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PDF-Volltext Neue Erkenntnisse der Schwefelchemie und Chemotaxonomie in Arten des Genus Allium Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Jan Kusterer aus Bad Karlshafen Marburg/Lahn 2010 Vom Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am................... Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Keusgen Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Petersen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung am 30.03.2010 Meinen Eltern und Onkel Alex Man kann ein Problem nicht mit der Denkweise lösen, die es erschaffen hat. Albert Einstein Probleme sind das Gewürz des Lebens. Terry Pratchett Danksagung Ich möchte mich an erster Stelle bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Keusgen bedanken. Zum einem für die Möglichkeit der Promotion und zum anderen für die Überlassung des interessanten Themas. Außerdem möchte ich ihm für das Vertrauen und die vielfältige Unterstützung über die letzten Jahre danken. Frau Prof. Dr. Petersen danke ich sehr für die freundliche und sehr spontane Übernahme der Zweitkorrektur. Des Weiteren bedanke ich mich recht herzlich bei Prof. Dr. Steinmetzer und Prof. Dr. med. Kuschinsky für die Beteiligung an meiner Prüfungskommission. Ein besonderer Dank geht an Herrn Dr. Fritsch für die Hilfe bei der taxonomischen Einordnung, die Bereitstellung von Probenmaterialien und die vielen Tipps in Bezug auf die botanischen Gesichtspunkte dieser Arbeit. Herrn Dr. Furkat Khasanov und Herrn PD Dr. Nikolai Friesen danke ich sehr für die interessanten Gespräche und vielfältigen Hilfen. Außerdem bedanke ich mich bei allen weiteren Kooperationspartnern des PharmALL Projektes und der VW-Stiftung für die Finanzierung dieses Projektes. Mein Dank gilt auch meiner gesamten Arbeitsgruppe für die gute Atmosphäre und die vielen schönen Momente, die in Erinnerung bleiben werden. Insbesondere danke ich Matthias Brauschke und Floris van Elsäcker für die unaufwiegbare praktische Hilfe im Labor. Ich freue mich auch weiter mit Euch so gut zusammenzuarbeiten. Ein Dankeschön auch an alle Auszubildenden, die mich bei meiner Arbeit unterstützt haben. Der NMR- und der MS-Abteilung danke ich sehr für die sehr gute Zusammenarbeit, vor allem wenn die Zeit drängte konnte ich mich immer auf sie verlassen. Ein Dankeschön auch an alle Betreuer des Praktikums „Instrumentelle Analytik“ für die gute Zusammenarbeit und die vielen netten Tage. Ich danke allen meinen Freunden für ihre offenen Ohren und die Gewissheit, dass sie immer da waren, wenn man sie brauchte. Meinen Eltern, Großeltern und meinem großen Bruder Karsten danke ich für ihre unermüdliche Unterstützung und das tiefe Vertrauen in mich, ohne die ich niemals so weit gekommen wäre. Isa, ich danke Dir für deine Liebe, dein Vertrauen in mich, deine Geduld mit mir und die Zeit mit Dir. I Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 II Abbildungsverzeichnis 9 III Tabellenverzeichnis 12 IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis 15 1. Einleitung 21 1.1 Einteilung der Gattung Allium 21 1.1.1 Die phylogenetische Klassifizierung des Genus Allium 24 1.1.2 Untergattung Melanocrommyum 26 1.2 Inhaltsstoffe in Arten der Gattung Allium 28 1.2.1 Schwefelverbindungen 28 1.2.2 Cysteinsulfoxide 28 1.2.3 Flavonoide 30 1.2.4 Saponine 30 1.2.5 Fruktane 31 1.2.6 Wasser 32 1.2.7 Vitamine 32 1.2.8 γ-Glutamyl-Cysteinsulfoxide 33 1.3 Alliinase-Reaktion 33 1.3.1 primäre und sekundäre Aromakomponenten 35 1.4 Bildung von Arginin und die Funktion als pflanzlicher Stickstoffspeicher 38 1.4.1 Selen und seine Bedeutung für Menschen und Pflanzen 39 1.5 Pharmazeutische Relevanz der Gattung Allium 39 1.5.1 Anerkannte pharmazeutische Wirkungen der Gattung Allium 40 1.5.2 Volksmedizinische Verwendung von Allium-Arten in Zentralasien 41 1.6 Marasmius alliaceus 42 1.7 Die AllDat-Datenbank 43 1.8 HPLC-Methodik 43 1.9 Aminosäurendetektion mittels ortho-Phthaldialdehyd-Derivatisierung 44 1.10 Ziel der Arbeit 45 1 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 2. Materialien & Methoden 47 2.1 Pflanzenproben 47 2.1.1 Herstellung der Extrakte für die quantitative und qualitative Analytik 47 2.1.2 Herstellung von methanolischen Auszügen 47 2.1.3 Herstellung von Ethylacetat-Auszügen 48 2.2 Reagensienherstellung 48 2.2.1 Herstellung des Boratpuffers pH 9,5 48 2.2.2 Herstellung des Derivatisierungsreagens 48 2.2.3 Herstellung der 1 M Iodacetamid-Lösung 48 2.2.4 Herstellung der Pufferlösungen 49 2.2.4.1 Phosphatpuffer pH: 6,5 für die HPLC 49 2.2.4.2 50 mmol Ammoniumacetatpuffer pH 6,5 für die HPLC-MS 49 2.3 OPA-Derivatisierung 49 2.4 HPLC-Einstellungen 50 2.4.1 HPLC-Gradient für die quantitative Analyse 50 2.4.2 Dosierschema für die quantitative und qualitative Analyse 51 2.4.3 Kalibrierung der HPLC-Säule mit einem (+)-Alliin-Standard 51 2.4.4 Präparative Trennung von OPA-Derivaten 53 2.5 MS-Einstellungen 54 2.5.1 MS Einstellungen bei HPLC-MS-Messungen zur qualitativen Analyse der OPA-derivatisierten Inhaltsstoffe 54 2.5.2 MS/MS Einstellungen zur Analyse von Aromakomponenten 55 2.5.3 HPLC-MS Einstellungen für die Trennung und Analyse von 55 Aromakomponenten von Allium stipitatum 2 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.6 Synthesen 56 2.6.1 Synthese von Cysteinsulfoxidstandards 56 2.6.2 Synthese von Di-2-Pyridylthiosulfonat (Substanz 3a) 57 2.7 Verwendete Reagensien 58 2.8 Verwendete Materialien 60 2.9 Verwendete Geräte 60 3. Ergebnisse 62 3.1 Analyse von OPA derivatisierten Inhaltsstoffen 62 3.1.1 Vorversuche 62 3.1.1.1 Isolierung von OPA derivatisierten (+)-Alliin 62 3.1.1.2 Strukturaufklärung von OPA-derivatisierten Sulfoxidstandards 63 3.1.2 Allium stipitatum 66 3.1.2.1 Isolierung des derivatisierten S-(2-Pyridyl)-Cysteinsulfoxides... 66 3.1.2.2 Strukturaufklärung des derivatisierten S-(2-Pyridyl)-Cysteinsulfoxides 66 3.1.3 Untergattung Nectaroscordum 71 3.1.3.1 Isolierung der derivatisierten Cystein-Derivate aus Allium siculum und Allium tripedale 71 3.1.3.2 Strukturaufklärung der derivatisierten Cystein Derivate aus Allium siculum und Allium tripedale 71 3.1.3.2.1 Strukturaufklärung von Nectaros 1... 72 3.1.3.2.2 Strukturaufklärung von Nectaros 2... 75 3.1.3.2.3 Strukturaufklärung von Nectaros 3... 78 3.1.4 Strukturaufklärung von weiteren Cysteinsulfoxiden 81 3.1.4.1 Herstellung und Aufarbeitung eines Allium suworowii-Extraktes zur Strukturaufklärung von L-(+)-Marasmin 81 3.1.4.2 Aufarbeitung von Allium oschaninii-Extrakten zur Strukturaufklärung von γ-Glutamyl-Isoalliin 83 3.1.4.3 Isolierung des OPA-derivatisierten γ-Glutamyl-Marasmin aus Marasmius alliceus 86 3 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.2 Analyse von flüchtigen Komponenten 88 3.2.1 Analyse von flüchtigen Komponenten aus Allium stipitatum 88 3.2.1.1 Identifizierung von Substanz 1... 89 3.2.1.2 Identifizierung von Substanz 2... 90 3.2.1.3 Identifizierung von Substanz 3... 91 3.2.1.4 Identifizierung von Substanz 4... 93 3.2.1.5 Identifizierung von Substanz 5... 94 3.2.2 Analyse von flüchtigen Komponenten aus dem Subgenus Nectaroscordum 95 3.2.2.1 Identifizierung von Substanz 6... 96 3.2.2.2 Identifizierung von Substanz 7... 96 3.2.2.3 Identifizierung der Substanzen 8 und 9... 98 3.3 Quantitative Untersuchungen der Pflanzen-Proben 99 3.3.1 Massenverluste von Extrakten 101 3.3.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide 103 3.3.2.1 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Untergattung Melanocrommyum 103 3.3.2.1.1 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Acanthoprason 103 3.3.2.1.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Acmopetala 105 3.3.2.1.3 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Compactoprason 106 3.3.2.1.4 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Kaloprason 107 3.3.2.1.5 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Megaloprason 108 3.3.2.1.6 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Melanocrommyum 109 3.3.2.1.7 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Procerallium 110 3.3.2.1.8 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Pseudoprason 111 3.3.2.1.9 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in den Sektionen Asteroprason, Miniprason, Regeloprason, Stellata und Sektion Verticillatta 112 4 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.3.2.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Untergattung Cepa 113 3.3.2.3 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Untergattung Allium 116 3.3.2.3.1 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Allium 116 3.3.2.3.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Avulsea 118 3.3.2.3.3 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Codonoprasum 119 3.3.2.3.4 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in der Sektion Mediasia 120 3.3.2.4 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Untergattung Nectaroscordum 121 3.3.2.5 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Untergattung Reticulatobulbosa 122 3.3.2.5.1 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Sektion Campanulata 122 3.3.2.5.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Sektion Scabriscapa 123 3.3.2.6 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Untergattung Polyprason 124 3.3.2.6.1 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Sektion Falcatifolia 124 3.3.2.6.2 Quantitativer Vergleich der Cysteinsulfoxide in Proben der Sektion Oreiprason 125 3.3.3 Betrachtung der Cysteinsulfoxidgehalte in weiteren Pflanzenteilen 126 3.3.3.1 Melanocrommyum 126 3.3.3.2 Allium 128 3.3.3.3 Nectaroscordum 129 3.3.3.4 Reticulatobulbosa 129 3.3.3.5 Polyprason 130 3.3.4 Betrachtung der relativen Aminosäuregehalte in Proben der drei Untergattungen Melanocrommyum, Cepa und Allium 131 3.3.4.1 Betrachtung des relativen Anteils des L-Arginins an der Gesamtmasse der identifizierbaren Aminosäuren. 133 3.3.5 Sulfoxidgehalte in Proben von Marasmius alliaceus 134 5 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 4. Diskussion 135 4.1 Methodik 135 4.1.1.
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