Mispronunciation of English Sounds by Korean Speakers
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MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS BY KOREAN SINGERS IN BUZZFEED INTERVIEWS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By AULIA NUR HALIMAH Student Number: 154214100
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS BY KOREAN SINGERS IN BUZZFEED INTERVIEWS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By AULIA NUR HALIMAH Student Number: 154214100
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS BY KOREAN SINGERS IN BUZZFEED INTERVIEWS
By AULIA NUR HALIMAH Student Number: 154214100
Approved by
Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. April 15, 2019 Advisor
Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. April 15, 2019 Co-Advisor
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS BY KOREAN SINGERS IN BUZZFEED INTERVIEWS
By AULIA NUR HALIMAH Student Number: 154214100
Defended before the Board of Examiners On May 6, 2019 And Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
NAME SIGNATURE
Chairperson : Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______Secretary : Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______Member 1 : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. ______Member 2 : Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______Member 3 : Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______
Yogyakarta, May 31, 2019 Faculty of Letters Universitas Sanata Dharma Dean
Dr. Tatang Iskarna
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any universities, and that, to my best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person expect where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
April 14, 2019
Aulia Nur Halimah
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Aulia Nur Halimah Nomor Mahasiswa : 154214100
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
MISPRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS BY KOREAN SINGERS IN BUZZFEED INTERVIEWS besereta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribuikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai penulis
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta, Pada tanggal 14 April 2019
Yang menyatakan,
Aulia Nur Halimah
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would express my greatest gratitude to Allah S.W.T. for all of the blessings, hope, and mercy bestowed upon me. Thank You for Your guidance, knowledge, and strength given to me through all the challenge I have been through in these past four years and I can finally finish my undergraduate thesis.
Next, I would like to extend my gratitude to my thesis advisor Arina
Isti‟anah, S.Pd, M. Hum., and my thesis co-advisor, Scolastica Wedhowerti,
S.Pd., M.Hum., for their guidance and patience in helping me to complete my undergraduate thesis from the start to the end. Thanks to them for all of their advices and suggestions on my thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude towards all the lecturers in English Letters Department for all knowledge given to me and other students in these four years.
I would like to give my everlasting gratitude to my beloved parents for encouragement and unconditional love for me. Thanks to them for all of their motivation and prayer to me to graduate soon. Thanks to my older sister in helping me in writing this undergraduate thesis.
Last but not least, I send my never-ending gratitude to all my friends for all the support, advice, encouragement, and motivation you have given to me throughout these four years journey in university.
Aulia Nur Halimah
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH . vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii LIST OF TABLES ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xi ABSTRAK ...... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 8 1. Phonetics and Phonology ...... 8 2. English Sounds ...... 9 3. Korean Sounds ...... 15 4. Phonological Processes ...... 20 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 25
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 27 A. Object of the Study ...... 27 B. Approach of the Study ...... 28 C. Method of the Study ...... 28
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 31 A. Mispronounced English Sounds in Buzzfeed Interviews by Korean Singers ...... 31 1. Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” ...... 31 2. Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would You Rather”. 33 3. Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes Childhood Candy While Answering Fans Questions”...... 34 4. Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” ...... 35 B. Phonological Processes of the Mispronounced English Sounds ...... 36 1. Consonant Deletion ...... 37 2. Consonant Substitution ...... 38
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3. Vowel Insertion ...... 49 4. Vowel Deletion ...... 53 5. Vowel Substitution ...... 54 5. Aspiration ...... 58
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 60
REFERENCES ...... 63 APPENDICES ...... 65 Appendix 1: Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” ...... 65 Appendix 2: Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would You Rather” ...... 65 Appendix 3: Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes Childhood Candy While Answering Fans Questions” ...... 66 Appendix 4: Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” ...... 66
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1. Table 1. The Pronunciation of Korean singers No.1 29 30 2. Table 2. Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With 31 Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” 32 3. Table 3. Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would 32 You Rather” 33 4. Table 4. Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes 33 Childhood Candy While Answering Fans Questions” 34 5. Table 5. Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With 34 Puppies While Answering Fan Questions” 35 6. Table 6. Phonological Process of /d/-deletion 36 37 7. Table 7. Consonant Substitution of [l] → [r] 38 39 8. Table 8. Consonant Substitution of [l] → [r] 38 39 9. Table 9. Consonant Substitution of [f] → [p] 40 40 10 Table 10. Consonant Substitution of [z] → [ʤ] 41 42 11. Table 11. Consonant Substitution of [ʧ] → [ʃ] 42 43 12. Table 12. Consonant Substitution of [d] → [ʤ] 43 44 13. Table 13. Consonant Substitution of [t] → [ʃ] 44 45 14. Table 14. Consonant Substitution of [t] → [d] 45 46 15. Table 15. Consonant Substitution of [v] → [b] 46 47 16. Table 16.Consonant Substitution of [v] → [b] 47 48 17. Table 17.Consonant Substitution of [ð] → [t] 48 49 18. Table 18. Vowel Insertion /ə/ 49 50 19. Table 19. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion 49 50 20. Table 20. Vowel Insertion /ə/ 50 51 21. Table 21. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion 50 51 22. Table 22. Vowel Insertion /ə/ 50 51 23. Table 23. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion 51 52 24. Table 24. Vowel Insertion [ɪ] 51 52 25. Table 25. Phonological Process of /ɪ/-insertion 52 53 26. Table 26. Vowel Substitution of [ə] → ø 52 53 27. Table 27. Phonological Process of /ə/-deletion 53 54 28. Table 28. Vowel Substitution of [ʌ] → [o] 54 55 29. Table 29. Vowel Substitution of [e] → [æ] 55 56 30. Table 30. Vowel Substitution of [ɒ] → [ʌ] 56 57 31. Table 31. Vowel Substitution of [ʌ] → [ɔ] 57 58 32. Table 32. Aspiration 58 59 33. Table 33. Phonological Process of Aspiration 58 59
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ABSTRACT
HALIMAH, AULIA NUR. (2019). Mispronunciation of English Sounds by Korean Singers in Buzzfeed Interviews. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
English has been learned and used by millions of people as a communication tool. Many of them try to achieve a native-like or a near-native like pronunciation when speaking a foreign language. Koreans are examples of them. Nowadays, Korean culture has become very popular among some people in the world. Their music culture, specifically K-pop, is one of the aspects that make people gain interests on Korean cultures. In order to communicate with the international audiences, Korean artists are required to speak English as English is the global lingua franca. In this study, there are two objectives discussed. The first objective is to identify the English sounds which are pronounced incorrectly by Korean singers. The second objective is to find the phonological processes in Korean singers‟ pronunciation. For this study, purposeful sampling strategy was used in collecting the data, meaning that the researcher only used the English words which pronounced incorrectly by the speakers as the data. The researcher used four interview videos from Buzzfeed as the data. For the analysis, the researcher applied phonological approach in order to analyze the mispronunciation of the Korean singers. As the result, there were 33 words out of 1,404 words that contain mispronounced English sounds, and there were also eight consonants and seven vowels that undergo changes when Korean singers speaking in English. The phonological processes found in this study are the consonant and vowel deletion, the epenthesis process, the substitution of fricative consonants, process of changing [l] and [r], and the aspiration process.
Keywords: Phonology, Korean, English Sounds.
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ABSTRAK
HALIMAH, AULIA NUR. (2019). Mispronunciation of English Sounds by Korean Singers in Buzzfeed Interviews. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Bahasa Inggris sudah dipelajari dan digunakan oleh banyak orang sebagai sebuah alat komunikasi. Banyak dari mereka berusaha untuk dapat berbicara seperti penutur asli saat berbicara dalam bahasa asing. Warga negara Korea adalah salah satunya. Sekarang, Korea menjadi sangat populer diantara beberapa orang di dunia. Budaya musiknya, atau lebih khususnya K-pop, adalah salah satu faktor yang menarik perhatian banyak orang pada budaya Korea. Untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan khalayak internasional secara baik, artis-artis Korea harus berbicara dalam bahasa inggris, sebagaimana bahasa inggris adalah bahasa perantara berskala global. Dalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas. Masalah yang pertama adalah mengidentifikasi pengucapan bahasa Inggris yang salah oleh para penutur dari Korea. Masalah yang kedua adalah menemukan pola fonologis dalam pengucapan para penutur Korea. Untuk studi ini, teknik sampel digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data, yang berarti peneliti hanya menggunakan pengucapan bahasa Inggris yang diucapkan salah oleh para penutur sebagai data. Peneliti menggunakan 4 video wawancara dari Buzzfeed untuk mengumpulkan data. Untuk analisis, peneliti mengaplikasikan pendekatan fonologi untuk meneliti pengucapan para penutur Korea yang salah. Sebagai hasil penelitian, terdapat 33 kata dari 1,404 kata yang memuat pengucapan bahasa Inggris yang salah, dan terdapat 8 konsonan dan 7 vokal yang mengalami perubahan saat para penutur Korea berbicara dalam bahasa inggris. Proses fonologi yang ditemukan dalam studi ini adalah proses penghapusan konsonan dan vokal, proses epentesis, proses perubahan bunyi konsonan frikatif, proses pengubahan konsonan [l] dan [r], dan proses aspirasi.
Kata Kunci: Fonologi, Bahasa Korea, Bunyi Bahasa Inggris.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language plays a very important role in our society as our communication tool. There are many different languages spoken by people throughout the world.
English is one of the widely spoken languages worldwide and it has become the global lingua franca. Not only English is used as native language, it is also used as foreign language. English has been taught in school, starting from elementary.
Dendrios, as cited in Llurda, states that English as a foreign language “must endow students with the capacity to move freely from their L1 to the L2 and vice versa” (2004, p.317).
Millions of people have learned English for wider communication as
English is considered as the most useful language for world-wide communication
(Honna, 2005, p.73). Many people have invested some of their money in order to learn English to communicate easily with other people in other countries. One of them is South Koreans. Koreans consider learning English is a very important matter as they take education seriously. Cho states that by the end of middle school and high school, Korean students are expected to master 1500 words and
3000 words of vocabulary respectively, and on higher education, Korean students are required to be proficient in a certain level of English (2004, pp.31-32).
However, there is no royal road in learning language. When someone learns a
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foreign language, the first thing they want to achieve is to pronounce the language like a native or near-native accent.
When speaking with a foreign language, it is common to find someone speak with an accent of the native language in their way of pronouncing. Koreans are one of them. Koreans have different way in pronouncing English words. For example, when pronouncing the word „very‟, Korean singers pronounce it as /bɛri/ instead of /vɛri/, also when pronouncing the word „world‟, Korean pronounce it as
/worɛ:dəʊ/, instead of /wə:ld/.
In this globalization era, Korean Wave or Hallyu has become very popular among people in the world. This phenomenon is influenced by the media, such as television and internet, which allow the Korean Wave to spread continuously (Ko et al as cited in Won-Jun, 2015, p.348). One of the aspects from the Korean Wave that make them popular is their music culture. As the international audiences of the Korean pop or K-pop start to grow rapidly, Korean entertainers are required to speak English in order to communicate with international audiences.
Many international audiences have grown an interest to Korean pop that they have sent many questions to Korean entertainers as they are curious about
Korean entertainers‟ selves. Buzzfeed, as one of the news and entertainment digital company, provides some contents about Korean entertainers from their sites in order to answer their curiosity about them. Korean entertainers have to speak with
English in order to make the international audiences understand what they are saying.
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This thesis aims to analyze the pronunciation errors made by Korean singers. In order to analyze the mispronunciation, the researcher will use interview videos of Korean artists from Buzzfeed Celeb for the data of this thesis. The researcher chooses these videos for some reasons. In this era, any kind of entertainment has been converted into digital form for easier reach. YouTube videos are one of them.
The importance in conducting this research is to know the difference between Korean and English pronunciations. Korean is known as one of the countries which have difficulties in speaking English. Therefore, this present study analyzes the reason behind the difficulty of Koreans‟ English pronunciation from the processes of it. It also gives some knowledge in the problem of Koreans‟
English pronunciation.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study mentioned above, the researcher formulates the research questions as follows:
1. What sounds are mispronounced by Korean singers in Buzzfeed
interviews?
2. What phonological processes are observed in the mispronunciation?
C. Objectives of the Study
The researcher has two objectives in this study. The first one is to find out the English sounds that are pronounced incorrectly by the Korean singers in
Buzzfeed interviews. From the result of the first objective, the researcher identifies the incorrect pronunciation of Korean singers in Buzzfeed interviews by listing all
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the words and/or phrases uttered and compare the pronunciation with the English standard pronunciation based on Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. The second objective is to identify the processes that undergo in the pronunciation by Korean singers. From this objective, the researcher analyzes the mispronunciation of the
Korean singers to figure out the processes of changing sounds in Korean singers.
D. Definition of Terms
Mispronunciation is “the act of pronouncing a word or sound wrongly” or “a wrong sound used when saying a word, or the habit of pronouncing words or sounds the wrong way” (dictionary.cambridge.org, 2019).
According to Trask (1996, p.290), Phonological Process is “any phonological statement which is expressed in the form of a rule which applies to one representation and converts it into a different representation”.
The Korean Wave or Hallyu is a “cultural phenomenon in which people in the world are willing to adopt and consume Korean popular culture” (Jung as cited in Won-Jun, 2015, p.348). The Wave includes Korean dramas, music, film, and other Korean culture.
Buzzfeed is one of the independent digital media company which delivers news and entertainment (Buzzfeed.com). Its cross-platform network includes their site and mobile apps, YouTube, Facebook, Snapchat, and any other social media.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, there are three parts. The first part is review of the related studies which are already done previously by other researchers. The researcher is going to review four related studies which have the same objectives as this present study, two undergraduate theses and two journal articles. The second part is review of the related theories. The researcher reviews the theories which are used to analyze this present study. The last part is theoretical framework which explains how the related reviews and theories contributed in solving the problems of this present study.
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher reviews the related studies which are previously done by other researchers. There are four related studies reviewed by the researcher, which has the same objectives as this present study. There are two undergraduate theses and two journal articles.
The first related study is conducted by Hermastuti (2017). The writer discusses the consonant changes happen in the Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
Hermastuti aims to find the English consonants changing in English songs sung by Korean singers and identify the pattern of the mispronunciation found in the data. In conducting the study, Hermastuti applies phonological approach to help finding the phonological patterns in the sound change, and also error analysis to identify the consonant changes occurring in the Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
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Hermastuti gives code to the data based on the singers, K.S. which is an abbreviation of Korean Singer.
Hermastuti‟s study shares the same object as this present study, which is the pronunciation of Korean speaker, and the same approach, phonological approach. However, the difference is the objectives. Hermastuti investigates the consonant changes made by Korean singers, while this present study investigates the consonant and vowel change made by Korean singers.
The second related study is a final project conducted by Mustikareni
(2013). The writer discusses how the high school students mispronounced English diphthong during the debate. Mustikareni aims to describe the mispronounced diphthongs, how the students mispronounce the diphthongs, and how many of them correctly pronounce the diphthongs. In conducting the study, Mustikareni applies descriptive analysis in analyzing the data. The writer relates the data to
English phonetic theories while doing so. The writer also applies error analysis to identify the mispronounced diphthongs pronunciation. Mustikareni also identifies the factor affecting the participants in mispronouncing diphthongs.
The difference between Mustikareni‟s study and this present study lies on the object and the objectives. Mustikareni focuses on the diphthongs error pronunciation by high school students, while this present study focuses on the consonant and vowel error pronunciation by Korean singers. The similarity between Mustikareni‟s study and this present study lies on the topic, which is pronunciation error.
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In the journal Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders published in
2016, Jae-Hyun Kim, Elaine Ballard, & Clare McCann discuss the error on speech productions of Korean-English bilingual children. The writer aims to describe the type of speech errors from bilingual children‟s pronunciation. In conducting the study, Kim, Ballard and McCann identify the errors made by the Korean-English bilingual children. The writers also identify the common errors produced by the bilingual children and compare the errors to the common pronunciation errors which also made by Korean and English monolingual children. Kim et al also identify the factor influencing the pronunciation errors in bilingual children.
The difference between Kim et al‟s study and this present study lies on the object and the objectives. Kim et al identify the speech production error by bilingual children, while this study identifies the consonant and vowel errors by
Korean singers and describes its phonological patterns. The similarity between
Kim et al‟s study and this present study lies on the theory used, which is phonology.
In the journal article English Education Jounal published in 2014,
Syaputri discusses the pronunciation errors made by senior high school student in reading English texts aloud. The writer aims to identify the types of pronunciation error made by the high school students and the causes of the errors. In conducting the study, Syaputri separates the data analysis into two parts, the transcribing result of native English and the students. The writer identifies the type of the errors made by the high school students and the causes of the mispronunciation.
Syaputri also identifies how the students try to overcome their mispronunciation.
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Syaputri‟s study shares the same subject as this present study, which is pronunciation error. However, the difference is the object and the objectives.
Syaputri identifies the pronunciation errors made by senior high school students and the causes of their mispronunciation, while this present study describe the pronunciation error made by Korean singers and describe its phonological pattern.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the researcher presents the related theories which applied to this present study. Theories presented in this part are the theory of phonetics and phonology of English and Korean sounds.
1. Phonetics and Phonology
In linguistics, there two branches of study which deal about speech sounds, which is phonetic and phonology. Phonetics describes individual speech sounds and how each sounds different from others (Fromkin et al, 2011, p. 190).
In order to describe and analyze the range of speech sounds, phonetics identifies which speech organs and muscles involved in producing the different sounds
(McMahon, 2002, p. 1). In other words, phonetics deals with describing speech sounds in unit level, involving the speech organs producing each sound.
Phonology is the study of how speech sounds create patterns (Fromkin et al, 2011, pp. 226-227). Phonology explains how a person speaks a particular language is different from others (Hayes, 2009, p. 19). In other words, phonology deals with sound structures, causing each language is different to one another.
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2. English Sounds
English speech sounds have two different types of sound, which is consonants and vowels. English sounds have 24 consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds, including diphthongs. a. English Consonants
Consonant sounds are divided into two types: place of articulation and manner of articulation. i. Place of Articulation
Place of articulation is where the airflow restriction occurs by the movement of the tongue and lips, and reshaping the oral cavity in various way
(Fromkin et al, pp. 195-196). Place of articulation is classified into eight parts: bilabial, labiodental, interdentals/dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.
1) Bilabial
Bilabial are produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together.
English bilabial phonemes consist of [p], [b], and [m] as in pie, book, and mass.
Other than those sounds, there is one English phoneme fits as bilabial sound: the approximant [w] in wet. In producing this phoneme, the lips are approximated, but not enough to cause friction or obstruct the airflow; but the back of the tongue felt bunched up. This additional articulation takes place at the velum, thus [w] is a labial-velar sound.
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2) Labiodental
Labiodental are produced by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.
English labiodental phonemes consist of [f] and [v] as i n fat and vet.
3) Interdental
Interdental are produced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth. However, when the tongue of some speakers merely touches behind the teeth and making a correct sound, it will be identified as dental (Fromkin,
Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 196). English interdental/dental phonemes consist of
[θ] and [ð] as in thigh and them.
4) Alveolar
Alveolar are produced by raising the tongue to alveolar ridge in various ways (Fromkin et al, 2011, p. 197). Consonants [t], [d], and [n] as in tie, die, and night, are produced by tongue tip touches or slightly in front of the ridge.
Consonants [s] and [z] as in sip and zip, are produced by the front side of the tongue are raised, but the tip is lowered. Consonant [l] as in lip is produced by raising only the tongue tip. Consonant [r] or [ɹ] as in rip is produced by either curling the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge or bunch up the top of the tongue behind the ridge.
5) Postalveolar
Postalveolar are produced with the blade of the tongue as the active articulator and the adjoining parts of the alveolar ridge and the hard palate as the
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passive one (McMahon, 2002, p. 32). English postlveolar phonemes consist of [ʃ],
[ӡ], [ʤ], and [ʧ] as in ship, beige, junk, and chunk.
6) Palatal
Palatal are produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up toward the hard palate. English palatal phonemes are [j] as in yes.
7) Velar
Velar are produced by raising the back part of the tongue and touching the velum. English velar consonants consist of [k], [g], and [ŋ] as in cat, get, and ring.
8) Glottals
Glottal consonant [h] as in high is produced by letting the airflow through the open glottis and past the tongue and lips. Glottal consonant [ʔ] as in butter is produced by stopping the airflow completely at the glottis.
ii. Manner of Articulation
Manner of articulation is when the air flow from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose is either blocked or partially blocked, and may cause the vocal chords vibrating (McMahon, 2002, p. 198). Manner of articulation is classified into nine types: voiced and voiceless, nasal and oral, stops and continuants, fricatives and sibilant, affricates, liquids, glide, approximants, trill and flaps.
1) Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
Sounds are voiceless when the vocal cords are apart and the air flows freely through the glottis into the oral cavity. The example is [p] and [s] in super.
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It becomes voiced if the vocal chords are together and the airstream forces its way through which causes them to vibrate. The example is [b] and [z] in buzz.
Voiceless sounds are divided into two classes by the timing of the vocal cords closure. It becomes aspirated when the vocal cords open for a very short time and a puff of air escapes before the glottis closes, and it becomes unasprirated when the vocal cords vibrate as soon as the lips open (McMahon,
2002, p. 199).
2) Nasal and Oral Sounds
This manners of articulation are divided into nasal and oral because of how the air escaping through the vocal tract. Nasal sounds are identified when the velum is not raised and the air escapes through both nose and mouth. Oral sounds are identified when the velum is raised and the air escapes through the nose.
3) Stops and Continuants
Stops happen when the airflow through the mouth is completely blocked, while when there is no airflow blockage, it is called continuant. English stop consonants consist of [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ], [ʧ], [ʤ], and [ʔ] as in pea, tab, team, bit, bread, none, key, tug, hang, teach, jug, and uh-oh. Other than those consonants, it is called as continuant, which is when the airflow through the mouth is not blocked.
4) Fricatives and Sibilants
Fricatives happen when air flowing through the tight constriction and caused hissing noise. English fricative consonants consist of [f], [v], [θ], and [ð] as in five, vile, thin, and the. Sibilants happen when the air stream is directed to
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the upper teeth and create noisy turbulent. English sibilant consonants consist of
[s], [z], [ʃ], and [ӡ] as in sea, zoo, shin, and pleasure.
5) Affricates
Affricates happen when a stop followed by a fricative at the same location in rapid time and result a single speech sound. English affricate consonants consist of [ʧ] and [ʤ] as in church and judge.
6) Taps and Flaps
Taps and flaps happen when an articulator makes a rapid brush against some articulatory surface. The motion of the articulator is forward in a flap, backward in a tap. The example is North American English [ɾ] in lighter and rider.
7) Trills
Trills happen when an articulator vibrates by placing it near an articulatory surface and letting air flow through the gap. Trill only have one phoneme, which is /r/ as in Spanish perro. The consonants [ʀ] and [ʙ] also can be trilled.
8) Approximants
Approximants happen air passes through without creating turbulence or trilling. In lateral approximants, the air passes around the sides of the tongue, as in
English [l] level. In central approximants, the flow is through a gap in the center.
Central approximants has three consonants, [j], [w], and [ɹ] as in youth, win, and ray. Central approximants can also be identified as glides or semivowels.
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9) Liquid
Liquid happens when there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to create any friction or constriction. The liquid consonants, [l] and [r], are articulated differently. For [l], the air escapes over the sides when the tongue tip is raised. It is known as lateral sounds. For [r], the air escapes through the central part of the mouth when articulated. It is called central liquid.
b. English Vowels
Vowel sounds are categorized into three dimensions: rounding, height, and backness. Vowels also can be distinguished by its tenseness. i. Lip Rounding
Rounding is when both lips change shape, narrowing the exit of the airstream. Rounding is divided into two; which is rounded, where the lips are sticking out forward, and unrounded, where the lips are either in neutral position or spreading slightly. Rounded vowels consist of [u] as in boots, [ʊ] as in book, and [o] as in boat. Unrounded vowels consist of [i] as in beet and [ʌ] as in cut. ii. Tongue Height
Height vowels are divided into two from how high does the tongue is rose.
High vowels are produced with raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth.
Examples of high vowels are [i], [i:], [u], and [u:]. Low vowels are produced with lowering the tongue from its resting position. Examples for low vowels are [ɑ],
[ɑ:], [a], and [æ]. There is also mid vowels which sub classified as high mid or
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low mid depending on whether the tongue raise is nearer the high end or low end of the scale. Examples for high mid vowels are [e], [ɘ], [o], and [o:], while for low mid are [ε], [ɜ], and [ʌ]. iii. Backness
Backness vowels are divided into three from which the part of the tongue is rose which is front, central, and back. Front vowels are produced with raising the front part of the tongue to the hard palate. Examples for front vowels are [i],
[e], [ɛ], [æ], and [a]. Central vowels are produced with raising the body of the tongue to the area where the hard and soft palate joined. Examples for central vowels are [i:], [ɘ], [ə], and [ɜ]. Back vowels are. Examples for back vowels are
[u], [o]. [ʌ], and [ɑ]. iv. Tenseness
In this part, vowels are divided by how tense do the vowels produced. This type is usually applied to distinguish minimal pairs which vowels are different.
Tense vowels are usually use colon mark (:), such as [o:], [i:], and [u:]. v. Diphthongs
Diphthong is a sequence of two vowel sounds (Fromkin, Rodman, &
Hyams, 2011, p. 208). Diphthongs are usually long vowels. English Diphthongs consists of [aɪ], [eɪ], [əʊ], [aʊ], [eə], [ɪə], [ɔɪ], and [ʊə].
3. Korean Sounds
Korean speech sounds are also divided into consonants and vowels; however Korean has another type of sounds which are called semivowels. Korean
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has fewer consonant sounds and vowel sounds than English, which are 19 consonants and 10 vowels. Korean consonants are also divided into two types: place of articulation and manner of articulation. a. Korean Consonants i. Place of Articulation
Based on Choo, Miho & O‟Grady (2003), Korean consonants are divided into five types according to their place of articulation: bilabials, dentals, palatals, velars, and glottal.
1) Bilabials
Bilabials are produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together.
Korean bilabial consonants consist of [p], [pp], [ph] and [m].
2) Dentals
Dentals are produced by putting the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth. Korean dental consonants consist of [t], [tt], [th], [s], [ss], [n], and [l].
3) Palatals
Palatals are produced by raising the front part of the tongue against the hard palate. Korean palatal consonants consist of [c], [cc], and [ch]
4) Velars
Velars are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to the soft palate/velum. Korean velar consonants consist of [k], [kk], [kh], and [ŋ].
5) Glottals
Glottals are produced by involving the vocal chord in the larynx without any airstream modification in the mouth. Korean glottal consonants consist of [h].
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ii. Manner of Articulation
According to their manner of articulation, Korean consonants are divided into four types: stops, fricatives, nasals, and laterals.
1) Stops
Stops are produced by completely blocking the airstream in the mouth.
Korean stops consonants consist of [p], [pp], [ph], [t], [tt], [th], [c], [cc], [ch], [k],
[kk], and [kh]. In English pronunciation, [c] and [cc], is pronounced as [ʧ] and [ʤ] respectively. Korean stops are divided into three different series: lax or plain stops, tensed stops, and aspirated stops.
The sounds [p], [t], [c], and [k] are lax stops. They have similar pronunciation as their English counterparts. These lax stops are voiceless and pronounced with a puff of air, but their aspiration is not as strong as English voiceless stops (Song, 2005, p. 27).
The sounds [pp], [tt], [cc], and [kk] are tensed stops. These stops are difficult to pronounce for English speakers. They are often mistaken as voiced stops in English; however these tensed stops are voiceless (Song, 2005, pp. 27-
28).
The sounds [ph], [th], [ch], and [kh] are aspirated stops. These stops are similar with English voiceless stops in initial position with aspiration or a puff of air. These aspirated stops are realized as [p], [t], [c], and [k] when they appearing in final position (Song, 2005, p. 28).
2) Fricatives
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Fricatives are produced by obstructing the airstream inside the mouth.
Korean fricative consonants consist of [s], [ss], and [h].
In pronouncing [s], there is a slight aspiration which is similar to English
[s] in spring. The fricative [ss] is pronounced with stronger force which is similar to English [s] in singer. When appearing in final position, [s] and [ss] must be pronounced as /t/. However, these two fricatives do not become voiced between voiced sounds, which one of the reason why Koreans has difficulty in pronouncing English words containing voiced fricative [z]. Fricative [h] is different pronunciation with its English counterpart as it often resembling other fricatives, depends on the following vowels (Song, 2005, p. 28).
3) Nasals
Nasals are produced by letting the airstream pass through the nasal cavity.
Korean nasal consonants consist of [m], [n], and [ŋ]. These nasals are similar to their English counterpart; however [ŋ] does not occur in Korean word-initial position (Song, 2005, p. 29).
4) Laterals
Laterals are produced by lowering the sides of the tongue, while keeping the front part in contact with the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth. Korean laterals consonants consist of [l]. This vowel does not appear in word-initial position in
Korean. Lateral [l] has two different ways in pronouncing, depending on where it appears. If the lateral appears in word-final position or before consonants, the pronunciation [l] is expected to be clear l with the flap used between vowels or a vowel and a semivowel. If the lateral appears in word-final or middle position, it
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pronounces as dark l or [ɫ]. This pronunciation is somewhat similar with English
/ʊ/ in boot. (Song, 2005, p. 29). b. Korean Vowels
Korean does not have any changes in pronouncing the vowels, unlike
English vowels. Korean vowels are divided into two groups: simple vowels and diphthongs (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 9). i. Simple Vowels
There are eight simple vowels, which are [i], [u], [eu], [e], [ae], [o], [eo], and [a]. The vowel [i] and [u] has identical pronunciation to the English [i] and [u] in bee and sue respectively. The vowel [eu] does not have English counterpart and often confused with the vowel [u]. This vowel is produced with moving the tongue more forward without rounding the lip.
The vowel [e] and [ae] also cause some confusion for English speakers.
Most speakers pronounce the two vowels alike. ii. Diphthongs
Korean diphthongs consist of a glide precedes the vowels. Korean has two glides, which is [j] and [w]. There are seven „y‟ diphthongs, which are [ja], [ju],
[ui], [je], [jae], [jo], and [jeo]. There are six „w‟ diphthongs, which are [wi], [wa],
[wo], [wae], [we], and [oe]. c. Semivowels
Semivowels lie between consonants and vowels. They are vowel-like as they involve little to no constriction of airstream, however they are also
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consonant-like as they need to be supported by vowels (Song, 2005, p. 25). There are two semivowels, [w] and [j].
4. Phonological Processes
According to Wolfram and Johnson (1982, p. 88), phonological processes are a dynamic system in which the units change as they come into contact with other units in the system. Phonological processes can be explained as the muscle coordination within the vocal mechanism or perceptual strategies enhancing effective communication. In this part, the researcher will describe the phonological processes in English and Korean. a. English Phonological Processes i. Assimilation
Assimilation is a process which makes two segments next to each other become more similar by duplicating a phonetic property (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.
246). This rule specifies the class of sounds affected, states the class of sounds occurring, and defines the phonological environment. Example of assimilation is the word den /dɛn/ will become nasalized to [dɛn], however deck /dɛk/ will not be affected because /k/ is not a nasal consonant. ii. Dissimilation
Dissimilation is the opposite of Assimilation. Dissimilation is a process in which a segment becomes less similar to another segment (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.
248). For example, instead of pronounced as /fifθ/, the word fifth is pronounced as
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[fift]. In the example, the fricative /θ/ becomes dissimilar to the preceding fricative by becoming a stop. iii. Epenthesis
Epenthesis or Segment Insertion is the process of inserting a sound
(consonant or vowel) to a form (Fromkin et al, 2011, p. 250). This rule is usually applied for forming regular plurals, possessive forms, and third-person singular verb agreement in English. Example for epenthesis is the insertion of [ɪz] between sibilant consonants. The insertion is caused by the addition of [s] or [z] to a syllable ending with sibilant which will result in a doubled or lengthened segment. iv. Deletion
Deletion is a process in which sound units are lost in some contexts and change the syllable structure of a word (Wolfram & Johnson, 1982, p. 95). This process is commonly recognized in contracted forms and occurred in rapid speech. Example of deletion is the deletion of [g] in sign and design. However, the
[g] is not deleted in signature /sɪgnətšur/ and resignation /rɛzɪgnešən/. This phenomenon happens because [g] occurs before a syllable-final nasal consonant.
Another example is the deletion of a sound unit in west side /wɛs saɪd/ and west end /wɛst ɛnd/. In west side, the sound of [t] is deleted while in west end, it is not deleted. This phenomenon happens because the final segment of a word-final consonant cluster is deleted when the following word begins with a consonant, however if the following word begins with a vowel, the rule does not apply.
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v. Metathesis
Metathesis is a process which reorders the linear order of segments by permutations of one type or another (Wolfram & Johnson, 1982, p. 99). For example, ask is pronounced [æks], however asking is pronounced [æskīŋ]. In this problem, metathesis reorders the /s/ and /k/. vi. Neutralization
A process which result cancellation of contrasts between two or more sound units in certain environments is called neutralization (Wolfram & Johnson,
1982, p. 93). This process is commonly found in the vowel system which takes on a schwa-like pronunciation in an unstressed syllable. For example, the words telegraph and photograph are usually pronounced as [tεləgræf] and [fotəgræf]. If we add a –y suffix, the stress pattern changes into [təlɛgrəfī] and [fətagrəfī]. The first and third syllables become unstressed.
b. Korean Phonological Processes i. Voicing
Voicing happens when the lax consonants become fully voiced if they occur between voiced sounds (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 60). Voicing affect a consonant occurring at the end of a word when the next word begins with a vowel.
For example /p/ in the word ip „mouth‟ in ipan „the inside of the mouth has /b/- like pronunciation because of its position between vowel sounds. As a result of this phenomenon, /p/ has [b]-like pronunciation, /t/ has [d]-like pronunciation, /k/ has [g]-like pronunciation, and /c/ has [j]-like pronunciation
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ii. Diphthong Reduction
Diphthong Reduction happens when the glide portion of a diphthong ([w] or [y]) weakened or even dropped (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 62). This rule usually happens in colloquial speech. The example can be seen in the words
/kawi/ „scissors‟ and /sakwa/ „apple‟ which pronounced as [kaɪ] and [saka] respectively. This phenomenon is reflected on the pronunciation, but on the spelling. iii. Contraction
Contraction is a process of shortening a word by reducing the number of syllables contains (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 64). A very common type of contraction is the vowels [o] and [u] reduces to the glide [w]. This phenomenon happens when they precede a suffix beginning with a vowel. Contraction also affects the vowel [i]. It reduces into the glide [j] when it occurs in front of a suffix beginning with a vowel. iv. Aspiration
Aspiration happens when Korean sound /h/ placed in front of a lax consonant other than /s/ and placed after a lax consonant, it gets absorbed (Choo
& O'Grady, 2003, p. 71). There are two sub-patterns in aspiration. When /h/ precedes the other consonant, it creates a different sound. Combination with /t/ yields a /th/ sound, combination with /k/ yields a /kh/ sound, and combination with
/ch/ yields a /chh/ sound. Aspiration also takes place when /h/ comes after a lax consonant.
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v. Nasalization
Nasalization is a process of converting a consonant into a nasal Korean consonant (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 76). This process can happen in two separate ways. The first one is when a consonant are followed by the nasal Korean consonant /m/ or /n/, their pronunciation become nasal (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p.
77). Consonants must become fully closed in front of other consonants or at the end of the word. However because of this rule, many different consonants have similar pronunciation. The second one is when /r/ placed after a consonant other than /n/ or /l/, the sound become nasal and pronounced as if it were /n/ (Choo &
O'Grady, 2003, p. 79). vi. Tensing
There are two subtypes of tensing, predictable and nonpredictable tensing.
Predictable tensing applies when a lax consonant happens right after a consonant other than /r/ or a nasal (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 87). This tensing applied with complete regularity. Nonpredictable tensing happens after a vowel or the consonant /m, n, ŋ, r/ (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 89). This tensing does not follow a general rule. viii. Insertion
The sound /s/ is inserted in both pronunciation and spelling when the first word in compound words ends in a vowel (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 90). The inserted /s/ sound is pronounced as if it was /d/.
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ix. Consonant Weakening
There are two types of consonant weakening in Korean noun roots. The first one is when /ph/ and /kh/ happen at the end of a noun root in front of a suffix begins with a vowel (Choo & O'Grady, 2003, p. 94). As a result of this type of weakening, they lose their aspiration. The second type is when /th/ and /ch/ happen at the end of a noun root in front of a suffix begins with a vowel (Choo &
O'Grady, 2003, p. 95). x. l/ɾ variation
Korean does not have liquid consonants found in English, namely /ɹ/ and
/l/. The closest counterpart to these liquids is the flap /ɾ/ due to the fact that [l] is an allophone of /ɾ/ in Korean. Koreans would not have difficulty in pronouncing
English /l/ as long as it is in coda position of a syllable. However, English has a phonological process that changes /l/ into [ƚ], which known as „dark l‟. Because of this process, Koreans would have difficulty pronouncing English /l/ no matter where it appears. /l/ in onset position is difficult since Koreans tend to replace it with /ɾ/. (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 242).
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories and studies which have been reviewed above are important in order to answer the problems of this present study. The researcher applies the theory of phonetics and phonology in order to solve the first problem, which is finding the mispronounced English sounds made by Korean singers in Buzzfeed interview videos. As the first problem aims to investigate the individual sounds made by the speakers, this theory is applied to answer the problem. The reason
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why the researcher chose this theory is because it deals with how an individual sounds was made. The researcher will use English and Korean phonetics to help answering the first problem.
To answer the second problem, the researcher will apply phonological theories. The second problem aims to find the phonological processes of the mispronounced words. The researcher will use the phonology theories of English and Korean processes. Some information from the reviewed related studies also used in solving the second problem.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there are three parts, which are the object used for this study, the approaches used to analyzing the object of this study, and some steps done in analyzing this study.
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study was the pronunciation of Korean singers in
Buzzfeed interview videos. The researcher tried to find the mispronounced English words made by the Korean singers and how the mistakes happen in their pronunciation. The researcher analyzed the consonant and vowel sounds which were pronounced incorrectly by the Korean singers. The researcher has chosen four interview videos of Korean artists uploaded by Buzzfeed in their YouTube channel.
The interview videos used in this study were “BTS Plays With Puppies
While Answering Fans Questions”, “EXID Plays Would Your Rather”, “GOT7
Makes Childhood Candy While Answering Fan Questions”, and “Monsta X Plays
With Puppies While Answering Fans Questions”. The four videos range from four minutes to seven minutes long. In the first video, there are 340 English words said. In the second video, there are 211 English words. 364 English words said in the third video. Lastly, 489 English words said in the fourth video.
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As Korean artists becoming more famous, they are now obliged to be able to speak English in order to be able to communicate with international audiences.
South Korea is known as one of the countries which has difficulty in speaking
English, which the reason why the researcher wanted to know about their pronunciation ability.
B. Approach of the Study
The objective of this study was analyzing the mispronounced sounds made by Korean singers. As this study discussed about sounds, phonological approach is chosen as the most appropriate approach in analyzing the problems of this study. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2011, pp. 226-227), phonology dealt how the speech sounds create forms and distinguishes what sounds are in your language and which ones are foreign. Therefore, phonological approach was appropriate to find which sounds are correct and incorrect, and also to analyze the pattern of the mispronunciation of the Korean singers.
C. Method of the Study
This part is divided into two parts, data collection and data analysis which will be explained as follows.
1. Data Collection
In collecting the data for this data, the researcher applied purposeful sampling strategy. This sampling strategy was chosen because the researcher picked the individuals and sites purposefully to understand the research problem
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and central phenomenon (Creswell, 2007, p.125). The data used for this present study were the English words which have consonant and/or vowel changes.
The data were collected by listening to all the words said during the interview which were downloaded from YouTube. The researcher wrote down all the mispronounced words, and then wrote down the phonetic transcription of it while listening to the interviews. The researcher listened to the interviews repeatedly in order to make sure of the mispronunciation. After that, the researcher compared the pronounced phonetic transcription to the English phonetic transcription according to Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
2. Data Analysis
In analyzing this study, there were several steps conducted by the researcher. The first step was collecting the words which were pronounced incorrectly by the Korean singers. Then, the researcher transcribed those words into phonetic transcriptions. From there, the researcher identified the mispronounced words and categorized them according to their type of sounds, vowels and consonants. Since the researcher used more than one interview video, the sounds were also categorized according to the videos.
The researcher also provided the table in order to ease the data reading.
The table consists of three parts. The first column showed the English words said by the Korean singers. The second column displayed the English phonetic transcription of the said words. The third column displayed the pronunciation of the Korean singers. Lastly, the fourth column displayed what are the mispronounced sounds in those words. The pronunciation of the English
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pronunciation and the speakers‟ pronunciation were displayed in order to make the differences or changes in both pronunciations can be seen more clearly. The table was presented as follow.
Table 1. The Pronunciation of Korean singers No.1
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds
The second step was analyzing the pattern of the Korean singers‟ mispronounced words. The researcher compared the target pronunciation and the said pronunciation to examine what sounds was changed in the Korean singers‟ pronunciation using the theory of phonological processes.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided into two sub-chapters. The first sub-chapter answers the first problem formulation by displaying the list of the mispronounced words by the Korean singers in the interviews. On the other hand, the second sub- chapter solves the second problem. It focuses on the changes in sound patterns and the phonological processes of the words listed in the first sub-chapter.
A. Mispronounced English Sounds in Buzzfeed Interviews by Korean singers
Based on the data analyzed from those four interview videos, there are thirty-four words which contain mispronounced sounds. The list of those words is presented as follows, which are grouped according to the videos.
1. Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With Puppies While
Answering Fan Questions”
The interview video “BTS Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan
Questions” was uploaded on 18 May 2018 in Buzzfeed Celeb. When listening to the video, the researcher found ten words that were pronounced different from the words in the dictionary. There are some which can be heard clearly and some others are not as listening to the video. The mispronunciation found in this video can be seen in the table below:
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Table 2. Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions”
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds hundred [hʌndrəd] [hʌnrəd] [d] → ø legend [leʤənd] [reʤən] [l] → [r] fashion [fæʃən] [pæʃən] [f] → [p] track [træk] [ʃræk] [t] → [ʃ] love [lʌv] [lʌb] [v] → [b] silver [sɪlvər] [sɪlbər] with [wɪð] [wɪt] [ð] → [t] just [dʒʌst] [dʒɔst] [ʌ] → [ɔ] english [ɪŋglɪʃ] [ɪŋgəlɪʃ] ø → [ə] fake [feɪk] [feɪkə]
The table above shows consonant [d] is omitted in the word hundred and vowel [ə] is inserted in the words english, fake, and just. The word hundred is pronounced as [hʌnrəd], instead of [hʌndrəd], and the words english, fake, and just are pronounced as [ɪŋgəlɪʃ], [feɪkə], and [dʒʌsə], instead of [ɪŋglɪʃ], [feɪk], and
[dʒʌs]. The intended pronounced of the word legend is [leʤənd], but pronounced as [reʤən] instead. It is also shown that lateral consonant [l] is substituted with central liquid consonant [r]. The word fashion is pronounced as [pæʃən], instead of [fæʃən]. It is shown that bilabial stop consonant [p] is substituted with labiodental fricative consonant [f]. The intended pronunciation of the word track is [træk], but pronounced as [ʃræk] instead. It is shown that palatal fricative consonant [ʃ] is substituted with alveolar stop consonant [t]. The words love and silver are pronounced as [lʌb] and [sɪlbər], instead of [lʌv] and [sɪlvər]. It is shown that labiodental fricative consonant [v] is substituted with bilabial stop
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consonant [b]. The intended pronunciation of the word with is [wɪð], but pronounced as [wɪt] instead. It is shown that interdental fricative consonant [ð] is substituted with alveolar stop consonant [t].
2. Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would You Rather”
The interview video “EXID Plays Would You Rather” was uploaded on
29 May 2018 in Buzzfeed Celeb. When listening to the video, there are not many
English words said. However, the English words said are pronounced clearly in order to identify the mistake in their pronunciation. The mispronunciation found in this video can be seen in the table below:
Table 3. Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would You Rather”
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds words [wərdz] [wərz] [d] → ø always [ɔlweɪz] [ɔrweɪz] [l] → [r] rapper [ræpə] [læpə] [r] → [l] zombie [zɒmbi] [ʤɒmbi] [z] → [dʒ] ability [əbɪləti] [əbɪlədi] [t] → [d] makeup [meɪkʌp] [meɪkɔp] [ʌ] → [ɔ] head [hed] [hæd] [e] → [æ]
There are seven words which contain mispronounced sounds found in this video in total. The table above shows consonant [d] is omitted in the word words.
The word words is pronounced as [wərz], instead of [wərdz]. The intended pronounced of the word always is [ɔlweɪz], but it is pronounced as [ɔrweɪz] instead. It is also shown that lateral consonant [l] is substituted with central liquid consonant [r]. The word rapper is pronounced as [læpə], instead of [ræpə]. It is shown that lateral consonant [l] is substituted with central liquid consonant [r].
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The intended pronunciation of the word zombie is [zɒmbi], but pronounced as
[ʤɒmbi] instead. It is shown that alveolar fricative consonant [z] is substituted with palatal affricate consonant [ʤ]. The intended pronunciation of the word ability is [əbɪləti], but it is pronounced as [əbɪlədi] instead. It is shown that alveolar stop consonant [t] is substituted with alveolar stop consonant [d]. The word makeup is pronounced as [meɪkɔp], instead of [meɪkʌp]. It is shown that mid central vowel [ʌ] is substituted with mid back vowel [ɔ]. The intended pronunciation of the word head is [hed], but pronounced as [hæd] instead. It is shown that mid front vowel [e] is substituted with low front vowel [æ].
3. Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes Childhood Candy While
Answering Fans Questions”
The interview video “GOT7 Makes Childhood Candy While Answering
Fan Questions” is uploaded on 9 August 2018 in Buzzfeed Celeb. Like the previous video, there are not many English words said in this video either.
However, the English words said are pronounced clearly in order to identify the mistake in their pronunciation. The mispronunciation found in this video can be seen in the table below:
Table 4. Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes Childhood Candy While Answering Fans Questions”
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds rich [rɪtʃ] [lɪtʃ] [r] → [l] switch [swɪʧ] [swɪʃ] [ʧ] → [ʃ] look [lʊk] [lʊkh] [k] → [kh] young [jʌŋ] [joŋ] [ʌ] → [o] serious [sɪəriəs] [sɪriəs] [ɪə] → [ɪ]
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There are five words which contain mispronounced sounds found in this video in total. The table above shows consonant [k is aspirated in the word look.
The word look is pronounced as [lʊkh], instead of [lʊk]. The intended pronounced of the word rich is [rɪtʃ], but it is pronounced as [lɪtʃ] instead. It is also shown that central liquid consonant [r] is substituted with lateral consonant [l]. It is shown that interdental fricative consonant [ð] is substituted with alveolar stop consonant
[d]. The word young is pronounced as [joŋ], instead of [jʌŋ]. It is shown that mid central vowel [ʌ] is substituted with mid back vowel [o]. The intended pronunciation of the word serious is [sɪəriəs], but pronounced as [sɪriəs] instead. It is shown that diphthong [ɪə] is substituted with high front vowel [ɪ].
4. Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With Puppies While
Answering Fan Questions”
The interview video “Monsta X Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan
Questions” was uploaded on 2 August 2018 in Buzzfeed Celeb. When listening to the video, the researcher found nine words that were pronounced different from the words in the dictionary. There are some which can be heard clearly and some others are not as listening to the video. The mispronunciation found in this video can be seen in the table below:
Table 5. Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With Puppies While Answering Fan Questions”
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds would [wʊd] [wʊʤ] [d] → [ʤ] of [əv] [əb] [v] → [b] have [həv] [həb]
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Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds ø → [ɪ] remembered [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərɪdə] ø → [ə] could [kʊd] [kʊdə] ø → [ə] written [rɪtn] [rɪtən] want [wɒnt] [wʌnt] [ɒ] → [ʌ] percent [pəsent] [phəsent] [p] → [ph]
The table above shows high front vowel [ɪ] and mid central vowel [ə] are inserted in the word remembered and vowel [ə] is inserted in the words could and written. The word remembered is pronounced as [rɪmembərɪdə], instead of
[rɪmembərd], and the words could and written are pronounced as [kʊdə] and
[rɪtən], instead of [kʊd] and [rɪtn]. The word would is pronounced as [wʊʤ], instead of [wʊd]. It is shown that alveolar stop consonant [d] is substituted with palatal affricate consonant [ʤ]. The intended pronunciation of the words of and have is [əv] and [həv], but pronounced as [əb] and [həb] instead. It is shown that labiodental fricative consonant [v] is substituted with bilabial stop consonant [b].
The word want is pronounced as [wʌnt], instead of [wɒnt]. It is shown that low back vowel [ɒ] is substituted with low central vowel [ʌ]. The intended pronunciation of the word percent is [pəsent], but pronounced as [phəsent] instead.
It is shown that the consonant [p] is aspirated by the Korean speaker.
B. Phonological Processes of the Mispronounced English Sounds
In the previous part, all of the mispronounced words by Korean singers have been listed and compared with the target pronunciation based on the
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Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Next, in this part, the researcher discusses the patterns of the mispronounced words are changing. The details of the analysis are presented as follows.
1. Consonant Deletion
After analyzing the data, the researcher has found a consonant deletion, which is /d/-deletion. From the data, the researcher found two words from the data which experiencing the phonological process, which is hundred and words. The process of the deletion is presented as below:
Table 6. Phonological Process of /d/-deletion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [hʌndrəd] [hʌndrəd] Hundred d-deletion - [hʌnrəd] Surface Representation [hʌndrəd] [hʌnrəd] Underlying Form [wərdz] [wərdz] Words d-deletion - [wərz] Surface Representation [wərdz] [wərz]
From table 6, it is shown that the deletion of phoneme /d/. In the word hundred, phoneme /d/ occurs between two consonants, the voiced nasal stop [n] and the approximants central liquid [r]. Meanwhile, in the word words, phoneme
/d/ occurs after the approximants central liquid [r]. The similarity of phoneme /d/ in both words is it occurred before or after central liquid consonants.
Therefore, the rule of the deletion is:
[d] → ø / [+central liquid] ____
or
[d] → ø / ____ [+central liquid]
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2. Consonant Substitution
The researcher also found that many consonants are substituted with another consonant in the discussion. Below are the lists of the substituted sounds that found in the previous discussion and its phonological processes: a. Substitution of [l] → [r]
The first consonant substitution is consonant [l] to consonant [r]. The researcher also found some words that changed from consonant [r] to consonant
[l]. Below are the features of consonant [l] and [r]:
[l] [r]
alveolar alveolar [ approximant] [ approximant] lateral lateral Based on the features above, the consonants share similar origin based on their place of articulation, which is [+alveolar] where both consonants are produced by “raising the tongue to alveolar ridge” (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and manner of articulation, which is [+approximant] where both consonants are produced when “air passes through without creating any turbulence or trilling”
(Fromkin et al, 2011, p.204). However, the consonants are different on how they are articulated. Consonant [l] is described as [+lateral] and consonant [r] is described as [− lateral]. Consonant [l] and [r] are almost the same.
From the explanation above, it can be inferred that Korean singers often changed the consonant [l] into consonant [r] or other way around when speaking
English. It is because in Korean, consonant [l] and [r] are a single phoneme with
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[r] produced between vowels and [l] everywhere else (McMahon, 2002, p. 21).
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 7. Consonant Substitution of [l] → [r]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds legend [leʤənd] [reʤən] [l] → [r] rapper [ræpə] [læpə] [r] → [l] rich [rɪtʃ] [lɪtʃ] [r] → [l]
From the list above, it can be seen that the consonants are followed by vowels [e], [ɪ] and [æ] and placed in the initial position. Those vowels are in the natural class [−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [l] or [r] will change into consonants [r] or [l] respectively when it is preceded by [−consonantal] and placed in the initial position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[r] → [l] / # ____ [−consonantal]
The next table below shows the second environment of the consonant substitution [l] → [r] in Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
Table 8. Consonant Substitution of [l] → [r]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds always [ɔlweɪz] [ɔrweɪz] [l] → [r]
From the list above, it can be seen that the consonants are preceded by vowel [ɔ] which belongs to the natural class [−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [l] will change into consonants [r] when it is followed by [−consonantal].
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Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[l] → [r] / [−consonantal] ____ b. Substitution of [f] → [p]
The second consonant substitution is consonant [f] to consonant
[p]. Below are the features of consonant [f] and [p]:
[f] [p]
labiodental [ fricative ] [ ] voiced Based on the features above, the consonants share similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [−voiced]. However, the consonants are different based on their place of articulation and manner of articulation.
Consonant [f] is [+labiodental] where it produced by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.196), and [+fricative], while consonant [p] is
[+bilabial] where it produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together
(Fromkin et al, 2011, p.196), and [+stops].
From the explanation above, it can be inferred that Korean singers often substitute the fricative consonant [f] into stops consonant [p]. It is caused by the absence of the fricative consonant [f] in Korean consonants, therefore it is changed with nearby stops, which is consonant [p] (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 238).
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 9. Consonant Substitution of [f] → [p]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds fashion [fæʃən] [pæʃən] [f] → [p]
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From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [f] are followed by vowel [æ] when changed into consonant [p]. The vowel is in the natural class
[−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [f] will change into consonants [p] when it is followed by [−consonantal] and placed in the initial position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[f] → [p] / # ____ [−consonantal] c. Substitution of [z] → [ʤ]
The third consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [ʤ] from consonant [z]. Below are the features of consonant [z] and [ʤ]:
[z] [ʤ]
alveolar palatal [ fricative] [ fricative] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [z] and [ʤ] share similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [+voiced]. However, similar to the substitution above, the consonants are different based on their place of articulation and manner of articulation. Consonant [z] is [+alveolar] where the consonant is produced by raising the tongue to alveolar ridge (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and
[+fricative], while consonant [ʤ] is [+palatal] where it produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up toward the hard palate (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and [+affricate]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
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Table 10. Consonant Substitution of [z] → [ʤ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds zombie [zɒmbi] [ʤɒmbi] [z] → [dʒ]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [z] are preceded by vowel [ɒ] when changed into consonant [ʤ]. The vowel is in the natural class
[−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [z] will change into consonants [ʤ] when it is followed by [−consonantal] and placed in the initial position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[z] → [ʤ] / # ____ [−consonantal] d. Substitution of [ʧ] → [ʃ]
The fourth consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [ʧ] from consonant [ʃ]. Below are the features of consonant [ʧ] and [ʃ]:
[ʧ] [ʃ]
palatal palatal [ affricate] [ fricative] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [ʧ] and [ʃ] shares similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [−voiced], and place of articulation, which is [+palatal] where the consonants produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up toward the hard palate (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197). However, similar to the substitution above, the consonants are different based on their manner of articulation. Consonant [ʧ] is [+affricate], while consonant [ʃ] is
[+fricative]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
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Table 11. Consonant Substitution of [ʧ] → [ʃ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds switch [swɪʧ] [swɪʃ] [ʧ] → [ʃ]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [ʧ] are preceded by vowel [ɪ] when changed into consonant [ʃ]. The vowel is in the natural class
[−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [ʧ] will change into consonants [ʃ] when it is preceded by [−consonantal] and placed in the final position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[ʧ] → [ʃ] / [−consonantal] ____ # e. Substitution of [d] → [ʤ]
The next consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [ʤ] from consonant [d]. Below are the features of consonant [d] and [ʤ]:
[d] [ʤ]
alveolar palatal [ stops ] [ stops ] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [d] and [ʤ] shares similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [+voiced]. However, the consonants are different based on their place of articulation and manner of articulation.
Consonant [d] is [+alveolar] where it produced by raising the tongue to alveolar ridge (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and [+stops], while consonant [ʤ] is [+palatal] where it produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up toward the hard
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palate (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and [+affricate]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 12. Consonant Substitution of [d] → [ʤ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds would [wʊd ju:] [wʊʤ ju:] [d] → [ʤ]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [d] are preceded by vowel [ʊ] and placed in the final position when changed into consonant [ʤ]. It is also followed by the word you which has an initial sound [j]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [d] will change into consonants [ʤ] when it is preceded by a vowel and placed in the final position of syllable.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[d] → [ʤ] / V ____ $ f. Substitution of [t] → [ʃ]
The next consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [ʃ] from consonant [t]. Below are the features of consonant [t] and [ʃ]:
[t] [ʃ]
alveolar palatal [ stops ] [ stops ] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [t] and [ʃ] shares similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [−voiced], and place of articulation, which is. However, similar to the substitution above, the consonants are different based on their manner of articulation. Consonant [+alveolar] where it produced by raising the tongue to alveolar ridge (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and [+stops],
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while consonant [ʃ] is [+palatal] where the consonants produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up toward the hard palate. (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and [+fricative]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 13. Consonant Substitution of [t] → [ʃ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds track [træk] [ʃræk] [t] → [ʃ]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [t] are followed by central liquid consonant [r] and placed in the initial position when changed into consonant [ʃ]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [t] will change into consonants [ʃ] when it is followed by the central liquid sound [r] and placed in the initial position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[t] → [ʃ] / # ____ [+central liquid] g. Substitution of [t] → [d]
The next consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [t] from consonant [d]. Below are the features of consonant [t] and [d]:
[t] [d]
alveolar alveolar [ stops ] [ stops ] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [t] and [d] shares similar origin based on the place of articulation, which is [+alveolar] where they are produced by raising the tongue to alveolar ridge (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), and manner
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of articulation, which is [+stops]. However, the consonants are different based on the vibration of the vocal cord. Consonant [t] is [−voiced], while consonant [d] is
[+voiced]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 14. Consonant Substitution of [t] → [d]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds ability [əbɪləti] [əbɪlədi] [t] → [d]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [t] are placed between vowels [ə] and [i] when changed into consonant [d]. The vowels are in the natural class [−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [t] will change into consonants [d] when it is placed in the initial position of syllable and followed by [−consonantal].
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[t] → [d] / $ ____ [−consonantal] h. Substitution of [v] → [b]
The next consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [v] from consonant [b]. Below are the features of consonant [k] and [g]:
[v] [b]
labiodental bilabial [ fricative ] [ fricative] voiced voiced Based on the features above, consonants [v] and [b] shares similar origin based on the vibration of vocal cord, which is [−voiced]. However, the consonants are different based on their place of articulation and manner of articulation.
Consonant [v] is [+labiodental] where it produced by where it produced by
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touching the lower lip to the upper teeth (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.196), and
[+fricative], while consonant [b] is [+bilabial] where it produced by where it produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.196), and [+stops].
From the explanation above, the Korean singers changed fricative consonant [v] into stops consonant [b] when speaking English because It is caused by the absence of the fricative consonant [v] in Korean consonants, therefore it is changed with nearby stops, which is consonant [b] (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 238)..
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 15. Consonant Substitution of [v] → [b]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds love [lʌv] [lʌb] [v] → [b] of [əv] [əb] [v] → [b] have [həv] [həb] [v] → [b]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [v] are preceded by vowel [ʌ] and [ə], also placed in the final position when changed into consonant
[b]. The vowels are in the natural class [−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [v] will change into consonants [b] when it is preceded by [−consonantal] and placed in the final position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[v] → [b] / [−consonantal] ____ #
The next table below shows the second environment of the consonant substitution [v] → [b] in Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
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Table 16.Consonant Substitution of [v] → [b]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds silver [sɪlvər] [sɪlbər] [v] → [b]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [v] are placed in between lateral [l] and vowel [ə] when changed into consonant [b]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [v] will change into consonants [b] when it is placed in the initial position of syllable and followed by [−consonantal].
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[v] → [b] / $ ____ [−consonantal] i. Substitution of [ð] → [t]
The next consonant which undergoes substitution is consonant [t] from consonant [ð]. Below are the features of consonant [ð] and [t]:
[ð] [t]
interdental alveolar [ fricative ] [ fricative] voiced voiced Based on the features above, like the substitution above, consonants [ð] and [t] share no similarities on their features. Consonant [ð] is [+interdental] where it produced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth. (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.196), [+fricative], and [+voiced]. Meanwhile, consonant [t] is
[+alveolar] where it produced by “raising the tongue to alveolar ridge” (Fromkin et al, 2011, p.197), [+stops], and [−voiced]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
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Table 17.Consonant Substitution of [ð] → [t]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds with [wɪð] [wɪt] [ð] → [t]
From the list above, it can be seen that consonant [ð] are preceded by vowel [ɪ] and placed in the final position when changed into consonant [t]. The vowel is in the natural class [−consonantal]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the consonant [ð] will change into consonant [t] when it is preceded by [−consonantal] and placed in the final position.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[ð] → [t] / [−consonantal] _____ #
3. Vowel Insertion
In this part, the researcher also found that some vowels are inserted in the consonant cluster in the discussion. According Cho and Park (2006, p. 239),
Korean allows a maximum of one consonant in the onset and coda position, or in rare case two in coda. It is different from English who allows a maximum of three consonants. To preserve Korean‟s syllable structure, Korean singers allows epenthesis processes to break the consonant clusters by inserting vowel in between (Cho & Park, 2006, p. 241). Below are the lists of the inserted sounds and its phonological processes: a. /ǝ/-insertion
After analyzing the data, the researcher has found a vowel inserted within the consonant cluster, which is /ǝ/-insertion. From the data, the researcher found
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several words from the data which experiencing the phonological process, below are the list:
Table 18. Vowel Insertion /ə/
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds fake [feɪk] [feɪkə] ø → [ə] remembered [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərɪdə] ø → [ə] could [kʊd] [kʊdə] ø → [ə]
The process of the insertion is presented as below:
Table 19. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [feɪk] [feɪk] fake ə-insertion - [feɪkə] Surface [feɪk] [feɪkə] Representation
From the table above, it is shown that the insertion of phoneme /ə/. In the word fake, remembered, and could phoneme /ə/ placed in the final position. It also seen that it occurs after consonant. In the word fake, it occurs after the voiceless velar stop consonant [k]. In the words remembered and could, it occurs after the voiced alveolar stop consonant [d]. The two consonants share the one major phonetic class, which is [+ obstruent].
Therefore, the rule of the deletion is:
ø → [ə] / [+obstruent] ____ #
The next table below shows the second environment of the vowel [ə] insertion in Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
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Table 20. Vowel Insertion /ə/
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds english [ɪŋglɪʃ] [ɪŋgəlɪʃ] ø → [ə]
The process of the insertion is presented as below:
Table 21. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [ɪŋglɪʃ] [ɪŋglɪʃ] english ə-insertion - [ɪŋgəlɪʃ] Surface [ɪŋglɪʃ] [ɪŋgəlɪʃ] Representation
From the table above, it is shown that the deletion of phoneme /ə/. In the word english, phoneme /ə/ occurs between two consonants, the voiced bilabial stop consonant [b] and the lateral consonant [l]. Thus, vowel [ə] is inserted when it occurs after bilabial stop consonant and before lateral consonant.
Therefore, the rule of the insertion is:
ø → [ə] / [+bilabial stop] ____ [+lateral]
The next table below shows the third environment of the vowel [ə] insertion in Korean singers‟ pronunciation.
Table 22. Vowel Insertion /ə/
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds written [rɪtn] [rɪtən] ø → [ə]
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The process of the insertion is presented as below:
Table 23. Phonological Process of /ə/-insertion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [rɪtn] [rɪtn] written ə-insertion - [rɪtən] Surface [rɪtn] [rɪtən] Representation
From the table above, it is shown that the deletion of phoneme /ə/. In the word written, phoneme /ə/ occurs between two consonants, the voiceless alveolar stop consonant [t] and the voiced nasal stop consonant [n]. Thus, vowel [ə] is inserted when it occur after alveolar stop consonant and before nasal stop consonant.
Therefore, the rule of the insertion is:
ø → [ə] / $ ____ [+nasal stop] b. /ɪ/-insertion
After analyzing the data, the researcher has found another vowel inserted within the consonant cluster, which is /ɪ/-insertion. From the data, the researcher found several words from the data which experiencing the phonological process, below are the list:
Table 24. Vowel Insertion [ɪ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds remembered [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərɪdə] ø → [ɪ]
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The process of the insertion is presented as below:
Table 25. Phonological Process of /ɪ/-insertion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərdə] ə-insertion - [rɪmembərdə] remembered ɪ-insertion - [rɪmembərɪdə] Surface [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərɪdə] Representation
From table 6, it is shown that the insertion of phoneme /ɪ/. In the word remembered, phoneme /ɪ/ occurs between two consonants, the central liquid consonant [r] and the voiced alveolar stop consonant [d]. Thus, vowel [ɪ] is inserted when it occurs after central liquid consonant and before alveolar stop consonant.
Therefore, the rule of the deletion is:
ø → [ɪ] / [+central liquid] ____ [+alveolar stop]
4. Vowel Deletion
After analyzing the data, the researcher has found a vowel deletion, which is /ə/-deletion. From the data, the researcher found several words from the data which experiencing the phonological process, below are the list:
Table 26. Vowel Substitution of [ə] → ø
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds serious [sɪəriəs] [sɪriəs] [ʌ] → [o]
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The process of the insertion is presented as below:
Table 27. Phonological Process of /ə/-deletion
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [sɪəriəs] [sɪəriəs] serious ə-deletion - [sɪriəs] Surface [sɪəriəs] [sɪriəs] Representation
From the table above, it is shown that the deletion of phoneme /ə/. In the original pronunciation word serious, it is pronounced as [sɪəriəs]. However, the
Korean singers pronounced as [sɪriəs]. In English, diphthong is a sequence of two vowel sounds (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 208). However, in Korea, it is a sequence of a glide and a vowel.
Therefore, the rule of the deletion is:
[ə] → ø / $ ____ [+central liquid]
5. Vowel Substitution
In this part, there are two vowels that undergo substitution process, which are vowel [ʌ], [e], [ɒ], and [ə]. Below are the processes: a. Substitution of [ʌ] → [o]
The first vowel which undergoes substitution is vowel [o] from vowel [ʌ].
Below are the features of vowel [ʌ] and [o]:
[ʌ] [o]
low mid [ central] [ central] round round Based on the features above, vowel [ʌ] and [o] do not share any similarities on their features. Vowel [ʌ] is [+low] where the tongue is not
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positioned strictly high nor low when producing the vowel, [+central], and
[−round]. Meanwhile, vowel [o] is [+mid] where it produced by raising the back of the tongue to a position midway, [−central] or specifically [+back] where it produced with raising the back part of the tongue to the velum, and [−round].
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 28. Vowel Substitution of [ʌ] → [o]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds young [jʌŋ] [joŋ] [ʌ] → [o]
From the list above, it can be seen that the vowel [ʌ] is placed between consonants when changed into vowel [o]. In the word young, it is placed between palatal glide consonant [j] and velar nasal consonant [ŋ]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the vowel [ʌ] will change into vowel [o] respectively when it is placed in the initial or final position of syllable and followed by a
[+obstruent] consonant.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[ʌ] → [o] / $ ____ [ obstruent] b. Substitution of [e] → [æ]
The second vowel which undergoes substitution is vowel [æ] from vowel
[e]. Below are the features of vowel [e] and [æ]:
[e] [æ]
mid low [ back ] [ back] tense tense
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Based on the features above, vowel [e] and [æ] shares similar origin based on the on the tongue backness, which is [−back]. However, the vowels are different based on their tongue height and tense. Vowels [e] is [+mid] where it produced by raising the tongue to a position midway, and [+tense] where it produced longer in duration, while vowel [æ] is [+low] and [−tense]. Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 29. Vowel Substitution of [e] → [æ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds head [hed] [hæd] [e] → [æ]
From the list above, it can be seen that the vowel [e] is preceded by glottal fricative consonant [h] and followed by bilabial stop consonant [d] when changed into consonant [æ]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the vowel [e] will change into consonants [æ] when it is placed in the initial position of syllable and followed by a [+ bilabial stop] consonant.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[e] → [æ] / $ ____ [ bilabial stop] c. Substitution of [ɒ] → [ʌ]
The third vowel which undergoes substitution is vowel [ʌ] from vowel [ɒ].
Below are the features of vowel [ɒ] and [ʌ]:
[ɒ] [ʌ]
low low [ back ] [ central] round round
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Based on the features above, vowel [ɒ] and [ʌ] shares similar origin based on the tongue height, which is [+low]. However, the vowels are different based on their tongue backness and lip rounding. Vowels [ɒ] is [+back] where it produced with raising the back part of the tongue to the velum, and [+round] where the lips are spread when producing the vowel, while vowel [ʌ] is [−central] and [ round].
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 30. Vowel Substitution of [ɒ] → [ʌ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds want [wɒnt] [wʌnt] [ɒ] → [ʌ]
From the list above, it can be seen that the vowel [ɒ] is preceded by bilabial glide consonant [w] and followed by alveolar nasal consonant [n] when changed into consonant [ʌ]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the vowel
[ɒ] will change into consonants [ʌ] when it is placed in the initial position of syllable and followed by a [+alveolar nasal] consonant.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[ɒ] → [ʌ] / $ ____ [+alveolar nasal] d. Substitution of [ʌ] → [ɔ]
The first vowel which undergoes substitution is vowel [ɔ] from vowel [ʌ].
Below are the features of vowel [ʌ] and [ɔ]:
[ʌ] [ɔ]
low mid [ central] [ central] round round
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Based on the features above, vowel [ʌ] and [ɔ] do not share any similarities on their features. Vowel [ʌ] is [+low] where the tongue is not positioned strictly high nor low when producing the vowel, [+central], and
[−round]. Meanwhile, vowel [ɔ] is [+mid] where it produced by raising the back of the tongue to a position midway, [−central] or specifically [+back] where it produced with raising the back part of the tongue to the velum, and [−round].
Below is the list of the words which experiencing the substitution:
Table 31. Vowel Substitution of [ʌ] → [ɔ]
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds just [dʒʌst] [dʒɔst] [ʌ] → [ɔ] makeup [meɪkʌp] [meɪkɔp] [ʌ] → [ɔ]
From the list above, it can be seen that the vowel [ʌ] is placed between consonants when changed into vowel [ɔ]. In the word just, it is placed after palatal affricate consonant [dʒ]. In the word makeup, it is placed after velar stop consonant [k]. These two consonants belonged in one major phonetic class, which is [−continuant]. Hence, in Korean singers‟ pronunciation, the vowel [ʌ] will change into vowel [ɔ] when it is placed followed by a [−continuants] consonant.
Therefore, the rule will be written as:
[ʌ] → [ɔ] / $ ____ [−continuant]
5. Aspiration
After analyzing the data, the researcher has found consonants being aspirated. From the data, the researcher found several words from the data which experiencing the phonological process, below are the list:
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Table 32. Aspiration
Target Korean singers’ Mispronounced English Words Pronunciation Pronunciation Sounds look [lʊk] [lʊkh] [k] → [kh] percent [pəsent] [phasent] [p] → [ph]
The process of the aspiration is presented as below:
Table 33. Phonological Process of Aspiration
English Phonological Target Korean singers’ Word Processes Pronunciation Pronunciation Underlying Form [lʊk] [lʊk] h Look Aspiration - [lʊk ] Surface [lʊk] [lʊkh] Representation
From the table above, it is shown that the process of aspiration. In the original pronunciation word look and percent, it is pronounced as [lʊk] and
[pəsent]. However, the Korean singers pronounced as [lʊkh] and [phəsent]. Both aspirated consonants are categorized as [−voice] and [ stop]. Therefore, the consonants become aspirated when it is in the initial and followed by a vowel or in the final position and preceded by a vowel.
Therefore, the rule of the aspiration is:
[+ consonantal] → [ ] / # ____ V
or
[+ consonantal] → [ ] / V ____ #
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In the previous chapter, it has been discussed the deletion, substitution, insertion and aspiration of the English sounds and their patterns occurring when the Korean singers are speaking in English. Four interview videos from Buzzfeed are chosen to be analyzed for this study. There are 33 words out of 1,404 words which contain mispronounced sounds produced by the Korean speaker. Based on the analysis, there are one consonant and one vowel sound deleted, which is consonant [d] and vowel [ə], two vowel sounds inserted, which is [ə] and [ɪ], eight consonant sounds, which is [l], [f], [z], [ʧ], [d], [t], [v], and [ð], three vowel sounds, which is [ʌ], [e], and [ɒ], substituted, and two consonants aspirated, which is [k] and [p].
Firstly, a consonant and a vowel undergo deletion in Korean singers‟ pronunciation. This phonological process happens because the Korean singers tried to preserve the English syllable structure with Korean syllable structure. For consonant, Korean only allows one consonant in the onset position and one or, in rare case, two consonants in coda position, whereas English permits a maximum of three consonant in coda and onset position. For vowel, Korean and English have different structure for diphthongs. Korean diphthongs consist of a glide and a vowel, meanwhile English diphthongs composed by exact opposite sequence.
Secondly, based on the discussion, it is also found that vowel [ə] and [ɪ] undergo insertion in Korean singers‟ pronunciation because Korean singers break
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the consonants cluster in English pronunciation and insert those vowels in order to preserve Korean syllable structure. This insertion is also known as Korean epenthesis process.
Thirdly, consonants [f], [v], and [ð] undergo substitution in Korean singers‟ pronunciation. Those consonants are categorized as fricative consonants which are absent in Korean consonants. In order to match with Korean consonant, those consonants are replaced with stops or affricates which available in Korean, which is [p] for [f], [b] for [v], [d] for [ð].
Fourthly, consonants [l] and [r] also undergo substitution in Korean singers‟ pronunciation. This substitution happens because consonant [l] and [r] belong to a single phoneme in Korean and when it is preceded or followed by
[−consonantal]. Lastly, it is also found that consonant [k] and [p] undergoes aspiration.
In conclusion, there are four phonological process found in the mispronunciation of English sounds by Korean singers in Buzzfeed interview.
They are the process of deleting voiced alveolar stop consonant and unrounded mid central vowel, the epenthesis process, the process of changing voiceless labiodental fricative voiceless alveolar stop, and voiced fricative interdental consonants, and the aspiration process found in this study.
This recent study will give contribution in phonology analysis which can be developed more. For the future research, it is possible to conduct a similar analysis with different kind of interviews since Korean singers become more
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fluent in speaking English now. It is also possible to conduct an analysis by comparing Korean singers with certain accent while speaking English.
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REFERENCES
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Cho, Junmo & Hae-Kyeong Park. (2006). A Comparative Analysis of Korean- English Phonological. Théories et pratiques de la traduction et de, Volume 51 (2), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.7202/013253ar
Choo, Miho & William O‟Grady. (2003). The Sounds of Korean: A Pronunciation Guide. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
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Hayes, Bruce. (2009). Introductory Phonology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing.
Hermastuti, Sendy Intania. (2017). Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers (Undergraduate Thesis). Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta.
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Kirkpatrick, Andy. (2011). English as an Asian lingua franca and the multilingual model of ELT. Language Teaching, 1–13. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0261444810000145
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Llurda, Enric. (2004). Non-native-speaker Teachers and English as an International Language. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(3), 314 – 323.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Mispronounced English Sounds in “BTS Plays With Puppies
While Answering Fan Questions”
Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation Hundred years from now, what would you want [hʌndrəd] [hʌnrəd] [d] → ø people to think of when they hear BTS? Legend! Legend! [leʤənd] [reʤən] [r] → [l] fashion. [fæʃən] [pæʃən] [f] → [p] Hey, puppy! What's your [træk] [ʃræk] [t] → [ʃ] favorite track? Fake Love! I like Fake [lʌv] [lʌb] Love. [v] → [b] Silver! [sɪlvər] [sɪlbər] We with Mr. Bang talk [wɪð] [wɪt] [ð] → [t] about. Just black. [dʒʌs] [dʒʌsə]
Study English hard. [ɪŋglɪʃ] [ɪŋgəlɪʃ] ø → [ə] Fake Love! I like Fake [feɪk] [feɪkə] Love.
Appendix 2: Mispronounced English Sounds in “EXID Plays Would You
Rather”
Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation Would you rather forget the words to our songs mid-performance or forget [wərdz] [wərz] [d] → ø the choreography to your dongs mid-performance? Always lie. [ɔlweɪz] [ɔrweɪz] [l] → [r] My name is LE. My job is [ræpə] [læpə] [r] → [l] rapper!
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Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation Would rather fight with a [zɒmbi] [ʤɒmbi] [z] → [dʒ] zombie or a serial killer? Dancing ability. [əbɪləti] [əbɪlədi] [t] → [d] Would you rather dress really well or put on [meɪkʌp] [meɪkop] [ʌ] → [o] makeup really well? Would you rather have a golf ball as your head or [hed] [hæd] [e] → [æ] have a watermelon as your head?
Appendix 3: Mispronounced English Sounds in “GOT7 Makes Childhood
Candy While Answering Fans Questions”
Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation Bambam, young and rich. [rɪtʃ] [lɪtʃ] [r] → [l] Then let me ask you. If you could switch from all [swɪʧ] [swɪʃ] [ʧ] → [ʃ] of us. I like Look. [lʊk] [lʊkh] [k] → [kh] Bambam, young and rich. [jʌŋ] [joŋ] [ʌ] → [o] Why so serious? [sɪəriəs] [sɪriəs] [ɪə] → [ɪ]
Appendix 4: Mispronounced English Sounds in “Monsta X Plays With
Puppies While Answering Fan Questions”
Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation What concept or music genre would you like to [wʊd ju] [wʊʤ ju] [d] → [ʤ] try in the future?
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Korean Target Mispronounced Sentences singers’ Pronunciation Sounds Pronunciation What are some of your favorite lyrics that you‟ve [əv] [əb] written? [v] → [b] You have! [həv] [həb]
What do you want Monsta ø → [ɪ] [rɪmembərd] [rɪmembərɪdə] X to be remembered for? ø → [ə] If there‟s one thing you could change from your [kʊd] [kʊdə] past, what would it be? ø → [ə] What are some of your favorite lyrics that you‟ve [rɪtn] [rɪtən] written? What do you want Monsta [wɒnt] [wʌnt] [ɒ] → [ʌ] X to be remembered for? 100 percent! [pəsent] [phəsent] [p] → [ph]