Petroleum Displacement Planning
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies in China and United States
Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 12-2016 The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States JIyi Lai [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lai, JIyi, "The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States" (2016). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 163. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/163 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai DECEMBER 2016 A Masters Paper Submitted to the faculty of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the department of IDCE And accepted on the recommendation of ! Christopher Van Atten, Chief Instructor ABSTRACT The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai The number of passenger cars in use worldwide has been steadily increasing. This has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants, and new efforts to develop alternative fuel vehicles to mitigate reliance on petroleum. Alternative fuel vehicles include a wide range of technologies powered by energy sources other than gasoline or diesel fuel. -
The Road to Zero Next Steps Towards Cleaner Road Transport and Delivering Our Industrial Strategy
The Road to Zero Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy July 2018 The Road to Zero Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy The Government has actively considered the needs of blind and partially sighted people in accessing this document. The text will be made available in full on the Government’s website. The text may be freely downloaded and translated by individuals or organisations for conversion into other accessible formats. If you have other needs in this regard please contact the Department. Department for Transport Great Minster House 33 Horseferry Road London SW1P 4DR Telephone 0300 330 3000 General enquiries https://forms.dft.gov.uk Website www.gov.uk/dft © Crown copyright, 2018, except where otherwise stated. Printed in July 2018. Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the Crown. You may re-use this information (not including logos or third-party material) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v2.0. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Contents Foreword 1 Policies at a glance 2 Executive Summary 7 Part 1: Drivers of change 21 Part 2: Vehicle Supply and Demand 33 Part 2a: Reducing emissions from vehicles already on our roads 34 Part 2b: Driving uptake of the cleanest new cars and vans 42 Part 2c: -
The Electric Vehicle Evolution
THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE EVOLUTION Electric vehicles are a growing market for new car purchases with more and more people making the switch from the gas station to an electrical outlet to fuel their vehicles. Electric vehicles use electricity as their primary fuel or use electricity along with a conventional engine to improve efficiency (plug-in hybrid vehicles). Drivers are purchasing the vehicles for all kinds of reasons. Many decide to buy when they hear about the savings. Drivers see around $700 in savings a year in gasoline expenses when they drive an average of 12,000 miles. They also can realize substantial tax credits that encourage low-emission and emissions-free driving. Additional benefits include environmental improvements because of reduced vehicle emissions, energy independence by way of using locally-generated electricity and high quality driving performance. With the influx of electric vehicles comes a need for charging infrastructure. Throughout the country, businesses, governments and utilities have been installing electric vehicle charging stations. According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center, there are over tens of thousands of vehicle charging outlets across the country. This trend toward electric vehicles is expected to continue, especially with the billions of dollars that auto manufacturers are investing in these new vehicles. The list of manufacturer support is long with almost every large automobile manufacturer currently developing or selling an electric vehicle. But how and why did this all get started? Let’s step back and take a look at the history of electric transportation. 1 THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE EVOLUTION EARLY SUCCESS Electric vehicles actually have their origin in the 1800s. -
Electric Vehicles: a Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues
Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46231 SUMMARY R46231 Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and February 14, 2020 Selected Policy Issues Melissa N. Diaz The market for electrified light-duty vehicles (also called passenger vehicles; including passenger Analyst in Energy Policy cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and minivans) has grown since the 1990s. During this decade, the first contemporary hybrid-electric vehicle debuted on the global market, followed by the introduction of other types of electric vehicles (EVs). By 2018, electric vehicles made up 4.2% of the 16.9 million new light-duty vehicles sold in the United States that year. Meanwhile, charging infrastructure grew in response to rising electric vehicle ownership, increasing from 3,394 charging stations in 2011 to 78,301 in 2019. However, many locations have sparse or no public charging infrastructure. Electric motors and traction battery packs—most commonly made up of lithium-ion battery cells—set EVs apart from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The battery pack provides power to the motor that drives the vehicle. At times, the motor acts as a generator, sending electricity back to the battery. The broad categories of EVs can be identified by whether they have an internal combustion engine (i.e., hybrid vehicles) and whether the battery pack can be charged by external electricity (i.e., plug-in electric vehicles). The numerous vehicle technologies further determine characteristics such as fuel economy rating, driving range, and greenhouse gas emissions. EVs can be separated into three broad categories: Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs): The internal combustion engine primarily powers the wheels. -
Market Conditions for Biogas Vehicles
REPORT Market conditions for biogas vehicles Tomas Rydberg, Mohammed Belhaj, Lisa Bolin, Maria Lindblad, Åke Sjödin, Christina Wolf B1947 April 2010 Report approved: 2010-10-20 John Munthe Scientific director Organization Report Summary IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. Project title Market conditions for biogas vehicles Address P.O. Box 5302 SE-400 14 Göteborg Project sponsor Swedish Road Administration Telephone +46 (0)31-725 62 00 Author Tomas Rydberg, Mohammed Belhaj, Lisa Bolin, Maria Lindblad, Åke Sjödin, Christina Wolf Title and subtitle of the report Market conditions for biogas vehicles Summary With a present share of biofuel used in the Swedish road transport sector of 5.2%, the opportunity for reaching the binding target of 10% by 2020 seem promising. It is both likely and desirable that biogas vehicles may make a significant contribution to fulfill Sweden’s obligation under the biofuels directive. It is likely because the stock of biogas (bi-fuel/CNG) vehicles in Sweden is increasing, as is the supply and demand of biogas. It is desirable, because biogas use in the road transport sector has not only climate benefits, but also benefits from an environmental (e.g. improved air quality due to lower emissions of regulated and unregulated air pollutants) and socio-economic (e.g. domestic production, employment) point of view. Keyword biogas, gas-fuelled vehicles, GHG, Bibliographic data IVL Report B1947 The report can be ordered via Homepage: www.ivl.se, e-mail: [email protected], fax+46 (0)8-598 563 90, or via IVL, P.O. Box 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden Market conditions for biogas vehicles IVL report B1947 Summary The present report, prepared by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) on behalf of the Swedish Road Administration, analyses the market prerequisites for biogas vehicles and biogas used as motor fuel in view of the EU biofuels directive and the Swedish national target to switch to a fossil fuel independent vehicle fleet by before 2030. -
The Supply Chain for Electric Vehicle Batteries
United States International Trade Commission Journal of International Commerce and Economics December 2018 The Supply Chain for Electric Vehicle Batteries David Coffin and Jeff Horowitz Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are a growing part of the passenger vehicle industry due to improved technology, customer interest in reducing carbon footprints, and policy incentives. EV batteries are the key determinant of both the range and cost of the vehicle. This paper explains the importance of EV batteries, describes the structure of the EV battery supply chain, examines current limitations in trade data for EV batteries, and estimates the value added to EV batteries for EVs sold in the United States. Keywords: motor vehicles, cars, passenger vehicles, electric vehicles, vehicle batteries, lithium- ion batteries, supply chain, value chain. Suggested citation: Coffin, David, and Jeff Horowitz. “The Supply Chain for Electric Vehicle Batteries.” Journal of International Commerce and Economics, December 2018. https://www.usitc.gov/journals. This article is the result of the ongoing professional research of USITC staff and is solely meant to represent the opinions and professional research of the authors. It is not meant to represent in any way the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission, any of its individual Commissioners, or the United States Government. Please direct all correspondence to David Coffin and Jeff Horowitz, Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436, or by email to [email protected] and [email protected]. The Supply Chain for Electric Vehicle Batteries Introduction Supply chains spreading across countries have added complexity to tracking international trade flows and calculating the value each country receives from a particular good. -
A U.S. Consumer's Guide to Electric Vehicle Charging
CONSUMER GUIDE TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES JUNE 2021 11570437 WHY BUY AN ELECTRIC CAR? Electric vehicles (EVs) are fun to drive, safe, comfortable, and convenient to refuel. They also cost less to operate per mile and produce no tailpipe emissions. Today’s electric cars do everything a gas car can do—and more. Most are high-performing vehicles with silent, instant torque, superb handling, and the latest technology and safety features. Most can travel 200–250 miles on a charge; many can go farther. Most EV drivers prefer to charge at home for its convenience and savings. A growing national network of public charging sites enables more consumers—even those who can’t plug in at home—to consider purchasing an EV. Because EVs are powered by electricity instead of gasoline, they shift our energy reliance to domestic sources while also reducing emissions. Cutting vehicle emissions is especially critical in communities adjacent to heavily trafficked roadways. As local power generation grows cleaner, every electric car charged on that grid gets cleaner too—and the broader public health and climate benefits increase. Electrifying light-duty transport would reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 17% relative to 2018 levels. EV 101 This guide highlights the two types of electric vehicles that plug into the grid to recharge their batteries. They are battery-electric (or all-electric) vehicles and plug-in hybrids. All-electric vehicles are powered solely Plug-in hybrids pair an electric motor by an electric motor and battery. They and battery with an internal-combustion burn no gasoline or diesel fuel, so they engine. -
Advanced Components for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
M m III Hi 1 MIST ^^^^^^1 jljlll 1 iV PUBLICATIONS A11104 EfifilfiT United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Special Publication 860 Advanced Components for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Workshop Proceedings October 27-28, 1993 Gaithersburg, Maryland K. L. Stricklett, Editor 7he National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering and performs related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, -
Batteries on Wheels: the Role of Battery Electric Cars in the EU Power System and Beyond
Batteries on wheels: the role of battery electric cars in the EU power system and beyond A report for: Batteries on wheels: the role of battery electric cars in the EU power system and beyond Executive Summary Batteries are the key technology enabling the decarbonisation of transport, and the value of the materials within them (both in absolute terms and strategically for Europe) has resulted in the development of policies and regulations around battery reuse and recycling, with the European Commission (EC) looking to review its Battery Directive in 2020. However, what is also emerging is the potential for batteries to work synergistically with the power system, providing a range of services that can increase renewable energy uptake, reduce constraints on networks, and provide security of energy supply. Performance requirements for grid support batteries are lower than those for electric vehicles, which points to grid support being a key second life application for EV batteries. A joint consortium of Renault, ENEL, Iberdrola and Transport & Environment commissioned Element Energy to understand the impacts and opportunities related to EVs for the electricity system. By evaluating current recycling capabilities and processes, along with associated costs and legislative requirements, and comparing the different end of life options (re-use, recycling, etc.) this study informs on what is appropriate in terms of policy and regulation. The key topics and questions addressed by this study are shown below: Expected battery volumes for 2nd life and recycling This study builds onto the EV deployment scenarios previously developed by Element Energy for the European Climate Foundation1, combining the EU’s push to limit the emissions of new vehicles and feedback from car OEMs. -
Consumer Guide to Electric Vehicles
CONSUMER GUIDE TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES MARCH 2019 11006224 Today’s Choices in Cars Today’s electric car market is growing steadily, offering U.S. consumers more affordable, efficient, high-performance transportation options each year. Buy- ers can find an electric car in almost every vehicle class, with about 41 new models available today and about 132 projected by 2022. ELECTRIC VEHICLES DEMYSTIFIED Nationwide, a public charging net- This guide focuses exclusively on plug-in electric vehicles, work is expanding as well, enabling which have batteries that are recharged by plugging into more consumers to consider purchas- the electricity grid. There are two main types: battery ing an electric car. Most drivers still electric or all-electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. prefer to charge at home, however, due to convenience and savings over All-electric vehicles use no gasoline and are powered time. They plug in and charge their solely by an electric motor (or motors) and battery. Battery technology is rapidly advancing, costs are declining, and cars overnight, just like their smart vehicle range is increasing. phones. At the U.S. national average price of 12.5 cents per kilowatt-hour Plug-in hybrids are powered by an electric motor (or motors) and battery paired with an internal combustion (kWh), electricity is roughly equivalent engine. Most drive solely on electricity using battery to gasoline at $1 a gallon. Plus, many energy until the battery is discharged, thereafter continuing electricity providers offer special elec- to drive on gasoline like a conventional hybrid. tric vehicle rates. Conventional hybrids have smaller batteries and do Displacing gasoline with domestic not plug in. -
Electric Vehicles: the Portland Way
ELECTRIC VEHICLES: THE PORTLAND WAY THE PORTLAND STRATEGY AT A GLANCE 1. Adopt and update policies to facilitate the transition to the use of electric vehicles (EVs) in Portland: a. Streamline electrical permitting. b. Provide limited use of the right-of-way for EV charging. c. Adopt consistent signage and parking enforcement standards. d. Reduce vehicle miles traveled by continued education about using transit, walking or biking for trips of 3 miles or less. e. Continue to research best practices regarding EV-friendly development regulations and policies. 2. Promote State and Federal EV tax incentives for Portland residents and businesses 3. Create a new program to serve EVs in garage-free homes 4. Develop strategic relationships and economic development initiatives to support regional job growth within the clean-tech cluster 5. Create the most sustainable municipal fleet in the country 6. Partner with the freight community to facilitate adoption of EVs and plug-in-hybrid technology in the trucking industry 7. Work with carshare companies and transit agencies to ensure affordable access to EV technology 8. Foster existing public and private relationships and look for new partnerships that support EV infrastructure deployment, promote EV adoption and explore progressive technologies 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this document is to identify and outline the policies, programs and strategies being adopted by the City of Portland (City), as part of a regionally coordinated effort to promote and integrate electric vehicles (EVs) into our transportation system and to capitalize on local economic development opportunities from this emerging industry. This strategy has been developed by an inter-bureau team that meets regularly, with representatives from Mayor Sam Adams’ Office, the Portland Development Commission, the Portland Bureau of Transportation, the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, the Bureau of Development Services and CityFleet. -
Characterizing Taxi Drivers Interested in Purchasing a Full Electric Vehicle
Article Moving a Taxi Sector to Become Electric: Characterizing Taxi Drivers Interested in Purchasing a Full Electric Vehicle Milan Tamis * and Robert van den Hoed Department of Urban Technology, Faculty of Technology, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 December 2019; Accepted: 2 March 2020; Published: 4 March 2020 Abstract: Electrification of mobility exceeds personal transport to increasingly focus on particular segments such as city logistics and taxis. These commercial mobility segments have different motives to purchase a full electric vehicle and require a particular approach to incentivize and facilitate the transition towards electric mobility. A case where a municipality was successful in stimulating the transition to electric mobility is the taxi sector in the city of Amsterdam. Using results from a survey study (n = 300), this paper analyses the differences in characteristics between taxi drivers that either have or do not have interest in purchasing a full electric taxi vehicle. Results show a low intention across the sample to adopt a full electric vehicle and no statistically significant differences in demographics between the two groups. Differences were found between the level of acceptability of the covenant, the rated attractiveness of the incentives, the ratings of full electric vehicle attributes and the consultation of objective and social information sources. These results can be used by policy makers to develop new incentives that target specific topics currently influencing the interest in a full electric taxi vehicle. Keywords: case study; commercial fleet; full electric vehicles; incentives; research; taxi; user behaviour 1.