed into [ʃ].

Table 14. Substitution of Sound /ks/ to [ʃ] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Just Please fix /ˈfɪks/ [ˈfɪʃ]

It can be seen in the table above that the consonant cluster occurs in the final position. The consonant cluster is preceded by a vowel which is naturally categorized as [-consonantal]. The substitution occurs when sound /s/ becomes the second sound of the consonant cluster. The sound /s/ is preceded by another consonant. In this case, sound /s/ follows consonant /k/. The notation is written below.

+stop [+consonantal][s]  [ʃ] / [−consonantal] [ ] [s] −voiced

d. Substitution of Vowel Sounds

Not only consonant sounds but also vowel sounds undergo a substitution.

Because of the different phonological system, some of English vowel sounds do not exist in Korean phonology. It causes mispronunciation when Koreans try to pronounce English words. In this part, CNBLUE’s mispronunciations of vowel sounds are discussed. There are four types of substitution which can be seen as follow.

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i. Substitution /ʌ/ to [ɑ:]

The next substitution occurs in the vowel /ʌ/. The vowel /ʌ/ is substituted with the vowel /ɑ:/ in the songs. This substitution happens in four words in four different songs. Below can be seen the features of the vowel /ʌ/.

– high [ʌ] [ +back ] −tense −round

Meanwhile, the vowel [ɑ:] has features as below.

−high [ɑ:] [ +back ] −tense +round

From the features listed above, both vowels are [-high, +back, -tense].

Specifically, vowel /ʌ/ is a back mid lax vowel while vowel [ɑ:] is a back low lax vowel. In addition, vowel /ʌ/ is unrounded while vowel [ɑ:] is rounded. Below is the list of the substitution.

Table 15. Substitution of Sound /ʌ/ to [ɑ:] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Now or Never one /ˈwʌn/ [ˈwɑ:n] Let’s Go Crazy up /ˈʌp/ [ˈɑ:p] Just Please sudden /ˈsʌdn/ [ˈsɑ:dn] Where You Are running /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ [ˈrɑ:nɪŋ]

The table above shows that this substitution occurs more than one. It shows that this substitution is repeated. The vowel /ʌ/ is changed to vowel [ɑ:] when the vowel /ʌ/ is in the initial position like in the word up and in the medial position like in the words one, sudden, and running. The vowel /ʌ/ is followed by

[+consonantal] which are /n/, /p/ and /d/. The consonant /n/ is [+alveolar]. +nasal

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+bilabial +alveolar Meanwhile, consonant /p/ is [ +stop ] and consonant /d/ is [ +stop ]. The −voiced +voiced notations can be written as below.

[ʌ]  [ɑ:] / _____[+alveolar] +nasal

+bilabial [ʌ]  [ɑ:] / _____[ +stop ] −voiced +alveolar [ʌ]  [ɑ:] / _____[ +stop ] +voiced

ii. Substitution /e/ to [eɪ]

The next vowel substitution is in the articulation of vowel /e/. The vowel

−high /e/ is substituted with dipthong [eɪ]. The features of vowel /e/ are [ +front ] . +tense −round

Below is the list of the words undergo vowel substitution.

Table 16. Substitution of Sound e/ to /eɪ/ Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Let’s Go Crazy flesh /ˈfleʃ/ [ˈfleɪʃ] bed /ˈbed/ [ˈbeɪd] Love Revolution head /ˈhed/ [ˈheɪd]

From the table above, there are three words that have vowel /e/ substitution. All words only have one syllable. The vowel /e/ is in the medial position between consonants. The vowel /e/ is followed by /ʃ/ in the word flesh while consonant /d/ follows the vowel /e/ in the words bed and head. Consonant

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+palatal +alveolar /ʃ/ has features as [+fricative], and consonant /d/ has features as [ +stop ]. −voiced +voiced

The notations can be seen below.

+palatal [e]  [eɪ] / _____[+fricative] −voiced

+alveolar [e]  [eɪ] / _____[ +stop ] +voiced

iii. Substitution /ɑ/ to [ɜː]

The next sound change occurs in the vowel /ɑ/. Vowel /ɑ/ is substituted as

vowel [ɜː] in the same word in three different songs. The vowel /ɑ/ has features as

listed below.

−high [ɑ] [ −front ] −tense −round

Meanwhile, the features of vowel [ɜː] are below.

−high [ɜː] [ −front ] −tense −round

From the list above, both sounds are unrounded and lax vowels. Vowel /ɑ/

is a back low vowel. Meanwhile, the vowel [ɜː] is a central mid vowel. Below is

the occurence of the substitution.

Table 17. Substitution of Sound /ɑ/ to [ɜː] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Love Revolution Just Please heart /ˈhɑrt/ [ˈhɜːrt] Crying Out

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The table shows that the substitution of vowel /ɑ/ to [ɜː] occurs in the word heart in three different songs. This mispronunciation is repeated. This substitution may occur because the speaker mispronounced word heart as hurt. These two words are a minimal pair which only have a different sound. These two words have the same composition for the consonants which has sounds /h/, /r/ and /t/.

The notation of this pattern can be seen below.

[ɑ]  [ɜː] / [h] _____ [r] [t] iv. Substitution /æ/ to [eɪ]

The last sound substitution is substituted the sound /æ/. The vowel /æ/ is

−high changed into dipthong [eɪ]. The vowel /æ/ has features as [ +front ]. The vowel −tense −round

/æ/ is a front low lax unrounded vowel. Below is the occurence of this substitution.

Table 18. Substitution of Sound /æ/ to [eɪ] Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Just Please relax /rɪˈlæks/ [rɪˈleɪks]

There is only one substitution of /æ/ to [eɪ] which can be seen in the table above. This substitution occurs when the vowel /æ/ is placed between consonants.

The notation is written below.

+alveolar +velar [æ]  [eɪ] / [ +lateral ] _____ [ +stop ] +approximant −voiced

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2. Sound Deletion

The second phonological process that occurs in the mispronunciation is sound deletion. This process happens by deleting a certain sound. It creates a new pronunciation, and it changes the intended pronunciation. Sound deletion occurs only in two words of mispronunciations in the songs. Moreover, the deleted sounds can be seen as follow. a. Deletion of sound /z/

The first sound deletion occurs in the song “Teardrops in The Rain”. As what have been discussed before, consonant cluster in Korean phonology is limited. Korean people find it difficult when they have to pronounce consonant cluster in initial position and coda position. The example is in the table below.

Table 19. Deletion of Sound /z/ Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Teardrops in The Rain feels /ˈfiːlz/ [ˈfiːl]

The consonant /z/ which follows sound /l/ is deleted in this word. It shows that Korean people choose to delete the last sound in the consonant cluster to pronounce the word easier. The last sound in the consonant cluster is deleted when the consonant cluster occurs in the final position as in the word feels. The notation can be seen below.

[z]  ø / [+consonantal] _____

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b. Deletion of sound /b/

The last sound deletion occurs in the song “Crying Out”. The consonant

/b/ is deleted when it occurs in the initial position. It can be seen in the table below.

Table 20. Deletion of Sound /b/ Intended CNBLUE’s Song Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Crying Out blast /ˈblæst/ [ˈræst]

The table shows that the sound deletion occurs again in consonant cluster.

The consonant cluster happens in the initial position for this time. The word blast which has sound /b/ is pronounced into another pronunciation without /b/. The sound /b/ is the first sound in the consonant cluster. It can be seen that the first sound of consonant cluster will be deleted if the consonant cluster occurs in the initial position. The notation of the pattern can be seen below.

[b]  ø / _____ [+consonantal]

B. Phonological Factors Causing The Mispronunciation

The mispronunciation occurs in CNBLUE’s English songs are caused by the phonological background of the speakers. CNBLUE’s members are all Korean native speakers who use English as a foreign language. The mispronunciation occurs because English and Korean have different phonological system.

CNBLUE’s members find it difficult to pronounce sounds that do not exist in

Korean phonology. Below is the discussion how the mispronunciation can occur by comparing English and Korean phonology.

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1. The Same Alphabet Representation of Sounds /l/ and /r/

English liquid sounds consist of two sounds which are /l/ and /r/. These sounds are as can be seen in the intial sounds of the words light and right.

According to the manner of articulation, both sounds are voiced. The sound /l/ is produced by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge (Yule, 2010, p.46).

While, the sound /r/ is formed by raising the tip tounge and curling the tip back to the near of the alveolar ridge.

In the previous part, the mispronunciation of liquid sounds takes the major number of the mispronunciation occuring in CNBLUE’s songs. The factor causing the mispronunciation is because /l/ and /r/ in Korean have the same alphabet representation which is ㄹ. This alphabet has different pronounciation depending on the position. According to Tranter (2000), /l/ and /r/ are distinguished in Korean only intervocalically, whereas English distinguishes them word-initially as well (p. 398).The alphabet ㄹ will always have the same pronunciation if it is in the initial position. However, it can have different pronounciation if it is placed between vowels.

In Korean, when ㄹ is between vowels, it is produced by the tip andlor blade of the tongue flaps quickly against the dental ridge (Choo & O’Grady, 2003, p. 54). This sound is similar with /r/ in Spanish but it is quite different with /r/ in

English. This can be found in the word 바람 [bɑrɑm] (wind). This flap /r/ also

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happens when it occurs in the beginning position such as in the word 리을 [riɯl]

(the name of the letter ㄹ).

In contrast, ㄹ is pronounced different when it comes before a consonant like in the word 질문 [jilmun] (question). The same pronunciation also occurs whenㄹis in the final position like in the word 달 [dɑl] (moon). It is pronounced with the tongue touching against the dental ridge just behind the teeth (Choo &

O’Grady, 2003, p. 54). This sound is more like 'clear l' in the words light and left which is in the initial position.

In addition, ㄹ is pronounced as /l/ when two ㄹ come together like in the word 달라 [dɑllɑ] (different). It will also pronounced as /l/ when it occurs in the initial position of borrowed English words. It can be seen in the words 레몬

[lɛmon] (lemon) and 라임 [lɑim] (lime). It is mostly pronounced as /l/ although some speakers may use the flapped /r/ here (Choo & O’Grady, 2003, p. 54).

2. The Abscence of Almost All English Fricatives

English fricatives are classified into four classifications based on the place of articulation. They are alveolar fricatives, labiodental fricatives, dental fricatives, and palatal fricatives. The fricative sounds are [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ].

These sounds are produced by escaping the airstream through a narrow opening.

In contrast, Korean fricative sounds only have alveolar fricative sounds. It only has two sounds which are /s/ and /s’/. The only sound that is the same with

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English sound is the fricative sound /s/. This is the reason why Korean tends to make mistake in producing English fricatives. Due to the absence of fricatives such as /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, many errors are made with these sounds (Cho &

Park, 2006, p. 238).

The error which occurs in the mispronunciation is usually done by changing the fricative sounds with corresponding sounds. Korean has correspondences to change the unavailable sounds. The corresponding sounds are discussed below. a. Correspondence of English Sounds /f/, /s/, /θ/, and /ʃ/

The voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/ in English correspond to /pʰ/, /s, s *

/, /s, s * /, /s + j, s * + j/ respectively in Korean (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, p. 221).

Sound /f/ is changed into /ph/ regardless the position. For example, the word fast food or 패스트 푸드 in Korean is pronounced as [phɛsɯtɯ phudɯ]. Then, sound

/s/ is pronounced different depending on its position. It is pronounced as /s/ when it is in word-initial cluster while it is pronounced as /s*/ when it comes after a vowel. For example, The word ski or 스키 is pronounced as [sɯki] while the word dance or 댄스 is pronounced as [daens*ɯ].

In addition, /θ/ is usually changed into /s/ or /s*/ in Korean but /θ/ is pronounced /tʰ/ when it is spelled with ㅌ in certain circumstances. For example,

/θ/ is spelled as ㅅ in the word birthday or 버스데이 in Korea and it is pronounced as [bos*ɯdei]. Then, the sound /ʃ/ is usually pronounced /s, s*/ plus a

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diphthong such as /jɑ/, /jo/, /jʌ/ or /ju/ in Korean. For example is in the pronunciation of the word shot. In Korean, it is spelled as 샷 and it is pronounced as [sjɑt]. b. Correspondence of English Sounds /v/, /z/, /ʒ/ and /ð/

The voiced fricatives /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, and /ð/ in English correspond to /p/,

/ʨ/,/ʨ/, /t/ in Korean respectively (Shin, Kiaer, & Cha, 2013, p. 222). The sound

/v/ corresponds to /p/ in Korean. It occurs in the word video which is spelled as

비디오 and it is pronounced as [pidio]. Then, the sounds /z/ and /ʒ/ correspond to

/ʨ/. It can be seen in the pronunciation of 페이지 or page which is pronounced as

[pɛiʨi]. Lastly, /ð/ corresponds to /t/ in Korean. For example is in the word algorithm which is spelled as 알고리듬. In Korean, it is pronounced as

[ɑlgoritɯm].

3. Limitation of Consonant Cluster

Consonant cluster is the combination of more than one consonant occurring on the onset or coda position. In English, it is usual to have a consonant cluster (CC) as in the words blue and dust. Moreover, a consonant cluster consisting three consonants can occur on the initial position in English. It can be seen in the words strike and spring. However, there is a rule for this consonant cluster. According to Yule (2010), The first consonant must always be /s/, followed by one of the voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) and a liquid or glide (/l/, /r/,

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/w/) (p. 46). This combination is also shown in the words string, street, sprint, and scramble.

In contrast with English, Korean only permits one consonant in the initial position. Korean allows a maximum of one consonant in the onset position, while

English permits up to three consonants (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 239). In coda position, Korean allows a consonant while it can have two consonants in some combinations.

There are other factors that make Koreans hard to pronounce English words. The first reason is that fricative is not allowed in coda position. According to Cho & Park (2006), what is phonemically a fricative or an affricate in a coda position becomes a stop via a phonological process (p. 239). In contrast, it is different with English that permits fricative sounds occur in final position like in the words have and trash.

The next reason is that Korean does not have a combination of /j/ or /w/ which is followed by a vowel. In English, this combination occurs in the words yard and wave. Korean won’t pronounce the sounds /j/ and /w/ in this combination. It causes a problem for Korean to distinguish the words what and yacht.

4. Short Vowels Conversion

Vowel conversion occurs because some vowels in English do not exist in

Korean phonetics. It is done when Korean adopts words directed from other languages. In this case, the loan words are from English words. The pronunciation of loan-words is usually adopted on the basis of their British English

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pronunciation (RP) (Tranter , p. 392). It is mostly applied on their pronunciation of short vowels. Firstly, English /I/ corresponds to Korean /i/ which can be seen in the pronunciation of the word chicken into [chikhin]. The next is that English /u/ corresponds to Korean /u:/ like in the pronunciation of the word cookie into

[khukhi]. Finally, English /ʌ/ is copied as Korean /eo/ or English /ɑ:/. It is also shown in the mispronunciation by CNBLUE. It occurs in the word one which in the song is pronounced as [wɑ:n].

5. The Existence of Minimal Pair

The next phonological factor is the existence of minimal pair. Minimal pair is two words with different meanings that are identical except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in each word (Fromkin et al., 2010, p. 268).

It can be seen in the mispronunciation of the word heart. This mispronunciation occurs several times in different songs of CNBLUE’s English songs. The word heart [hɑrt] is mispronounced into its minimal pair which is the word hurt [hɜːrt].

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The previous parts have discussed the mispronunciation, the processes of mispronunciation, and the factors of mispronunciation occuring in CNBLUE's

English songs. There are 10 songs taken for the data, and it has been analyzed for this study. From the data, there are 32 English words which undergo mispronunciation. The mispronunciation is produced by substituting or deleting the English sounds. The consonants /r/, /l/, /f/, /θ/, /z/, /tʃ/ and vowels /ʌ/, /e/, /ɑ/,

/æ/ undergo the substitution. Moreover, the consonant clusters /ts/ and /ks/ also undergo substitution. In addition, the consonants /z/ and /b/ undergo deletion.

Firstly, substitution of a consonant and a vowel occur because English and

Korea have different phonological system. In Korea, liquid sounds have the same alphabet representation which confuses the speaker to differentiate the English sounds /r/ and /l/. Moreover, many English fricative sounds which are not available in Korean. It makes the Korean speakers substitute the sound into the closest sound which available in their language. According to the data, the substitutions of fricative sounds are /f/ to /s/, /θ/ to /s/, /z/ to /ʃ/, and /tʃ/ to /ʃ/.

Secondly, most of Korean words do not have consonant cluster. Korean only allow a consonant in initial position while it is very limited in final position.

According to the data, consonants clusters /ts/ and /ks/ are changed into sound /ʃ/ in the songs. In addition, the sound deletion also occurs because of the existence of consonant cluster in the words feels and blast. The deletion of the sound /z/ in

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the consonant clusters /lz/ and sound /b/ in the consonant /bl/ turn the consonant clusters into a single consonant.

Thirdly, the vowel sounds substitution occurs in the pronunciation of vowels /ʌ/ and /ɑ/. The sound /ʌ/ is substituted into vowel /ɑ:/ because they follow the British English pronunciation. On the other hand, the sound /ɑ/ is changed into

/ɜː/ because the speaker is mistaken the word into its minimal pair.

In conclusion, there are five phonological factors which affect the mispronunciation of English sounds in CNBLUE’s English songs. The factors are the same alphabet representation of sounds /l/ and /r/, the abscence of almost all

English fricatives, limitation of consonant cluster, short vowel conversion and the existence of minimal pair.

This recent study will give contribution in the phonological analysis of

English and Korean phonology. It is suggested to develop this study in the future since there will be more English songs released by Korean singers. Korean pop will be more well-known day by day and they will have more global listeners. It is possible to have another research on the mispronunciation of English sounds by

Korean speakers in the future.

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REFERENCES

Annisa. (2012, April 11). How Far the Popularity of CNBLUE? Retrieved from https://channel-korea.com/the-popularity-of-cnblue/

Cho, J. & Park, H. (2006). A Comparative Analysis of Korean-English Phonological Structures and Processes for Pronunciation Pedagogy in Interpretation Training. Meta, 51 (2), 229–246. doi:10.7202/013253ar

Choo, M., & O'Grady, W. (2003). The Sounds of Korean: A Pronunciation Guide. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

Crystal, David. (2003). English as a Global Language (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cuddon, J. A. (2013). A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

Deedeegii. (2014, December 08). CNBLUE Awarded 'Asia Best Group' at the 2015 iQiyi Night Awards Ceremony. Retrieved from https://www.soompi.com/article/676655wpp/cnblue-awarded-asia-best- group-at-the-2015-iqiyi-night-awards-ceremony

Denham, K. E., & Lobeck, A. C. (2013). Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. (2010). An Introduction to Language (9th Edition). Boston: Wadsworth Publishing.

Gilakjani, A. P. (2016). English Pronunciation Instruction: A Literature Review. JREE, 1 (1), 1-6. Retrieved from http://ijreeonline.com/article-1-21-en.pdf

Hermastuti, Sendy Intania. (2017). Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers (Undergraduate Thesis). Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta.

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McMahon, April M. S. (2001). An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

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Ogden, Richard. (2009). An Introduction to English Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

O’Grady, William & John Archibald. (2015). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction (Eighth Edition). Toronto: Pearson Longman.

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Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2013). The Sounds of Korean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Verma, Shalini. (2015). Technical Communication for Engineers. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing.

Wahyuni, Aprilia Kristiana Tri. (2011). Phonological Analysis on Labiodental Fricatives Produced by South Korean Singers in Live-Performance Music Video (Undergraduate Thesis). Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta.

Yule, George. (2010). The Study of Language (Fourth Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Now or Never”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation My self confidence was self [self] [sels] out of sight If you heading for the right direction right [raɪt] [laɪt] Gonna rise up to the right occasion If you heading for the direction [dəˈrekʃən] [dəˈlekʃən] right direction If you're ready, you can ready [ˈredi] [ˈledi] do it too Gonna rise up to the right rise [raɪz] [laɪz] occasion Not a thing I could deny thing [θɪŋ] [sɪŋ] for you Gonna rise up to this one one [wʌn] [wɑ:n] occasion

Appendix 2: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Let’s Go Crazy”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation I can feel the hit in my flesh [fleʃ] [fleɪʃ] flesh and bone I will if you up till you up [ʌp] [ɑ:p] touch the sky

Appendix 3: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Love Revolution”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation But certain thing in my heart

Precious thing in my heart [hɑrt] [hɜːrt] heart

My love is shining in my

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heart Rolling down to my bed bed [bed] [beɪd] Gather and through my head [hed] [heɪd] head

Appendix 4: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Just Please”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Just please know why my heart [hɑrt] [hɜːrt] heart is beating for you Just fix what is inside my fix [fɪks] [fɪʃ] shadowed mind I woke up with the sudden [ˈsʌdn] [ˈsɑ:dn] sudden notion Can someone relax my relax [rɪˈlæks] [rɪˈleɪks] mind, my mind

Appendix 5: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Where You Are”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation My time is running out. running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] [ˈrɑ:nɪŋ] Somewhere, Lady luck somewhere [ˈsʌmwer] [ˈsʌmwel] will smile at me. I wanna fly to the sky wherever [werˈevər] [welˈevər] whenever, oh wherever.

Appendix 6: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Teardrops in The

Rain”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Tear-drops in the rain

rain [reɪn] [leɪn] I she'd tear-drops in the rain I don't know which way which [wɪʧ] [wɪʃ] to choose Even if my heart's still heart’s [hɑːrts] [hɑːrʃ] beating just for you

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How come I still freeze? freeze [friːz] [friːʃ] No one ever sees, no one feels [fiːlz] [fiːl] feels the pain I wish you're flying back flying [ˈflaɪɪŋ] [ˈfraɪɪŋ] to me again And everything's the same like it used to be, everything [ˈevriθɪŋ] [ˈevrisɪŋ] oh no

Appendix 7: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Have A Good

Night”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation I'm ready to start. ready [ˈredi] [ˈledi]

Appendix 8: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Change”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Everyone waits for me Waits [weɪts] [weɪʃ] now

Appendix 9: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “Crying Out”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Just an empty heart. heart [hɑrt] [hɜːrt] What's gone wrong? wrong [rɒːŋ] [lɒːŋ] Still I stand here alone. here [hɪr] [hɪl] Like a blast of wind blast [blæst] [ræst]

Appendix 10: Mispronounced English Sounds in the Song “I Can’t Believe”

Intended CNBLUE’s Lyrics Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Make me a romantic romantic [roʊˈmæntɪk] [loʊˈmæntɪk] guy.