ARAM, 17 (2005) 285-356 G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 285

JABAL RIHANE RESERVE1

Dr. GEORGES TOHMÉ AND Dr. HENRIETTE TOHMÉ (Lebanese University)

A- INTRODUCTION AND SOURCE OF INFORMATION

1- ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RIHANE RESERVE

In early December 2001, the Reverend Father Dr. Shafiq Abouzayd tele- phone me from London to propose the idea of declaring the Jabal Rihane a protected area. Since he is from Mlikh village where he was born and spent his childhood, Dr. Abouzayd showed a constant tendency to protect its environ- ment on the basis of a scientific biodiversity background and cooperation with its inhabitants as well as the local communities of its surroundings. Accord- ingly, he asked me if I was willing to conduct preliminary field studies in Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Kfarhouneh, Aramta and Rihane villages similar o what I had previously done, in cooperation with a team of scientists, in five protected areas. One of them (Al-Chouf Cedar Reserve) is in the proximity of Jabal Rihane. As my wife and I often used to conduct wildlife field studies all over Leba- non, we welcomed Dr. Abouzayd’s idea. The following day, we prospected these areas that had not been accessed by us for the last thirty years. Continu- ous records in these villages continued over the last two years, often twice monthly, and once a week during spring season.

2- ROLE OF MR. ALBERT (ALBERTINO) ABELA

During January and February 2002, we had, in Beirut, several working meetings with Mr. Albert (Albertino) Abela and the team of his foundation (Cedrus Conservation Foundation). Mr. Abela established this foundation a few years ago. It encompasses researchers from all over the world and aims at protecting the environment. Mr. Abela, who resides in London, is one of the most enthusiastic Lebanese to introduce the Lebanon and its beautiful natural heritage to the global community. He decided to develop and implement a re-

1 Study prepared by Dr. Georges Tohmé & Dr. Henriette Tohmé: Botany & Mammalogy. Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi: Ornithology. Dr. Souad Hraoui-Bloquet: Herpetology. Dr. Raymond Gèze: Geolog. General Coordinator: Dr. Georges Tohmé. 286 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE search study project that is of a type rarely undertaken by the private sector in the country. However, two weeks later he organized at the Ministry of Envi- ronment another working meeting, under the leadership of H. E. Dr. Michel Moussa where the major guidelines for the study were developed as a pre-req- uisite for and also to assist in the declaration of the Rihane as protected area. It is worth noting that during this period of time, an intensive exchange of letters between us (myself and Mr. Abela) took place, in which I explained the programme that we intend to run as well as the terms of references for our study in order to conduct researches similar to those previously done by us in five protected areas (Al-Chouf Cedar, Horsh Ehden, Palm Islands, Tyre Beach and Aammiq Swamp) on behalf of the Ministry of Environment through the National Council for Scientific Research. The new study covered two years whereas the previous studies were extended over only one year.

3- THE WORKING TEAM AND THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

Under the leadership of Dr. Georges Tohmé, the working team was formed of: ø Dr. Raymond Gèze who studied the geology of the area, its relation with the fauna and flora and the forms of life in the geological era of the past, ø Dr. Souad Hraoui who studied the herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles), ø Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi who surveyed the birds and their migra- tion, ø Dr. Henriette Tohmé who studied the mammals along with Dr. Georges Tohmé, ø Dr. Georges Tohmé who studied the flora with Dr. Henriette Tohmé, and who prepared the present report.

On this occasion, we would like to deeply thank Mr. Albert Abela and his foundation for trusting us. We hope that others will follow his initiative. Also we would like to thank the Heads and Members of municipalities' councils as well as the mayors and the inhabitants of the Jabal Rihane area who cooperated with us and subsequently became the most supporters to the idea of declaring the said area a reserve. We hope that the efforts will accumu- late to have it declared by law, very soon, a protected area.

4- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESERVE

The Rihane differs from other protected areas in Lebanon by its situation at middle altitudes. All the others are either at high altitude with a dominance of cedar trees (Tannourine, Ehden, Al-Chouf Cedar reserves) or at very low alti- G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 287 tudes such as Palm Islands or Tyre Beach reserves. Also it differs by its nature from the Aammiq wetland. The main characteristics of the Rihane area are:

ø Diversified multi-ecosystems Each ecosystem is formed from a biotope (mountains, rivers, valleys, etc.) and its fauna and flora that are living in it. The ecosystem contains an active community of living organisms (biocoenosis) interacting together as well as with their environment. The term “interacting” used here means that these living organisms influence the environment and are impacted by it. The size of the ecosystem varies from small (e.g. pool) to medium (e.g. swamp) or large (e.g. desert, river, sea, whole earth) through a variety of sizes where ecosystems may even overlap or interfere. As for the studied Rihane area, which is described in this report, it is charac- terized by several ecosystems. The main four are: 1) mountainous with mainly limestone rocky substratum, 2) mountainous with sandy and argilla- ceous substratum, 3) natural humid where the living organisms are adapted or accommodated with the humidity of the soil or the atmosphere and 4) dry, sub-desert with its distinguished community. Between these main four ecosystems, there is a whole chain of biotopes where each is characterized by its dominant species. In some, woods of oak and juniper trees dominate whilst in others, a variety of pine tree species prevail. In each of these biotopes, the dominant trees have their own associated plant species. There- fore, we have added to the present report a new chapter that was not consid- ered in the other five protected areas. It is entitled: “Identification of habi- tats in the Jabal Rihane reserve”.

ø Presence of local microclimates: In each mountain fold, valley corner and barren or covered slope, there is a local microclimate to which a specialized community of flora and fauna is adapted and with which it interacts.

ø Special mountainous features The Rihane area lies in the proximity of the Northern Palestine. Subse- quently, it groups two factors: the altitude and the hot and dryer climate. In addition, the flora and fauna of the Rihane display some similarity with these of Hermon Mountain and its southwestern slopes.

ø Easy protection from grazing activities Jabal Rihane offers, through its landscape facilities for easy surveillance and control over grazing activities. The protection of the area from the teeth and feet of sheep and goats will result in increased trees and rapid growth of the vegetal cover. Therefore, the managing parties of each public area will be 288 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

able to reasonably harvest the timber similarly to what is practiced in the French Jura, with the condition that this matter needs the expertise of forest agents or experts in the planning for the trees and the species that are to be cut every year.

ø Potential for eco-tourism promotion In addition to the natural landscapes, natural and historical sites and avail- ability of handcrafts, the following findings are of high significance to pro- mote eco- tourism: (a) The Hyrax that is found in the karsts of the area is of strange habits and anatomically distinct as indicated below. As such, its communities may be of high attraction to eco-tourists. (b) The bird flyways in the area offer several hotspots, which constitute at- traction points to birdwatchers. Hence, there is a necessity to plan for the future of eco-tourism in the area in order to complement the devel- opment projects that are currently implemented by municipalities. (c) The flora offers a wide diversity due to the fact that it groups plants of hot and Mediterranean climates as well as other plants that originally characterize the Anti-Lebanon. This diversity is certainly maximized and more obvious in spring time. (d) Some of the amphibians and reptiles are limited in their distribution to this area.

After all, the question is “why should the Jabal Rihane be a protected area?” To our knowledge, the area has never been a subject for scientific studies in the past and nothing is found in the literature neither on the flora and the fauna of the Jabal Rihane nor about the citation of Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Loueizeh, Aramta, Rihane and Aichyeh. Only Kfarhouneh and Jezzine were very seldom mentioned as prolongation to the old road from Kawkaba near Marjayoun. Therefore, our report is a novelty from the scientific point of view. What to protect? Everything which is needed for Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Louei- zeh, Aramta, Rihane, Kfarhouneh and Aichyeh villages requires the enforce- ment of the existing laws and regulations. In other words, it is necessary to protect the public properties from woodcutting, over grazing, quarries, hunting and the construction of unnecessary roads. Economically talking, the local communities show willingness to regulate the exploitation of forest in a scientific manner so that the whole region can benefit from the sustainable use of the natural resources while maintaining the access rights of future generations to these resources through conservation ac- tivities and wise use. Also, the local communities expressed their wishes that the eco-tourism reaches one day their villages. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 289

Socially and educationally, the municipalities of the Jabal Rihane have an- nounced their willingness to organize and/ or facilitate scout camping and summer school activities to all students from all over Lebanon in order to in- troduce the wilderness areas to them. It is expected that the ecological outings as well as the seminars and meetings of citizens will play an important role in the reconciliation process. In addition, the inhabitants of Jabal Rihane intend to establish a natural history museum to exhibit samples from their natural cul- ture and to rehabilitate some of their old mills as an educational tool for visit- ing students and their parents.

35°22'30"E 35°30'0"E 35°37'30"E

Nahr El Awli 33°30'0"N 33°30'0"N

Nahr El Z ahrani 33°22'30"N 33°22'30"N

Nahr Abou Assouad

Nahr El Litani

Villages/Towns Main roads Cazas boundaries Rivers Akkar Tripoli Hermel 33°15'0"N Sea Koura BatrounBcharr? Aaramta

Baalbek 33°15'0"N nean Jbail a Kesrouane rr Aaychiye ite El Metn Aley Zahl? Med Kfar Houne Chouf Jizzine Rachaiya Louayze Saida Hasbaiya Marjayoun Mlikh Sour 4042 Area of Study Km Rihane

35°22'30"E 35°30'0"E 35°37'30"E 290 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

5. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE SITE

The study area covers the territories of the northwestern corner of Mar- jayoun 1/50000 scaled map that was prepared by Dubertret in 1950. Our stud- ies, however, have covered the areas between Naba el Tasseh at 720 m of alti- tude and the highest woods of Kfarhouneh at 1370 m. This study area lies between 35º30’30’’-35º36’30’’E and 33º26’-33º30’N. It includes Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aichyeh as well as their surrounding belts of public properties. The location of the sites is based on the most up to date map that was produced by the Directorate of geographical af- fairs of the Lebanese army. The latter is warmly thanked for its cooperation. The mentioned villages are approachable from several pathways: 1. Habbouch-Arabsalim-Jarjou'a-Loueizeh-Mlikh-Aramta, etc. 2. Nabatyeh-Kfarromman-Jarmq-Aichyeh-Rihane-Aramta, etc. 3. Jezzine-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc. 4. Beqaa-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc.

6. CLIMATOLOGY

The mean annual precipitation at Rihane village (850 m altitude) is, accord- ing to available official sources, c.925 mm. The mean annual temperature is 16.4 °C. Others provided by nearby stations such as those found at Marjayoun, Jezzine, Nabatyeh and Habbouch replaced some of the lacking information. It was noticed that the rainfall slightly varies from village to another but it gener- ally increases with altitude or with rain-attracting topography. Hence, it is nec- essary to study, in the future, details of the topography of the region and its created environments. Snow may cover the land for a few weeks, as was the case during the last two years. Freeze-days are much less frequent than in similar areas further to the north. The above may probably explain the high diversity of flora and fauna in the area where animals and plants originated from Palestine, Hermom and Leba- non occur at the same time in one place.

7. HISTORY

During our walk on the descending hill from Kfarhouneh to Mlikh, we have found, in the vicinity of an area called “Alwata” some old pieces of artifact work of different sizes. They strongly indicate the remains of old smooth or carved or even painted kitchen tools. The future excavations in their proximity may reveal past human activity from the Neolithic or more recent ages. In ad- dition there are some arc-lined walls that belong to an old village. Also the G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 291 walls of the terraced land in front of Mlikh may be considered of the Neolithic age too. Between Mlikh and Aramta, there are remains of olive oil industry referred, as per the local community, to the beginning of the last century. At the northern entrance of Mlikh there is a carving in the form of a fish. It should be maintained since it may belong to the first Christian era.

Jlal Hassan – Rihane village

B- GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

1- GENERALITIES AND TECTONICS

The Tectonic dominates the general geological view of the Jabal Rihane area. The whole area, along the central axis of Kfarhouneh-Mlikh-Loueizeh, is presented as a perched synclinal with eastern and particularly western erected flanks. The main direction of the axis extends S-SW to N-NE, in parallel with the main tectonic structures of the area, especially the Jurassic axis that is lo- cated further north of Jabal Niha and the Yammouneh Fault. The Cenomanian heart of the synclinal is covered by the Jurassic at its eastern flank and bor- 292 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE dered by it at its NW side. A karstic (sponge-like limestone) aquifer with argil- laceous walls is determined by the Cenomanian-Albian of the Jurassic, captur- ing as such several springs at the bottom of the valley. Despite the scarcity of the water in this area, it is worth noting that the relation between tectonics and water sources is best represented at Rihane and below Loueizeh villages. The perched synclinal of Jabal Rihane and its Jurassic eastern flank consti- tute, approximately, the southern end of the high massif of Mount Lebanon that is limited to the west by the Roum-Chhim fault and to the east by the Yammouneh fault. The latter is the eastern border of the Beqaa tectonic de- pression. The perched synclinal structure that is normally evoked by the symmetrical disposition of layers is not obvious on the Marjayoun map for the western flank but it is more significant on the map of Jezzine, which is a northern pro- longation to this flank. This is due to the absence of viability and roads in the area at the time during which the map was developed. Taking into account the stratigraphy of the sector and despite the easy identification of the litho logic nature, there are no indications of inclines in this area. Nowadays, the synclinal structure of the region is clearly revealed through the presence of modern carved roads with relief marked by erected hard calcareous layers. The absence of more recent lands than these of the Cenomanian, especially in the protected zone of the perched synclinal heart, is in the favor of Dubertret hypothesis, which places the first phase of Mount Lebanon orogenesis at a post-cenomanian period.

2- STRATIGRAPHY

The stratigraphy characterizes the succession of layers and their localization in the study area. The identification of the layers is done through rock facieses and confirmed through fossils. However, our knowledge was confirmed through several fossiliferous levels. The layers are described according to an inverse direction to the stratigraphy, from the center of the synclinal to its borders, from Mlikh to Aramta or from the center of the reserve to its eastern border.

¬ The Cenomanien (C4): It is formed from hard calcareous layers, solidi- fied in the central part of the synclinal and of marl in altitude towards the flanks. These gray layers of dolomite aspect in certain levels contrast well with their corresponding marl-calcareous layers of central Lebanon and both are differently eroded. Several silicified layers mark a facies of little deep formation and confirm the presence, at that period, of a shal- low epi-continental sea as well as a slow carbonate deposition. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 293

¬ The Albian (C3): It characterizes Deir Mzeiraah on top of Kfarhouneh and is found at Aramta village as well as further north where it matches with the main cultivated areas, which are extended over its argillaceous and yellow marl lands. Two large yellowish marl-calcareous layers inter- calated into the argil, as in Jezzine, characterize the series of this age. At Rihane we found the “Ammonite Knemiceras”, a fossil of the Albian, together with sea urchins, mollusks, Gastropods and Lamellibranches. In central Lebanon and precisely north to Mdeirej, the marl-calcareous lay- ers are less consistent; the argil is tinged with green, red or dark gray and alternates, for example, at Aqoura, with fossiliferous layers. The more carbonated Albian geological layers of Rihane and the southern parts of Mount Lebanon indicate deep marine facies of deposition. The remaining northern parts of Mount Lebanon keep, at that period, a more neritic character, nearer to the emersion.

¬ The superior Aptian (C2 sup.): Illustrated by the white calcareous rocks those constitute the cliffs of “Blanche” or Jezzine. The marine transgres- sion, which extends over all Mount Lebanon, is shown here at its maxi- mum, with sometimes, more silicified facies (Hragel). South to Aramta, it was noticed that the cliff of “Blanche” became narrower with less ac- cused relief. This is most probably in relation with the amplitude of volcanism of the underneath. The variation among the calcareous consist- ency throughout the Mount Lebanon apparently indicates the phenom- enon of differential subsidence in different regions.

¬ The inferior Aptian (C2 inf.): Fossiliferous sandy stone of marine facies passing into pale yellow sandy-calcareous material. It appears to be dis- crete in the study region whereas its extension in the Al Chouf area or Jbail is obvious. In addition, the inferior Aptian is found to be not indi- vidualized on the geological map, especially from the Neocomian whilst it is individualized further to the north on the Jezzine map where it ap- pears as narrow edge.

¬ The Neocomian (C1): An age of more continental features with stony sand, sand, argil, lignite and amber. The basalt (black volcanic rock) found at the borders of Aichyeh is represented by medium sized smooth gravel. The basaltic formations are to be considered in relation with ma- jor paleo-tectonic events of that period. The Jurassic basalt is probably the only provider of the gravel of the synclinal depression, mainly in the vicinity of Jabal Niha. Moving north towards Jabal Barouk, it is possible to see that the summits of the southern Mount Lebanon (bordered as mentioned above by the Yammouneh Fault) are formed from Jurassic 294 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

outcrops. Near the southern border of Aichyeh (on the road Khardaly- Jezzine), thick lignite depositions are found in the passage of an old wa- tercourse with traces of fern and branches of gymnosperms, indicating a floral continental biodiversity of the Neocomian.

¬ The Jurassic. The description of the Jurassic will not be detailed here since its outcrops do not directly interest the reserve's project.

¬ The Quaternary. The Quaternary is the most recent age in the earth's his- tory. The details of the present relief as well as the geomorphologic char- acters may be attributed to it. Superficial watercourses and other factors of erosion erode the hard calcareous layers. Several valleys –deeper on the eastern flank- cut perpendicularly the synclinal structure to join the deep valley, which forms its canyon at the bottom of the synclinal de- pression. Hence, the scenic view of Jabal Rihane. Along the sides of the cultivated lands that are situated on a hill, which is traversed by the road Kfarhouneh-Mlikh, there are paleosurface depositions of old basaltic gravel of probably north-east Neocomian origin. Sandy stones and basal- tic gravels are probably traces of past material transportation by the stream, which extends below Mlikh before reaching the water pump sta- tion of Nabaa el Tassa. Foreign bellflower (Campanula peregrina) G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 295

The habitat of Hyrax

3. GEOLOGICAL RELATION WITH CLIMATE AND VEGETATION COVER

The limestone and marl-calcareous rocks of the synclinal depression, men- tioned above, are favorable to the development of diversified wooded garrigue (“Areed” in local language such as “Areed of Shumar” on top of the eastern side of Mlikh) or even to the development of more important forest cover pro- vided that the anthropologic activities (grazing, wood cutting) are reduced. Human activities explain the presence of several relatively barren slopes that once were subject to woodcutting followed by grazing. The outbreak of the Common Asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus can be considered as one of the best indicators of land degradation. Only the garrigues of “Jabal Soujoud” which face the road Jarjouaa-Loueizeh appear to be well preserved within the petrologic context of the Cenomanian. The protection of the slopes over tens of years will help restoring the garrigues as demonstrated in those of Rihane and the “Shumar garrigue” of Mlikh villages. It is worthy noting that the raised awareness of the local communities is a pre-requisite for a successful restoration. 296 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

C- FLORA OF JABAL RIHANE

Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri

1- SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIO-INDICATORS

In the list (1) below, we pointed to the species that are supposed to be pro- tected in accordance with what is stated in the text above. The Following spe- cies indicate specific conditions in this highly diversified site:

. Indicator of humid soil, pools or water streams: Of Equisateceae: the Branching horse-tail Equisetum ramosissimum; Pteridacea: the True maden hair Adiantum capillus-veneris; Poaceae: the Hooded horn-of-plenty Cornucopiae cucullatum; Cyperaceae: the Brown cyperus Cyperus fuscus and Glabrous cyperus Cyperus glaber; Brassi- caceae: the Common water-cress Nasturium officinale and Yellow cress Rorippa macrocarpa; Caryophyllaceae: Echinulate nailwort Paronychia echinulata; Apocynaceae: the Oliender Nerium oleander; Rosaceae: Ber- ries Rubus spp.; Onagraceae: Willow-herb Epilobium spp.; and Astera- ceae: Common fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 297

. Indicator of dry soil: Of Euphorbiaceae: the Pectinate-leaved spurge Euphorbia oxyodonta and of Aseraceae: Gaillardot’s globe-thistle Echinops polyceras.

. Indicator of forested sites often with plenty of rocks: Of Gramineae: the Great quaking-grass Briza maxima and Mountain timo- thy Phleum montanum; Dioscoridaceae: Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis; Liliaceae: Knee-holly Ruscus aculeatus; Brassicaceae: Pendu- lous dame’s-violet Hesperis pendula; Fabaceae: Narbonne vetch Vicia narbonensis; Geraniaceae: Pyrenean geranium Geranium pyrenaicum; and Boraginaceae: Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum.

. Indicator of neglected soil and degraded land: Of the Geraniaceae: the Stemless stork’s-bill Erodium acaule.

. Indicator of sandy soil: Of Poaceae: the Ovate hare’s-tail Lagurus ovatus, Sweet vernal-grass An- thoxanthum odoratum and Deschampsia club-grass Corynephorus des- champsioides; Pinaceae: Pine trees Pinus spp.; Polygonaceae: Horned dock Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii; Liliaceae: Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis; Orchidaceae: Roman orchid Orchis romana libanotica.

. Indicator of volcanic soil: Of Fabaceae: Israel clover: Trifolium israeliticum

. Indicator of fertile mountainous land: Of Caryophyllaceae: True orpine Telephium imperati orientale.

. Indicator of graveled land: Of Amaryllidaceae: Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri; Brassicaceae: Shield fibigia Fibigia clypeata; Asteraceae: Perennial daisy Bellis peren- nis.

. Indicator of rocky land: Of Crassulaceae: Spanish stonecrop Sedum hispanicum; Apiaceae: Ses- sile-flowered hare’s ear Bupleurum nodiflorum; Scrophulariaceae: Orien- tal mullein Verbascum orientale.

. Indicator of barren and dry soil or degraded pasture “grazing” land: Of Liliaceae: Common asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus. 298 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

2. FLORA PRIORITIZED LIST (LIST 1)

Legend (of the numbers in the upper row): 1- Globally and nationally threatened species. 2- Endemic species. 3- Rare species 4- Wholly or partially restricted species to the eastern Mediterranean area. 5- Localized species or restricted species to the reserve. 6- Harvested or collected species by people. 7- Species of Heights. 8- Bio-indicator species. 9- Economic species (Medicinal [M] or Fodder [F]). 10- Common species. 11- Widespread species in the world or in Europe or Asia and around the Mediterranean.

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01

EQUISETACEAE Equisetaceae qO)« V– Equisetum ramosissimum Branching horse-tail h/ + PTERIDACEAE Pteridaceae UOd Adiantum capillus-veneris True maden-hair dO« …de ++M++ PINACEA Pinaceae UOËd Pinus brutia Calabrian pine Íd duM ++ Pinus pinea Stone pine Íu duM ++ + CUPRESSACEAE Cupressaceae UËd Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly juniper ÍœU dd ++++ EPHEDRACEAE Ephedraceae UbK Ephedra campylopoda Leafless joint-pine »UC ++ + TYPHACEAE Typhaceae UOHO Typha australis Southern reed mace WOuM WHO ++ POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Gramineae UOKO$ Aegilops ovata Ovate goat-grass fOK« dOF + Aira elegans Hair-grass WOUd + Alopecurus anthoxanthoides Reed fox-tail WOB WOKF ++ Andropogon distachyus Two-spiked beard-grass VO— + Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass .d w …d“ ++ + Arrhenatherum elatius Tall false-oat ‰U —UM—« ++ ++F+ Arrhenatherum palaestinum Palestine false-oat wMODK —UUM—« +F+ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 299

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Arundo donax Giant reed lzU VB M+ + Avena sterilis Wild oat rOI ÊUu ++ Briza maxima Great quaking-grass aOA« WH +F + Bromus intermedius Intermediate brome ju ‰ud ++ Bromus tectorum Wall brome ÕuD« ‰ud ++ Cornucopiae cucullatum Hooded horn-of-plenty WMKI WOud ++ Corynephorus deschampsioides Deschampsia club-grass W–U WOUd ++ Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass qO$ ++ Dactylis glomerata Orchard-grass WFL WOF« +F + Eragrostis pilosa Hairy love-grass dË ŸeM ++ + Gastridium ventricosum Southern bent-grass WMD WKO +F + Hyparrhenia hirta Shaggy hyparrhenia »“« d F+ + Lagurus ovatus Ovate hare’s-tail V—ô« q– + Melica ciliata laxiflora Ciliate melick WbN WIOK F+ + Melica inaequiglumis Unequal-glumed melick UHBF« WMU WIOK F+ + Milium pedicellare Pedicellate millet wKO— nN ++ Oryzopsis holciformis blancheana Large-flowered WOuIK W“—« ++ mountain-rice Oryzopsis miliacea Millet mountain-rice Wd WJ F+ + Phalaris brachystachys Short-spiked canary-grass WKM« …dOB WA + Phalaris bulbosa Bulbous canary-grass WOKB WA ++ Phleum montanum Mountain tinothy WOK WuB +++F Poa diversifolia Diversely-leaved ‚—u« nK n ++F meadow-grass Poa persica alpina Persian meadow-grass w—U n + Stipa barbata Bearded feather-grass WOK ¡UHK F+ Stipa bromoides Brome feather-grass WOud ¡UHK +F + Trisetaria flavescens Yellow-oat …b ¡UHK F+ CYPERACEAE Cyperaceae UbF Carex distans Loose sedge bU ÍœUF ++ Cyperus flavescens Yellowish cyperus dHB bF ++ Cyperus fuscus Brown cyperus dL« bF + Cyperus glaber Glabrous cyperus œd« bF ++ Cyperus rotundus Nut-grass —Ëb bF +M Scirpus holoschoenus Cluster-headed club-rush wK« fœ + ARACEAE Araceae UOu Arum hygrophilum Green arum wu— ·u ++ 300 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Arum palaestinum Palestine arum wMODK ·u + DIOSCORIDACEAE Dioscoridaceae U—uIuœ Tamus orientalis Oriental black-bryony wd Ÿud ++ Tamus communis Common black-bryony lzU Ÿud + JUNCACEAE Juncaceae UOK√ Juncus articulatus Jointed rush wKBH q« +++ Juncus capitatus Headed rush w«— q« ++ Juncus fontanesii Desfontaines’ rush 5MHœ q« + LILIACEAE Liliaceae UOI“ Allium affine Related garlic tUA Âu ++ Allium ampeloprasum Wild leek Íd À«d + Allium ampeloprasum leucanthum White wild leek iO« Íd «d + Allium carmeli Carmel garlic qdJ« Âu ++ Allium emarginatum Emarginate garlic ‚uH Âu + Allium neapolitanum White garlic iO« Âu + Allium rotundum Round garlic —Ëb Âu + Allium stamineum Long-stamened garlic Wbô« qu Âu + Allium trifoliatum Three-leaved garlic ‚—u« wö Âu + Asparagus acutifolius Sharp-leaved asparagus ‚—u« œU ÊuOK + Asparagus acutifolius brachyclados Sharp-leaved asparagus ‚—u« œU ÊuOK + Asphodeline brevicaulis Short-stemmed asphodel ‚U« dOB ◊UFD + Asphodeline lutea Yellow asphodel dH« ◊UFD + Asphodelus microcarpus Common asphodel ”«d« + Bellevalia flexuosa Flexuous bellevalia WuK WOKHK + Bellevalia nivalis Snow bellevalia ÃuK« WOKHK + Bellevalia trifoliata Three-leaved bellevalia ‚—u« WOö WOKHK + Colchicum decaisnei Decaisne’s meadow-saffron 5œ ÊU$—u ++ Colchicum hierosolymitanum Jerusalem meadow-saffron ”bI« ÊU$—u + Colchicum steveni Steven’s meadow-saffron sHO ÊU$—u ++ Eremurus spectabilis Spectacular fox-tail-lily lz«— ÊU– + Fritillaria libanotica Lebanon fritillary wUM —«d ++ Gagea peduncularis Peduncled gagea …be WOU Gagea reticulata Netted gagea WOJ WOU + Hyacinthus orientalis Oriental hyacinth wd «e ++ Muscari commutatum Dark grape-hyacinth dOG qK F+ Muscari comosum Tassel-hyacinth dF« qK + Muscari neglectum Neglected grape-hyacinth qLN qK + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 301

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Muscari parviflorum Autumn grape-hyacinth de« dOG qK + Muscari pinardi Pinard’s grape-hyacinth —UMO qK + Ornithogalum densum Dense star-of-Bethlehem nO qU ++ Ornithogalum montanum Mountain star-of-Bethlehem wK qU + Ornithogalum narbonense Narbonne star-of-Bethlehem Êud qU + Ornithogalum neurostegium Nerved-covered ¡UDG« ‚dF ++ star-of-Bethlehem Ruscus aculeatus Knee-holly Íd »UM + Scilla autumnalis Autumn squill wHd qOI« + Scilla cilicica Cilician squill UOJOKO qOI« + Scilla hyacinthoides Hyacinth squill w«e qOI« ++ Tulipa montana Mountain tulip wK VOu ++ Urginea maritima Sea squill Wd WOMO—« ++ SMILACACEAE Smilacaceae ⁄UA Smilax aspera Rough smilax oAL + Smilax aspera genuina Rough smilax oAL + AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllidaceae UOd Galanthus fosteri Foster’s snowdrop WJOœ ++++++ Ixiolirion tataricum Mountain lily Íd o“ +H Narcissus tazzetta Bunch-flowered narcissus wU fd + IRIDACEAE Iridaceae UOMu Crocus cancellatus Netted crocus wJ Ê«dH“ + Crocus ochroleucus Cream-colored crocus dHB Ê«dH“ + Crocus thiebauti Thiebaut’s crocus …uOO Ê«dH“ ++ Gladiolus segetum Field gladiolus pb« ·d ++ Gynandriris sisyrinchium Barbary nut d“UM)« su ++ Iris histrio Histrio iris bKI su ++ H+ Romulea bulbocodium Crocus-leaved romulea WMd ++ ORCHIDACEAE Orchidaceae UOK Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal orchid wd VK ++ Cephalanthera longifolia Long-leaved helleborine ‚—u« WKu …dOMKHO ++ Epipactis consimilis Similar epipactis qU2 fOJO« +++ Limodorum abortivum Aborted limodore Zb —˜uLO ++ + Ophrys bornmuelleri Bornmueller’s ophys dK/d WOU ++ Ophrys fuciflora Drone ophrys —u“ WOU ++ Orchis anatolica Anatolian orchid ‰u{Uô« VK ++ Orchis coriophora fragrans Bug orchid wI VK ++ 302 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Orchis italica Italian orchid wUD« VK +++ Orchis laxiflora dielsiana Jersey orchid de« qd VK ++ Orchis morio picta libani Green-winged orchid ÃdN VK ++ Orchis papilionacea Butterfly orchid w«d VK ++ Orchis romana libanotica Roman orchid UË— VK ++ + + Orchis tridentata commutata Three-toothed orchid ÊUMô« wö VK +++ Serapias vomeracea Ploughshare orchid w«d ”UOd ++ + Spiranthes autumnalis Autumn Lady’s-tresses WOHd WuK ++ + JUGLANDACEAE Juglandaceae U“u Juglans regia Common walnut lzU “u ++ SALICACEAE Salicaceae UOUBH Populus nigra Black poplar œu« —u H Salix alba micans White willow iO« —u + Salix libani Lebanon willow ÊUM —u + BETULACEAE Betulaceae UOu Alnus orientalis Orintal alder wd YG + FAGACEAE Fagaceae UOuK Quercus calliprinos Kermes oak ÊUbM ++ Quercus infectoria latifolia Cyprus oak ‰uK + MORACEAE Moraceae UOu« Ficus carica Common fig lzU 5 ++ Morus alba White mulberry-tree iO« u + Morus nigra Black mulberry-tree œu« u + URTICACEAE Urticaceae UO«dÁ Parietaria judaica Basil-leaved pellitory `d« WAOA + Parietaria lusitanica Portuguese pellitory WOUud WODzU + Urtica urens Stinging nettle ‚d hd + SANTALACEAE Satalaceae UObM Osyris alba Poet’s cassia iO« ‰bM + Thesium bergeri Berger’s thesium dd ÂueO + ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochiaceae UbË«—“ Aristolochia altissima Tall birthwort oU bË«—“ +++ + Aristolochia poecilantha Party-colored birthwort rMG« —UO + Aristolochia scabridula Rough birthwort ‘dO« bË«—“ + POLYGONACEAE Polygonaceae w«d« UB Atraphaxis billardieri Labillardiere’s atraphaxis Õ“d + Polygonum aviculare Bird knotgrass dOUBF« »œd ++ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 303

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Polygonum cognatum Related knotweed Vd »œd + Polygonum equisetiforme Horsetail knotweed »UC + Polygonum kitaibelianum Kitaibel’s knotweed qO »œd +F Polygonum lapathifolium nodosum Pale persicaria —«b ++ Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii Horned dock qF« ”«— iOL ++ Rumex chalepensis Aleppo dock VK iOL + Rumex nepalensis Nepal sorrel ‰UO iOL + Rumex pulcher Fiddle dock ndÿ iOL ++ CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiaceae UOId Chenopodium album White goosefoot ¡UCO WMO« + Chenopodium opulifolium Maple-leaved goosefoot 5 + Chenopodium urbicum Upright goosefoot d«u(« WMO« + AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthaceae UOHODÁ Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys Hybrid amaranth ·U— + Amaranthus retroflexus Hairy amaranth ‚ôœ + PORTULACACEAE Portulacaceae UOK— Portulaca oleracea Common purslane WKI CARYOPHYLLACEAE Caryophyllaceae UOKHdÁ Arenaria leptoclados Sadwort WOK— + Cerastium brachypetalum roeseri Short-petalled mouse-ear ö« …dOB ¡Ud + chicweed Cerastium comatum Hairy mouse-ear chickweed ¡«dFA« ¡Ud + Cerastium dichotomum Forked mouse-ear chickweed VFA« WOzUM ¡Ud + Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed WFL ¡Ud ++ Dianthus strictus multipunctatus Upright pink rzU qHd +++ Herniaria incana Hoary rupturewort iO ÊUu + Holosteum umbellatum Jagged chickweed WOLO …d + Minuarita hybrida Hybrid sandwort WMO WO—uM + Minuartia intermedia Intermediate sandwort WDu WO—uM + Minuartia meyeri Meyer’s sandwort dO WO—uM + Paronychia argentea Silver nailwort WOC Wd ++ Paronychia echinulata Echinulate nailwort …cHMI Wd ++ Petrorhagia velutina coatflower WO—d + Silene aegyptiaca Egyptian catchfly W—uM« ÊUM +++ Silene astartes Astarte’s catchfly ËdA ÊöO + Silene colorata Cloven-petalled catchfly XM« 5 + Silene damascena damascus catchfly oAœ ÊöO + 304 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Silene gallica French catchfly WOd ÊöO + Silene italica Italian catchfly WOUD« ÊöO + Silene juncea Rushy catchfly WOK« ÊöO + Silene longipetala Long-petalled catchfly ö« WKu ÊöO + Silene makmeliana Makmel catchfly qLJ*« ÊöO + Silene odontopetala Toothed petalled catchfly ö« WMM ÊöO + Silene oliveriana Olivier’s catchfly WOOHË« ÊöO + Silene racemosa Racemose catchfly WœuIM ÊöO + Silene siderophila Siderophilous catchfly bb(« WHO« ÊöO + Silene striata Striate catchfly WDD ÊöO + Silene vulgaris Common catchfly WËc ÊöO ++ Silene vulgaris colorata Common catchfly WËc ÊöO + Stellaria media Common chickweed oKF« WA + Telephium imperati orientale True orpine dd« —u ++ Vaccaria oxyodonta Sharp toothed cow-basil ÊUMô« …œU WdI + Velezia rigida Rigid velezia WIOœ + LAURACEAE Lauraceae —UG« Laurus nobilis Laurel lzU —U ++ BERBERIDACEAE Berberidaceae UOdd Bongardia chrysogonum Golden rod pb« ·d + Leontice leontopetalum Common lion’s-leaf bô« W«— + RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculaceae UO«–u Adonis annua European pheasant’s-eye qL'« »U + Adonis microcarpa Yellow pheasant’s-eye qOK“ + Adonis palaestina Palestine pheasant’s-eye e« 5 + Anemone coronaria Crown anemone ÊULFM« ozUI + Clematis cirrhoza Evergreen virgin’s-bower ÊUd + Clematis flammula Sweet virgin’s-bower …dBM ++ Ficaria grandiflora Great-flowered ficaria de« …dO WOMO + Nigella ciliaris Ciliata nigella »bN dOu ++ Ranunculus arvensis Field buttercup dN« n ++ Ranunculus asiaticus Turban buttercup lC« n + Ranunculus constantinopolitanus Constantinople buttercup wuMD« Ê«“u + Ranunculus cornutus Horned buttercup wd Ê«“u +++ Ranunculus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem buttercup ”bI« Ê«“u + Ranunculus millefoliatus Thousand leaved buttercup W—Ë n« Ê«“u + Ranunculus neapolitanus Naples buttercup wuU Ê«“u + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 305

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Ranunculus paludosus Jersey buttercup lUM*« Ê«“u + Ranunculus scandicinus Corn buttercup wDOA Ê«“u + PAPAVERACEAE Papaveraceae UOUA Ceratocapnos palaestina Palestine corydalis wMODK ”uMud + Fumaria asepala White fumitory wKOô ÃdU + Fumaria densiflora Dense-flowered fumitory tË“ ++ Fumaria gaillardotii Gaillardot’s fumitory ÁœdO ÃdU + Fumaria macrocarpa Large-fruited fumitory ‚—u« dO ÃdU + Fumaria parviflora Small-flowered fumitory de« dOG ÃdU ++ Glaucium leiocarpum Yellow horned-poppy dL« ¡UK UOU ++ Hypecoum imberbe Beardless hypecoum œd« ÊuIO + Papaver rhoeas Corn poppy —uM ‘UA + Papaver syriacum Syrian poppy Í—u ‘UA + Papaver umbonatum Bossed poppy »b« ‘UA + CAPPARIDACEAE Capparidaceae dJ« Capparis spinosa Spiny caper pzU d ++ BRASSICACEAE Brassicaceae UOOK Alyssum minus Lesser madwort dOG su« ++ Alyssum strigosum Strigose madwort Ve« pzU su« ++ Alyssum murale Wall madwort ÊUDO(« su« +F+ Arabis nova New rock-cress bb f—« ++ Arabis turrita Tower cress wd fO—« ++ Arabis verna Early rocket wFO— fO—« Biscutella ciliata Ciliate buckler-mustard WbN WKuJ ++ Biscutella ciliata applanata Ciliate buckler-mustard WbN WKuJ ++ Capsella bursa-pastoris Common shepherd’s-purse w«d« »«d + Capsella rubella Pink shepherd’s-purse …dL WKd + Cardaria draba Hoary cress …dOM + Erophila minima Least faverel We WKOË—« + Erophila setulosa Bristle faverel WOu WKOË—« ++ Erysimum crassipes Thick-stalked erysimum be« 5 ÂuL—« + Erysimum repandum Small-flowered erysimum jM ÂuL—« + Fibigia clypeata Shield fibigia WOd WOOO + Fibigia eriocarpa Woolly-fruited fibigia dL« WOu WOOO + Hesperis pendula Pendulous dame’s-violet WOb WOzU ++ Iberis odorata Candytuft Wd + Isatis lusitanica Portuguese woad WOUGd WLË + 306 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Malcolmia chia Chian malcolmia ”uO WOLKJK + Nasturium officinale Common water-cress …d +M++ Ochthodium aegyptiacum Egyptian ochthodium ÍdB ÂubB« + Peltaria angustifolia Shieldwort WFd + Raphanus raphanistrum Wild radish Íd q ++ Raphanus rostratus pugioniformis Beaked radish Í—UIM q + Raphanus sativus Garden radish w«—“ q ++ Ricotia lunaria Egyptian honesty ÊöO ++ Rorippa macrocarpa Yellow-cress W—Ë— ++ + Sinapis alba White mustard iO« ‰œd + Thlaspi perfoliatum Penny-cress ‚Ëd wK ++ CRASSULACEAE Crassulaceae «bK Rosularia libanotica Lebanon rosularia WOUM …b—Ë ++ Sedum hispanicum Spanish stonecrop wU« ÊuO + Sedum tenuifolium Slender-leaved stonecrop ‚—u« qO ÊuO ++ Umbilicus erectus Yellow navelwort WBM …d + Umbilicus intermedius Intermediate navelwort WDu …d ++ SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifragaceae d(« «dU Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved saxifraga qdH ++ PLATANACEAE Platanaceae UOœ Platanus orientalis Oriental plane wd Vœ + ROSACEAE Rosaceae Uœ—Ë Crataegus azarolus Common hawthorn lzU —Ëd“ + Crataegus monogyna White hawthorn rKI« ÍœU« —Ëd“ M+ + Geum urbanum Herb-bennet d{«u(« ÂuO +M+ Pirus syriaca Syrian pear Íd ’U$ + Poterium verrucosum Warty burnet W“ ++ Prunus korschinskyi Korshinsky’s almond wJM—u “u ++ Prunus ursina Bear plume »b« Œu + Rosa canina Dog rose »öJ« œ—Ë M+ Rosa dumetorum Thicket rose WAON« œ—Ë + Rubus collinus Hill blackberry w«Ëd« oOK + Rubus hedycarpus Edible-fruited blackberry dL« ‰uU oOK + Rubus sanctus Palestine blackberry oOK ‘u + Rubus tomentosus Tomentose blackberry ÍbK oOK + Sarcopoterium spinosum Spiny burnet pzU Êö ++ Sorbus torminalis Wild service-tree ¡«dO + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 307

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01

CAESALPPINACEAE Ceasalppinaceae UOËd Ceratonia siliqua Carob »Ëd + Cercis siliquastrum Judas tree o—e“ + FABACEAE Fabaceae UO«d Anthyllis maura Moorish kidney-vetch wdG fOK« ++M Astragalus gummifer Gum milk-vetch ¡«dO M ++ Astragalus hamosus Hooked milk-vetch sd ++ Calycotome villosa Thorny-broom ‰ËbM + Cicer arietinum Common chickpea lzU hL + Colutea cilicica Bladder-senna »–U UM ++M Coronilla emeroides False senna wËd« qOKO« + Coronilla scorpioides Scorpion vetch wdI qOKO« + Cytisus syriacus Syrian broom Í—u Ê«e +++ Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Horseshoe-vetch X/ + Hymenocarpus circinatus Circular medick oK ”uduMLO + Lathyrus aphaca Yellow vetchling ‚U« ÊUK ++ Lathyrus blepharicarpus Fringed-podded vetchling WMOOK ++ Lathyrus digitatus elongatus Fingered vetchling wF« ÊUK ++ F Lathyrus digitatus Fingered vetchling wF« ÊUK + Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem vetchling ”bI« ÊUK + Lathyrus inermis Unarmed vetchling ◊d« ÊUK ++ Lathyrus marmoratus Marbled vetchling wU— ÊUK + Lathyrus ochrus Yellow pea dG« ÊUK + Lotus angustissimus Narrow birdsfoot-trefoil oO{ fu ++ Lotus corniculatus alpinus Horned birdsfoot-trefoil ‰«eG« Êd + M + Lotus palustris Marsh birdsfoot-trefoil lUM*« fÿu ++ Lotus peregrinus Foreign birdsfoot-trefoil ‰U— fu + Lotus tenuis Slender birdsfoot-trefoil qO fu ++ Lupinus angustifolius Narrow-leaved lupin ‚—u« oœ fd + Lupinus digitatus Fingered lupin lC« ‰u ++ Lupinus hirsutus Hirsute lupin »“« fd ++ Medicago blancheana Blanche’s medick gö WB + Medicago hispida lappacea Toothed medick du« WOU WB + Medicago lupulina Black medick WOKM WB F+ Medicago minima Least medick We WB F+ Medicago orbicularis Flat-podded medick w«d« e + Medicago rigidula Rigid medick WOU WB + 308 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Medicago rotata Wheel medick WOôËœ WB + Medicago scutellata Snail medick WOFB WB + Medicago tuberculata Tubercled medick WOuIB WB ++ Medicago x varia Lucerne U + Melilotus sulcatus libanoticus Grooved melilot ‚ubM + Onobrychis squarrosa Sainfoin Êd + Ononis mitissima Cluster-flowered restharrow ◊d« ‚d + Ononis natrix Shrubby restharrow wUF ‚d F+ + Ononis spinosa leiosperma Spiny restharrow pzU ‚d +M Ononis viscosa breviflora Viscous restharrow Ãe ‚d + Ornithopus compressus Bird’s-foot Ê«bO— ++ Physanthyllis tetraphylla Bladder vetch fOKeO + Psoralia bituminosa Scurf pea ÊUu + Scorpiurus muricatus laevigatus Muricate caterpillar …bd + Scorpiurus sulcatus Furrowed caterpillar WLK WOdI + Securigera securidaca Hatchet-vetch …dO + Spartium junceum Spanish broom ‰«“Ë M+ Tetragonolobus palaestinus Winged-pea ÊuDK + Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot trefoil ‰uI(« qH + Trifolium boissieri Boissier’s clover tOO«u qH + Trifolium campestre Hop trefoil wKI qH ++ Trifolium cherleri Cherler’s clover dd qH + Trifolium clusii Clusius’ clover ”u—uK qH ++ Trifolium clypeatum Hemet clover dI« “«e ++ Trifolium erubescens Blushing clover œ—u qH ++ Trifolium israeliticum Israel clover wKOz«d« qH ++ Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry clover wË«d qH ++ Trifolium medusaeum Medusa’s clover UËbO qH ++ Trifolium nervulosum Nerved clover ‚dF qH ++ Trifolium nigrescens petrisavii Blakish clover œu qH + Trifolium pauciflorum Few- flowered clover de« qOK qH + Trifolium physodes Bladder clover wU qH ++F+ Trifolium plebium Common clever lzU qH +++ Trifolium purpureum Purple clover w«u—« qH ++ Trifolium repens White clover n«“ qH M Trifolium scabrum Rugged clover ‘d« qH + Trifolium speciosum Showy clover wN qH ++ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 309

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Trifolium stellatum Stellate clover wL$ qH ++ Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean clover —uLD qH ++ Trifolium tomentosum Tomentose clover Íb qH + Trigonella berythea Beirut fenugreek ËdO WK ++ Trigonella coelesyriaca Coelesyrian fenugreek ŸUI« WK ++ Trigonella hierosolymitana Jerusalem fenugreek ”bI« WK ++ Trigonella phaenum-graecum Fenugreek WK(« + Trigonella spinosa Spiny fenugreek WJzU WK ++ Vicia cordata Cordate vetch WOK WOIO + Vicia ervilia Carmel vetch WMd + Vicia hybrida Hairy yellow vetch WO WOIO + Vicia narbonensis Narbonne veth fOK« ‰u ++ Vicia palaestina Palstine vetch WOMODK WOIO + Vicia peregrina Broad-podded vetch WU— WOIO ++ Vicia seriocarpa Silky-fruited vetch dL« Wdd WOIO ++ OXALIDACEAE Oxalidaceae ÷UÒL Oxalis pes-caprae Cape-sorrel WCOL + Oxalis articulata Wood-sorrel ÷UL + GERANIACEAE Geraniaceae UOÁud Erodium acaule Stemless stork’s-bill wU ô »«e ++ Erodium botrys Botrys stork’s-bill ÍœuIM »«e + Erodium cicutarium Hemlock stork’s-bill —œ—œ + Erodium gruinum Crane stok’s-bill wd »«e + Erodium malacoides Mallow stork’s-bill ÍeO »«e ++ Geranium libani Lebanon geranium ÊUM wud +++ Geranium lucidum Shining geranium lô wud + Geranium molle Dove’s-foot geranium 5 wud + Geranium pyrenaicum Pyrenean geranium tOMdO« wud + Geranium tuberosum Tuberous geranium wuI wud ++ LINACEAE Linaceae UOU Linum bienne Pale flax ‰u ÊU M+ + Linum nodiflorum Knotted flax de« ÍbI ÊU + Linum pubescens Pink flax V“« ÊU ++ Linum trigynum Three-styled flax Âöô« wö ÊU + MELIACEAE Meliaceae WOK Melia azedarach Persian lilac W)e“ + POLYGALACEAE Polygalaceae «—b 310 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Polygala monspeliaca Montpellier milkwort tOKOu …—b + Polygala supina Trailing milkwort WdH …—b + ANACARDIACEAE Anacardiaceae UOÁUL Pistacia palaestina Palestine pistachio rD ++ Rhus coriaria Sumach ‚UL M+ ACERACEAE Aceraceae UOIOÁ Acer syriacum Syrian maple Í—u VIO ++ EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbiaceae UOuOd Chrosophora tinctoria Turnsole fLA« œU + Euphorbia cybirensis Cibyra spurge «dO ÊuOd + Euphorbia helioscopia Sun spurge fLA« ÊuOd + Euphorbia oxyodonta Pectinate-leaved spurge Âu« VOK ++ Euphorbia reuteriana Reuter’s spurge dË— ÊuOd + Euphorbia thamnoides dumulosa Woody spurge WOK + Mercurialis annua Annual mercury wu »uK ++ TILIACEAE Tiliaceae UOue“ Elaeagnus angustifolia Narrow-leaved oleaster Êue“ MALVACEAE Malvaceae U“U Alcea acaulis Stemless hollyhock WOUô WOL + Alcea digitata Fingered hollyhock WOF« WOL + Alcea setosa palmata Bristly hollyhock WOL ++ Althaea hirsuta Hairy marsh-mallow ¡U“ WOL + Hibiscus trionum Flower-of-an-hour …d + Lavatera cretica Cretan tree-mallow —«u …eO + Lavatera punctata Dotted tree-mallow WDIM «dOH + Lavatera trimestris Queen mallow WOKB «dOH + Malva neglecta Dwarf tree-mallow WKLN …eO + Malva nicaensis Nice tree-mallow WL— + HYPERICACEAE Hypericaceae ÊuI—UuO Hypericum confertum Crowded St John’s-wort ’ud Í–«œ ++ Hypericum hircinum Stinking St John’s-wort UMO« Ÿuœ ++ Hypericum lanuginosum Woolly St John’s-wort Õd'« WA + Hypericum montbretii Montbret’s St John’s-wort du Í–«œ ++ Hypericum thymifolium Thyme leaved St John’s-wort ‚—u« ÍdF Í–«œ + VIOLACEAE Violaceae UOHM Viola ebracteolata Unbracteolate violet ZHM ++ CISTACEAE Cistaceae UO«–ô G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 311

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Cistus creticus Cretan cistus Êœô + Cistus salviifolius Sage-leaved cistus ¡UCO …d + Fumana arabica Arabium fumana WOd WOUœ + Fumana thymifolia Thyme-leaved fumana ‚—u« WdF WOUœ + Halimium umbellatum syriacum Umbelled halimium wLO ÂuOLK + Helianthemum ledifolium Sun rose fLA« …d“ + Tuberaria guttata Spotted rockrose WDd WOKI + CACTACEAE Cactaceae dB« Opuntia ficus-indica Barbary fig lzU dO ++ LYTHRACEAE Lythraceae UOzUM Lythrum hyssopifolia Grass-poly WUL(« q— + PUNICACEAE Punicaceae UOU— Punica granatum Common pomegranate ÊU— + ONAGRACEAE Onagraceae U—b√ Epilobium hirsutum Hairy willow-herbe —ud + Epilobium parviflorum Small-flowered willow-herbe de« dOG b + Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked willow-herbe jI« V– + THYMELAEACEAE Thymelaceae UOu—“U Daphne oleoides Olive-liked daphne tMœ ++ HALORRHAGACEAE Halorrhagaceae ¡U*« qe Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked water-milfoil ¡U*« qe + APIACEAE Apiaceae UOLO Ainsworthia trachycarpa Common ainsworthia UO—u« + Ammi majus Bishop’s-weed tK + Anthriscus lamprocarpa Beak chervil ”uJd« + Artedia squamata Crown-flower Ub—« + Bifora testiculata Small coriander …dOG …de + Bunium elegans Elegant earthnut —U√√ + Bupleurum gerardii Gerard’s hare’s-ear —«dO »öK + Bupleurum lancifolium Lance-leaved hare’s ear Ê«uK + Bupleurum linearifolium irregulare Linear-leaved hare’s ear ‚—u« wD »öK ++ Bupleurum nodiflorum Sessile-flowered hare’s ear de« ÍbI »öK + Caucalis daucoides Lesser bastard parsley fUu ++ Chaetosciadium trichospermum Hairy-seeded chervil ÂubOuO + Cnidium orientale Oriental cnidium wd ÊUœU ++ Daucus broteri Brotero’s carrot ËdËd uËœ + Daucus carota maximus Wild carrot Íd —e ++ 312 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Daucus guttatus brachylaenus Spotted carrot jd uËœ + Eryngium billardieri Labillardiere’s eryngo »«bM + Eryngium creticum Cretan eryngo WMFd ++ Eryngium falcatum Falcate eryngo wKM »«bM + Eryngium glomeratum Clustered eryngo rI« œu + Exoacantha heterophylla Various-leaved exoacantha UM«u« +++ Foeniculum vulgare Common fennel —UL M+ Hedera helix Common ivy »ö + Heptaptera anisoptera Unequal-winged heptaptera …d + Heptaptera crenata Scalloped heptaptera W{dH …d + Hippomararthrum crispum Curled horse-fennel bF√ —UL + Johrenia dichotoma Dichotomous johrenia VAF« WOzUM WO«dN + Lagoecia cuminoides Bastard cumin WOK WË«d ++ Malabaila secacul Arabian hartwort ‰uII ++ Oenanthe media Intermediate dropwort WDOË WU“«— +++ Orlaya platycarpos Flat-fruited orlaya Wô—Ë« + Peucedanum junceum Rushy sulphurwort wK√ ÂubOu ++ Pimpinella peregrina Burnet saxifrage WKM0 + Scaligeria meifolia Meu-leaved scaligera u*« WdKJ + Scandix pecten-veneris Venus’-comb …de« jA ++ Scandix stellata Stellate shepherd’s-needle WOL$ WDOA + Sison exaltatum Lofty sison WIU …d + Smyrnium olusatrum Common alexanders Íd fd + Synelcosciadium carmeli Carmel synelcosciadium qdJ« ÂËbOuJKM ++ Tordylium aegyptiacum Egyptian hartwort ÍdB »ud + Tordylium syriacum Syrian hartwort Í—u »ud + Torilis leptophylla Slender-leaved hedge-parsley ‚—u« qO fK—u ++ Torilis leptophylla erythrotricha Red hedge-parsley dL√ fK—u + Torilis purpurea Purple slender-leaved w«u—« fK—u + Turgenia latifolia Broad-leaved bur-parsley ‚—u« id WOMOd F+ Turgeniopsis foeniculacea Fenel turgeniopsis ÍdL fMOd ++ PERIPLOCACEAE Periplocaceae UOKI Periploca graeca Silk-vine dd(« …d ++ PRIMULACEAE Primulaceae UOFO— Anagallis arvensis caerulea Field pimpernel …—uHBF« 5 + Anagallis arvensis phaenicea Pheanician pimpernel wIOMO …—uHBF« 5 + Cyclamen persicum Persian cyclamen ÍbO U + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 313

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01

PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbaginaceae UOU— Plumbago europaea European leadwort ÊUM_« WAOA ++ STYRACACEAE Styraceae UOÂdD√ Styrax officinalis Storax “u +M OLEACEAE Oleaceae Êue« Olea europaea Common olive Êu“ ++ JASMINOIDEAE Jasminoidea 5LU Jasminum fruticans Yellow jasmin dH√ 5LU + APOCYNACE Apocynaceae UOKœ Nerium oleander Oleander WKœ ++ Vinca libanotica Lebanon periwinckle wUM »UC +M GENTIANACEAE Gentianaceae UOUODM Blackcstonia perfoliata Perfoliate blackstonia WËd WOuJK ++ Centaurium erythraea Common centaury dOG ÊudDM + CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulaceae UœuL Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed ‰uI(« »ö ++ Convolvulus cantabrica Cantabrian bindweed ÍdDM »ö + Convolvulus coelesyriaca Coelesyrian bindweed ŸUI« »ö + Convolvulus dorycnium oxysepalus Dorycnium bindweed ÂuOM—Ëœ »ö + Convolvulus pentapetaloides Five-lobed bindweed fL »ö + Convolvulus scammonia Syrian bindweed UOuLI +M CUSCUTACEAE Cuscutaceae uA Cuscuta approximata Common dodder »—UI uIA + Cuscuta monogyna Oriental dodder wd uIA + Cuscuta planiflora Flat-flowered dodder de« `D uIA + BORAGINACEAE Boraginaceae UOLL Anchusa azurea Sky-blue bugloss jI« V– + Anchusa hybrida Hybrid bugloss 5 jI« V– + Cynoglossum creticum Blue hound’s-tongue wd VKJ« ÊU ++ Cynoglossum nebrodense Monti Nebrodi hound’s-tongue ÍœËdM« VKJ« ÊU ++ Echium glomeratum Clustered viper’s- bugloss lL ÂuO√ + Echium italicum Italian viper’s- bugloss wUD« ÂuO« + Echium judaicum Judian viper’s- bugloss WœuNO« ÂuO√ + Echium plantaginum Jersey bugloss wKL ÂuO√ + Heliotropium hirsutissimum Hairy heliotrope dd≈ + Heliotropium schweinfurthii Schweinfurth’s heliotrope —uHMu dd≈ + Myosotis ramosissima Branching forget-me-not ŸdH fOË“uO ++ 314 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Myosotis refracta Reflexed forget-me-not ·dM fOË“uO ++ Nonea obtusifolia Blunt-leaved nonea ‚—u« WKOK WOu + Onosma frutescens Bushy golden-drop wKœ —UM + Symphytum palaestinum Palestine comfrey —u« ÊU ++M VERBENACEAE Verbenaceae ÂUL(« w— WKOB Verbena officinalis Common vervian ÂUL(« w— M+ + LAMIACEAE Lamiaceae UuH Ajuga chia Chian bugle ”uO nd + Ajuga orientalis Oriental bugle wd nd + Ballota antilibanotica Anti-Lebanon horehound WOdA« WKK WuK + Ballota saxatilis Rock horehound —uB« WuK + Calamintha rotundifolia Round-leaved calamint ‚—u« …db tMLK ++ Eremostachys laciniata Cut-leaved phlomis ddA qM ++M Lamium amplexicaule Clasping-leaved henbit oUF ÂuO* + Lamium moschatum Musky archangel wJ ÂuO* + Lamium striatum Striate dead-nettle jD ÂuO* ++ Lamium truncatum Truncate dead-nettle ÂuDI ÂuO* ++ Lavandula stoechas French lavender bËô M+ Marrubium radiatum Rayed white-horehound lFA ÊuO«d + Marrubium vulgare Common white-horehound ‰Ëc ÊuO«d M+ + Melissa inodora Scentless balm Wz«d« .b ÊU$d + Mentha microphylla Small-leaved mint ‚—u« dOG lMF ++ Micromeria barbata Bearded savory ÂUJK« WOL +M Micromeria graeca Greek savory WOUu WOL + Micromeria myrtifolia Myrtle-leaved savory ‚—u« WO¬ WOL + M + Micromeria nervosa Nerved savory WdF WOL + Molucella spinosa Spiny molucca-balm WJzU WMOO– + Nepeta curviflora Syrian catmint de« ”uI ÂdD ++ Nepeta italica Italian catmint wUD« ÂdD ++ Origanum syriacum Syrian marjoram d“ ++M+ Phlomis chrysophylla Golden-leaved phlomis ‚—u« WO– …—«eO + Phlomis viscosa Viscous phlomis We …—«eO + Prunella orientalis Oriental self-heal wd Ÿö ++ Prunella vulgaris Common self-heal ‰Ëc Ÿö +M + Salvia fruticosa libanotica Shrubby sage 5FB + Salvia hierosolymitana Jerusalem sage ”bI« 5FB + Salvia viridis Green sage dL« 5FB + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 315

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Salvia viscosa Viscous sage Ãe 5FB + Saturea thymbra Summer savory ‚œ d“ ++ Scutellaria brevibracteata Short-bracteate skullcap UUMI« dOB Êud ++ Scutellaria utriculata Bladder skullcap wd Êud + Sideritis pullulans Branching ironwort VKI« WA + Stachys cretica vacillans Cretan woundwort Xd Âud + Stachys distans Distance woundwort bU Âud +F+ Stachys hydrophila Water woundwort ¡U*« nO√ Âud + Stachys neurocalycina Nerved-calyxed woundwort ”QJ« ‚dF Âud + Teucrium divaricatum villosum Spreading germander WFA …bF + Teucrium polium Felty germander …bF + M + Teucrium scordioides Scordium-like germander WOu …bF + Teucrium stachyophyllum Woundwort-leaved germander ‚—u« WOud …bF + Ziziphora capitata Headed ziziphora WO√— …—uHe“ ++ SOLANACEAE Solanaceae UOU$–U Datura stramonium Stramonium X« ‰«Ëd +M + Hyoscyamus albus White henbane iO√ ZM + Mandragora automnalis Love apple s'« iO + Solanum luteum alatum Yellow nightshade dH√ qBO + SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophulariaceae UdeM Anarrhinum orientale Oriental anarrhinum wd qu + Antirrhinum majus angustifolium Lion’s mouth WJL« - + Bellardia trixago Bellardia ’uBH« WOö WœdK + Kickxia lanigera Woolly fluellen WOu WOJ + Kickxia sieberi Sieber’s fluellen dO WOJ + Linaria chalepensis Aleppo toadflax VK WOU + Parentucellia latifolia flaviflora Broad-leaved eyebright ‚—u« WCd WOKAd + Parentucellia viscosa Marsh eyebright We WOKAd + Scrophularia decipiens Deceptive figwort WœU Wd“UM + Scrophularia peyronii Peyron’s figwort ÊËdO Wd“UM + Scrophularia rubricaulis Red-stemmed figwort ‚U« ¡«dL Wd“UM + Verbascum caesareum Banias mullein WdBO dOu + Verbascum gaillardotii Gailardot’s mullein ÁœdO dOu ++ Verbascum libanoticum Lebanon mullein wUM dOu + Verbascum orientale Oriental mullein wd dOu ++ Verbascum sinuatum Sinuate mullein ÃdF dOu + Verbascum tiberiadis Tiberias mullein Wd dOu + 316 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Verbascum tripolitanum Tripoli mullein fK«d dOu + Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water pimpernel ¡U*« o WJOËdO +++ Veronica cymbalaria Cymbal speedwell WOM WJOËdO + Veronica panormitana Palermo speedwell udU WJOËdO + Veronica persica Persian speedwell WO—U WJOËdO + Veronica syriaca Syrian speedwell W—u WJOËdO ++ ACANTHACEAE Acanthaceae UOMÁ√ Acanthus syriacus Syrian acanthus »b« n + OROBANCHACEAE Orobanchaceae UOKOHF Orobanche aegyptiaca Egyptian broomrape ÍdB qOHF + Orobanche pubescens Downy broomrape dFA qOHF + PLANTAGINACEAE Plantaginaceae qL(« ÊU WKOB Plantago afra African plantain wId« qL(« ÊU + Plantago cretica Cretan plantain wd qL(« ÊU + Plantago lagopus Round-headed plantain WœË + Plantago lanceolata Lanceolate plantain wUM qL(« ÊU + Plantago major Greater plantain dO qL(« ÊU + RUBIACEAE Rubiaceae Uu Asperula arvensis Field woodruff ‰uI(« WËd√ + Asperula libanotica Lebanon woodruff WOUM WËd√ ++ Callipeltis cucullaris Hooded crosswort fMKI fKOK + Crucianella ciliata Ciliate crosswort WbN WOOK ++ Crucianella imbricata Imbricate crosswort W«d WOOK + Crucianella macrostachya Common crosswort WFzU WOOK + Cruciata articulata Jointed mugwort WOKBH WKB + Galium aparine Cleavers wIOB ÂuOU + Galium constrictum Constricted bedstraw nO ÂuOU + Galium hierosolymitanum Jerusalem bedstraw ”bI« ÂuOU + Galium murale Wall bedstraw ÊUDO(« ÂuOU + Galium parisiense Paris bedstraw f—U ÂuOU + Galium pisiferum Pea-bearing bedstraw dL« wK ÂuOU + Galium tricornutum Three cornated bedstraw YK ÂuOU + Galium verum Ladies bedstraw wIOI ÂuOU M+ Putoria calabrica Calabrian putoria UdK WMM + Rubia aucheri Aucher’s madder tOË√ …u + Rubia tenuifolia elliptica Slender-leaved madder ‚—u« WKO …u + Sherardia arvensis Field madder ‰uI(« Wœdd + G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 317

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Valantia hispida Hispid valantia WOMK + CAPRIFOLIACEAE Caprifoliaceae UOUK Lonicera etrusca Etruscan honeysuckle U—Ëd« …dOu + Sambucus ebulus Dwarf elder Êubœ + VALERIANACEA Valerianaceae UOMœ—U Valeriana dioscoridis Dioscorides’ valerian sœ—U + Valerianella coronata Crowned cornsalad WKKJ WML + Valerianella dactylophylla Finger-leaved cornsalad ‚—u« WOF« WML + Valerianella discoidea Discoid cornsalad WOUd WML + Valerianella echinata Prickly cornsalad …cHMI WML + Valerianella orientalis Oriental cornsalad WOd WML + M Valerianella vesicaria Bladder cornsalad WOU WML + DIPSACACEA Dipsacaceae UOUœ Cephalaria joppensis Jaffa cephalaria UU Ê«uO + Cephalaria syriaca sessile Syrian scabious Í—u Ê«uO + Pterocephalus plumosus Annual winghead wA— fI + Scabiosa argentea Silvery scabious WOC WOd + Scabiosa palaestina Palestine scabious 5DK WOd + Scabiosa palaestina microcephala Palestine scabious 5DK WOd + Scabiosa prolifera Carmel daisy ‰«eG« VF + CUCURBUTACEAE Cucurbutaceae UOdÁ Bryonia multiflora Many-flowered bryony «dU + Bryonia syriaca Syrian bryony W—u «dU + Ecballium elaterium Squirting cucumber —UL(« ¡U + CAMPANULACEAE Campanulaceae UOÁu Campanula hierosolymitana Jerusalem bellflower ”bI« fd + Campanula peregrina Foreign bellflower ‰U— fd ++ Campanula rapunculus Rampion wH fd + Campanula retrorsa Retrorse bellflower VKIM fd + Campanula sidoniensis Sidon bellflower «bO fd ++ + Legousia falcata Falcate venus’-looking-glass WOKM W“uG + Legousia pentagonia Large venus’-looking-glass WOUL W“uG + Legousia speculum veneris Small venus’-looking-glass ËdA …¬d + ASTERACEAE Asteraceae UÂd Anthemis chia Chian chamomile ”uO —UN + Anthemis cotula Fetid chamomile Ê«u + Anthemis tinctoria Yellow chamomile wU —UN + 318 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Anthemis tinctoria discoidea Discoidea yellow chamomile dH√ !uU + Atractylis comosa Beautiful distaff-thistle ‰«eG« „u + Bellis perennis Perennial daisy dLF fOK M+ Bellis sylvestris Southern daisy wd fOK + Calandula arvensis Field marigold ‰uI(« Êu—–¬ + Carduus argentatus Silvery plumed-thistle dM „u + Carduus pycnocephalus arabicus Italian thistle VKJ« ÊU + Carlina curetum orientalis Curetum carline WOd WMOd + Carlina involucrata libanotica Lebanon thistle WOUM WMOd + Carthamus glaucus Glaucous safflower Èu√ rd + Carthamus tenuis Slender safflower qO rd + Catananche lutea Yellow cupidone Íb'« WMË– + Centaurea calcitrapa Red star-thistle —«d + Centaurea cyanoides Syrian corn-flower W + Centaurea iberica hermonis Iberian knapweed Ud« ÊudDM + Centaurea speciosa Showy knapweed wN ÊudDM + Centaurea verutum Dwarf knapweed wK ÊudDM + Chrysanthemum myconis Mico’s chrysanthemum uJO ÊUu + Chrysanthemum segetum Corn marigold bOB(« ÊUu + Cichorum intybus Common chicory Wd UbM ++ Cichorum pumilium Dwarf chicory We UbM ++ Cirsium phyllocephalum Leaved-headed thistle —Ud + Cnicus benedictus Blessed thistle W—U Wu M+ Crepis aspera Rough hawkweed W#U W«d + Crepis hierosolymitana Jerusalem hawkweed ”bI« W«d + Crepis palaestina Palestine hawkweed 5DK W«d + Crepis reuteriana Reuter’s hawkweed dË— W«d + Crepis sancta Holly hawkweed WbI W«d + Crepis syriaca Syrian hawkweed W—u W«d + Crupina crupinastrum False saw-wort WU“ + Echinops gaillardotii Gaillardot’s globe-thistle ÁËœdO ÊUHd + Echinops polyceras Many-horned globe-thistle ÊUHd ++ Echinops viscosus Viscous globe-thistle ÊUHd ++ Erigeron (Conyza) bonariensis Buenos Aires fleabane ”d√ fu ÊË—UG—√ ++ Erigeron (Conyza) canadense Canadian fleabane ÍbM ÊË—UG—« + Erigeron (Conyza) naudini Naudin’s fleabane Ê«œu ÊË—UG—« + Eupatorium cannabinum Common hemp-agrimony XM« b M+ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 319

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Filago eriocephala Wooly-headed cotton-rose ”˃d« WOu WMOD + Garhadiolus hedypnois False hedypnois fubd + Gnaphalium luteo-album Jersey cudweed …dO ++ Gundelia tournefortii Gundelia »uJ ++ + Hedypnois rhagadioloides Nipplewort hedypnois gJ« …d + Hedypnois rhagadioloides tubiformis Tubiformis hedypnois WOu_« gJ« …d + Helichrysum c. conglobatum Globe everlasting …—uJ …bU ++ + Helichrysum sanguineum Blood-red everlasting …Ub …bU + Inula graveolens Heavy-sented inula o s«— + Inula viscosa Viscous inula ÊuO ++ Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce Xe« f + Leontodon tuberosus Tuberous dandelion wuI iOCF + Matricaria chamomilla Wild chamomile !uU M+ Notobasis syriaca Syrian thistle Õö( ++ Onopordum carduiforme False plumed-thistle wËœd Êu√ + Onopordum cynarocephalum Artichoke cotton-thistle wHd Êu« + Pallenis spinosa Spiny pallenis œU“ + Phagnalon rupestre African fleabane Èc + Picnomon acarna Yellow cnicus Õö( + Picris echioides Bristly ox-tongue wuO√ dd + Picris strigosa Strigose ox-tongue pzU dd + Ptilostemon diacantha Two-spined ptilostemon ÊuLKO + Pulicaria dysenterica Common fleabane »u√ Ÿ«d— +M + Rhagadiolus edulis Edible hawkbit ‰uQ fub— + Rhagadiolus stellatus Stellate hawkbit “uF« …d« + Scolymus hispanicus Spanish oyster-plant W—UM + Scolymus maculatus Spotted golden-thistle WOdI + Scorzonera mollis Wave-leaved viper’s-grass 5 `œ + Scorzonera phaeopappa Grey-pappused viper’s-grass ÍœU— `œ ++ Senecio vernalis Spring groundsel WOFO— WËd + Serratula cerinthifolia Honeywort-leaved saw-wort WI—Ë + Serratula pusilla Dwarf saw-wort We W—Ë + Silybium marianum Lady’s-thistle .d „u M+ Sonchus asper glaucescens Rough sow-thistle …dOL + Sonchus oleraceus Common sow-thistle 5 + Steptorhamphus tuberosus Tuberous steptorhamphus wuI ”uH—u + Taraxacum aleppicum Aleppo dandelion VK ÊuIAd + 320 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

PRIORITIES UuË_« English name wdF« rô« 12345678 911 01 Taraxacum megalorrhizon Large-rooted dandelion —c'« dO ÊuIAd + Tragopogon buphthalmoides Bull’s-eye goat’s-beard WA ++ Tragopogon hybridum Hybrid goat’s-beard 5 qOHK + Tragopogon longirostris Long-beaked goat’s-beard —UIM*« qu qOHK + Tyrimnus leucographus Tyrimnus jd« ¡UCO …d + Urospermum picroides Prickly-cupped goat’s-beard Wc ++

3. MEDICINAL PLANTS

True maden-hair Adiantum capillus-veneris Common white-horehound Marrubium vulgare Moorish kidney-vetch Anthyllis mora Wild chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Giant reed Arundo donax Bearded savory Micromeria barbata Gum milk-vetch Astragalus gummifer Small-leaved mint Micromeria myrtifolia Perennial daisy Bellis perennis Common water-cress Nasturium officinale Blessed thistle Cnicus benedictus Spiny restharrow Ononis spinosa leiosperma Bladder-senna Colutea cilicica Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Syrian bindweed Convolvulus scammonia Common self-heal Prunella vulgaris White hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Common fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica Nut-grass Cyperus rotundus Sumach Rhus coriara Stramonium Datura stramonium Dog rose Rosa canina Cut-leaved phlomis Eremostachys laciniata Lady’s-thistle Silybium marianum Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium Spanish broom Spartium junceum cannabinum Storax Styrax officinalis Common fennel Foeniculum vulgare Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum Ladies bedstraw Galium verum Felty germander Teucrium polium Herb-bennet Geum urbanum White clover Trifolium repens Lavandula stoechas Oriental cornsalad Valerianella orientalis Linum bienne Common vervian Verbena officinalis Narrow birdsfoot-trefoil Lotus corniculatus Vinca libanotica

4.-IDENTIFICATION OF HABITATS IN JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

The study and collection of flora covered the slopes extending between ap- proximately 550 m and often more than 1450 m. But in the list (1) above we have only cited the species that were recorded within the proposed reserve of Jabal Rihane. The latter extends between 730 and 1370 m above sea level. The Stone pine is found on a soil that originate from sandy rocks at the re- serve's slopes which dominate Aichyeh from the side of the road Khardaly- Rihane. At the entrance of the reserve from the Loueizeh side, (820 m, N 33º 27' 452 E 35º 32' 096) a mixture of medium sized trees mainly of oak and Pales- tinian pistachio is observed on limestone substratum. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 321

Juniper, Oak and Calabrian Pine above Rihane?

While traversing Mlikh, the road passes through the bottom of the village parallel to a temporary water stream (which dries out at the end of the spring season). Between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, there is a platform of agricultural area that reveals, in the proximity of Kfarhouneh, the bottom of a valley in which runs a winter stream similar to that of Mlikh and Aramta-Mlikh or to the stream of Soujoud valley at the feet of Rihane village. Coming from Jezzine side, the visitor of Kfarhouneh has to traverse barren rocky area with sometimes-scattered small trees. According to Corine classification (Corine boocklets [1999] that was devel- oped by the European Committee for the Environment), the reserve lies within two levels: a. the Meso-mediterranean level which encompasses areas between 500 and 1000 m altitude with mainly oak and coniferous trees, and b. the Supra-mediterranean level (1000-1500 m) with dominance of oak, Quercus infectoria and some pine trees; especially between Rihane and Aramta villages. This level is sometimes considered as an extension of the first level. Also there are some pine trees over Kfarhouneh village. 322 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

The most important habitats and vegetal formations The Jabal Rihane Reserve is mainly represented by four major habitats where each has its own characteristic species and plant association: - The rocky karstic habitat with oak trees: it is found in both meso (public property of Mlikh) and supra-mediterranean levels (up to eastern border of Kfarhouneh). It is difficult to distinguish here between the two levels. - The rocky and sandy soil habitat with pine trees: it is also found in both levels up to eastern Kfarhouneh border. It is also difficult to distinguish here between the two levels. - The valleys' bottom habitat: it is limited to the first level and found near water streams, always with Oleander and often with with Platane trees. - The barren areas habitat: it is mainly found between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, and in the public property of Rihane village (Jilal Hassan).

1. The formation of rocky karstic area species with dominance of oak trees: Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos and Cyprus oak Quercus infectoria latifolia. (950 m N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798) 1.1 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Kermes oak Quer- cus calliprinos formation, on gravel or rock or calcareous soil: Syrian maple Acer syriacum Common hawthorn Crataegus azarolus Persian cyclamen Cyclamen persicum Falcate eryngo Eryngium falcatum Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri Palestine pistachio Pistacia palaestina Slender-leaved madder Rubia tenuifolia elliptica 1.2 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spiny burnet, increase: Thorny-broom Calycotome villosa Cretan cistus Cistus creticus Thyme leaved St John’s-wort Hypericum thymifolium Spiny burnet Sarcopoterum spinosum 1.3 Of the main associated herbs with this formation: Two-spiked beard-grass Andropogon distachyus Shaggy hyparrhenia Hyparrhenia hirta 1.4 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quer- cus infectoria formation, on calcareous soil (first level): Three-leaved garlic Allium trifoliatum Judas tree Cercis siliquastrum G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 323

Storax Styrax officinalis Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis 1.5 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quer- cus infectoria formation, on calcairous soil (second level): Lebanon woodruff Asperula libanotica Etruscan honeysuckle Lonicera etrusca Viscous phlomis Phlomis viscosa Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis 1.6 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spanish broom, increase (first and second levels): Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Spanish broom Spartium junceum Distance woundwort Stachys distans

2. The formation of sandy soil species with Stone pine trees Pinus pinea and Calabrian pine trees Pinus brutia: Site above Aaramti (1065 m, N 33º 27' 025 E 35º 34' 522) 2.1 Some of the characteristic species: Yellow chamomile Anthemis tinctoria Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum Great quaking-grass Briza maxima Prickly juniper Juniperus oxycedrus French lavender Lavandula stoechas Mountain tinothy Phleum montanum 2.2 The most significant associated species with this formation, especially under the pine of Aichyah (748m, N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647): Hair-grass Aira elegans Sage-leaved cistus Cistus salviifolius Hirsute lupin Lupinus hirsutus Roman orchid Orchis romana libanotica Nerved-covered star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum neurostegium Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis Medusa’s clover Trifolium medusaeum Spotted rockrose Tuberaria guttata

3. Valleys' bottom formation near water streams with Platane and Oliender (first level only). The characteristic species: (Above Mlikh, 864m, N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798) Oriental alder Alnus orientalis Glabrous cyperus Cyperus glaber 324 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Hairy willow-herbe Epilobium hirsutum Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Jersey cudweed Gnaphalium luto-album Laurel Laurus nobilis Oleander Nerium oleander Oriental plane Platanus orientalis White willow Salix alba Water woundwort Stachys hydrophila

4. Barren areas plant formation, especially between Mlikh and Kfar- houneh and in the public property of Rihane village (Jlal Hassan): (Betwin Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, 966 m, N 33º 29' 184 E 35º 34' 464) Party-colored birthwort Aristolochia poecilantha Golden rod Bongardia chrysogonum Lebanon fritillary Fritillaria libanotica Oriental hyacinth Hyacinthus orientalis Common lion’s-leaf Leontice leontopetalum Love apple Mandragora autumnalis Bunch-flowered narcissus Narcissus tazetta Butterfly orchid Orchis papilionacea Egyptian honesty Ricotia lunaria Oriental mullein Verbascum orientale

Characteristics of the site

ø Physical characteristics

The calcareous land, which extends from Jarjou’a-Loueizeh to Kfarhouneh through Mlikh, is formed from karst and pebbles. The agriculture soil is rich with organic materials and fertile. The sandy land forms a wide patch near Aichyeh and between Rihane and Aramta villages. Water springs are well pro- vided in southern Rihane and between Aichyeh and Rihane. There are several temporary springs and streams at Kfarhouneh and between Aramta and Mlikh.

ø Biological characteristics

The villages within the reserve are inhabited and their populations increase during summer time. In general, grazing is not common except in Kfarhouneh where there are large numbers of goat and sheep herds. The publicly owned lands are also numerous around these villages. Oak wood exploitation is practiced traditionally since long ago. Nowadays, it needs to be regulated as the local community became aware of the need for wise and sustainable use of woods and public lands, and for a well-planned road network between the dif- ferent slopes and valleys. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 325

ø Quality characteristics

Due to the presence of unmapped mines from the last war, the impact of hu- mans is still weak. Several jungles from a variety of oak trees, which extends over the karstic rocks, characterize the area. These are considered a refuge not only for the hyrax, which is renowned for its unique anatomic structure but also for the several plant species of this particular area. It is highly recommended to increase the awareness of people in order to stop killing the hyraxes and to avoid hunting and overgrazing. Also there is a need to regulate water pumping and to treat sewage water and garbage without polluting the environment.

Exoacantha heterophylla (above) 634m N 33º 23' 909 E 35º 33' 050 from Aychyeh Lupinus hirsutus (below): 748m N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647 from Aychyeh 326 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

D- MAMMALS OF JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Procavia capensis syriaca Schreber Hyrax Daman

Georges and Henriette Tohmé illustrated the study of the Lebanese mam- mals in the book “Wild Mammals of Lebanon” published in 1985 (Publica- tions of the Lebanese University). The main references prior to that date are cited in this book. The present study aims at the identification of all mammal species in Jabal Rihane Reserve, determination of their status, identification of bio-indicator key species which point to the state and the health of the environ- ment, establishment of a list of threatening hazards, and development of prior- ity activities to conserve them. It is worthy stating that if a logo has to be as- signed to this reserve, the hyrax would be the animal of choice.

1. SCIENTIFIC BASIS AND SOURCE OF INFORMATION

We could not undertake nocturnal surveys and our diurnal study was limited to areas for which access permits were granted. Thus, our development of the mammal list (2), including the status of species was based on the following scientific approaches: * Direct observation during our walks in some of the reserve's areas. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 327

* Captured species with a variety of used traps. * Observation of footprints and the remaining of some species or their products. * Examination of the owl regurgitates (nocturnal raptors which feed on small mammals). * Questioning villagers, sheepherders and hunters who have experienced the wildlife of the reserve.

In addition to our previous field studies in the areas of Jezzine and Nabatyeh, we surveyed the reserve since January 2001 till the end of the year 2003, with a minimum of one outing each 10 days.

2. SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIO-INDICATORS

Bio-indicator species have been identified (e.g. outbreak of rats indicates plenty of rubbish and domestic garbage). In the list (2) the sign “+” which fol- lows the scientific name denotes, “verified species presence”. The other spe- cies without “+” remain probable until their presence is approved in the future through research or monitoring activities. The most significant bio-indicators are: * The mole rat Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi, which indicates, loose agricul- tural soil. * The Jackal Canis aureus syriacus and the Fox Vulpus vulpus palaestina. Their increased numbers indicate organic waste pollution and proximity of pollution sources to the places in which these animals were recorded. * The Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor, which indicates a dry soil, that is rich in organic materials and insects. * The Levant Vole Microtus guentheri guentheri that is one of the best in- dicators of fertile years with plenty of herbs. * The Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca that is an indicator of carcasses avail- ability. * The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus, which indicates organic pollution and wastewater. * The Bats of the Order Chiroptera which witness the presence of mosqui- toes and flying insects as well as caves for their roosting. * The Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca, which indicates a dominated sys- tem with karstic limestone rocks and oak trees.

3. MAMMAL PRIORITIZED LIST (LIST 2) WITH CONSTRAINTS AND RISKS THE PRIORI- TIES

The globally threatened species are of first priority. These are followed by the regionally and nationally threatened species respectively. For priority rank- 328 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

ing, the regionally and nationally endemic species and subspecies (if any) are to be taken into account too. Also are considered the monospecific (the only species representing the genus or the family, e.g. Hyrax) and plurispecific (e.g. Vole) species. During the qualitative and quantitative surveys which aimed at the determination of the species dynamism within the reserve, the endemic, scarce, rare and monospecific species were given more attention than the other common or widespread or plurispecific species.

Prioritization of threats and constraints The threats and constraints that have an impact on the mammal species will be used to rank the species from most to less threatened:

1- The globally protected species that are threatened at the international level, 2- Threatened or declining species at national level, 3- endemic species or subspecies. 4- Rare species, 5- wholly or partially limited species to the Middle East, 6- Persecuted species. 7- Limited species to Jabal Rihane Reserve only, 8- Bio-indicator species, 9- Economic species. 10- Widespread species.

Priorities UuË_« 12345678910 INSECTIVORA «dA(« ö¬ Fam. Erinaceidae Erinaceus europaeus concolor + Hedgehog „uA« WU + + + + + Fam. Soricidae Shrews »Ue« WKOB Crocidura leucodon judaica Bicolor white toothed shrew WuK WU“ + ++ + Crocidura suaveolens Lesser white toothed shrew 5U« WU“ ++ + Crocidura russula Common white toothed shrew WFzU WU“ ++ Suncus etruscus Savi’s pygmy shrew »Ue« —Q ++ CHIROPTERA Bats Íb_« UM Fam. Pteropodidae Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian fruit-bat W«œ— ++ aegyptiacus + Fam. Rhinopomatidae V– u√ ◊«uË WKOB Rhinopoma microphyllum Great mouse tailed bat V– u√ ◊«uË + ++ + microphyllum Fam. Rhinolophidae Horseshoe Bats ‘UÒLF« WKB Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater horseshoe dO ‘UL + ++ + ferrumequinnum Rhinolophus euryale judaicus Mediterranean horseshoe dOG ‘UL ++++ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 329

Priorities UuË_« 12345678910 Fam. Vespertilionidae gOUH)« WKOB Myotis blythi omari Lesser Mouse-eared Bat ÍdL ◊«uË + ++ + Myotis nattereri hoveli Natterer’s Bat qu ◊«uË ++++ Pipistrellus pipistrellus pipistrellus Common Pipistrelle œbH + ++ + Pipistrellus kuhli ikhawanius Kuhl’s Pipistrelle wKu ‘UH ++++ Miniopterus schreibersi pallidus Schreiber’s Bat WM_« qu ◊«uË ++++ + CARNIVORES ÂuK« ö¬ Fam. Canidae »öJ« WKOB Canis aureus syriacus+ Jackal Èˬ s« ++ + + Canis lupus pallipes Wolf Vzc« ++ +++ Vulpus vulpus palaestina+ Red fox VKF« + +++ Fam. Mustelidae fLM« WKOB Martes foina syriaca + Stone Martin fLM« + + Vormela peregusna syriaca + Marbled polecat ÊUdE« +++ Meles meles canescens+ Badger ddG« ++ + Fam. Hyaenidae ŸUC« WKOB Hyaena hyaena syriaca+ Striped Hyaena lC« ++ + + + Fam. Felidae dN« WKOB Felis silvestris tristrami+ Wild cat Íd« dN« + ++ HYRACOIDEA Udu« Fam. Procaviidae Procavia capensis syriaca + Hyrax du« ØÊuD« ++++ ARTIODACTYLS lU_« UËœe Fam. Suidae d“UM)« WKOB Sus scrofa lybicus + Wild Boar Íd« deM)« ++ + LAGOMORPHA UO—_« Fam. Leporidae Lepus capensis syriacus Cape Hare Íd« V—_« ++ + RODENTIA ÷—«uI« Fam. Sciuridae Sciurus anomalus syriacus Squirrel »UM« + ++ Fam. Hystricidae Hystrix indica indica + Porcupine hOM« + + Fam. Spalacidae bK)« WKOB Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi + Mole-Rat + + + Fam. Muridae —QH«Ë –d'« WKOB Apodemus mystacinus mystacinus Field Mouse qI(« —Q + Rattus norvegicus norvegicus + Brown Rat lzU ÊË–d + + 330 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities UuË_« 12345678910 Mus musculus praetextus + House Mouse WFzU …—Q + Acomys dimidiatus dimidiatus Spiny Mouse wu —Q + + Fam. Cricetidae dJF«Ë œ«bI« WKOB Meriones tristrami tristrami Jird «dd –d + Microtus guentheri guentheri Levant Vole dJF« + + +

The list's objective The establishment of the list aims at recognizing the mammals of Jabal Rihane, showing their distribution and the degree of the threatening factors they are subjected to, and subsequently identifying the species that merit con- servation actions. As mentioned above, the highest priority is given to the spe- cies, which, if extinct, will be a great loss to the whole world. Its disappear- ance will deprive the humanity from genetic sources that could be, if not extinct, of great benefits through the development of new economic protein producer species that are needed by the world of tomorrow.

4. REMARKS ON THE LIST OF MAMMALS AND SOME OF THEIR ORDERS

It is obvious that the names in the list above do not include all the mammals of the Lebanon. In the first column, only the recorded species at Jabal Rihane have a “+” sign after their scientific names, whilst the others are left without this sign to indicate that their occurrence is probable. Even though, the prob- able species may include those who traverse the reserve or live in it for short time. For example, the Hedgehog, which lives in areas extended from sea level to 1500 meters, may reach higher places when searching for more food; also the natural caves help the dispersal of bats which are flying mammals with un- limited range of flight, exactly like birds. Though, they can be anywhere. Be- ing aware of the incurrence of some species in the near past, we adopted the “wider list” to allow the methodology of confirmation to take place within the reserve in the future.

The European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 331

Below are some remarks that may highlight the most significant repre- sentatives of the mammals' orders and understand their importance: a- Order Insectivora This order encompasses the most useful mammals for the agriculture as they play a role in combating insects and contribute to maintain the natural balance. The Hedgehog that was mentioned above is considered as bio-indicator of rich dry soil in organic matter and insects. b- Order Chiroptera Most of the representatives of this order feed on insects. Subsequently, they are considered friends to farmers as they feed on flying insects, including mosquitoes and agricultural pests such as cucumber beetles and cutworm moths and maintain as such the natural balance. Bats normally eat about half their weight in flying insects each night. Lactating females may equal their body weight in insects every night. As for the Egyptian Fruit-Bat Rousettus a. aegyptiacus that is characterized by its short tail, it feeds on fruits of orchards of coast and middle elevated mountain. However, it is an important seed disperser, and hence plays a critical role in the recovery of for- est clearings. Fruit bats are important pollinators of many plants including mangoes, bananas, figs, avocados, carob, and cloves. The conservation of all bats and the protection of their caves are among the objectives of protected areas. c- Order Carnivora Notes about some of the most important species of this order: • It is worthy to mention that the numbers of Red fox Canis aureus syriacus and Jakal Vulpus v. palaestina have increased in parallel with the increase of organic waste in the vicinity of villages and in valleys. These two species are hence considered bio-indicators of environmen- tal pollution with domestic wastes. The Wolf Canis lupus pallipes certainly occurs, nowadays, in north-west and middle of Beqaa as well as on the eastern slopes of Barouk Mountain and in Niha and Rihane. We believe the wolf has remained in the study area in very small numbers. Some shepherds mentioned its presence to the west of Kfar- houneh. • The Stone Martin Martes foina syriaca and Marbled Polecat Vormela peregusna syriaca, which are accused of being transmitters of rabies, a matter that needs verification through more research, have a limited distri- bution between the coast and high mountains in Lebanon. 332 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

• The Badger Meles meles canescens is one of the persecuted species in Jabal Rihane area where it is widespread and considered an appreciated game. People should stop killing this mammal before it disappears. • The Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca is a limited subspecies to the Middle East. It is still moderately distributed between the coast and the middle heights and near the watercourses. Some caves at Jarjou'e next to Loueizeh were reported as a refuge used by this animal which is continusely persecuted despite the fact that it poses no threat to human beings. The Hyena is a bio-indicator of carcass availa- bility. • The Wild Cat Felis sylvestris tristrami lives in forests and is a tree climber. It is found in the mountains of Barouk, Niha and Rihane and considered one of the threatened species. d- Order Artiodactyla The Wild Boar Sus scrofa lybicus is well known from Lebanese territo- ries from antiquity until it disappeared during the 19th century. During its absence from Lebanon it was reported at Houla and Kasab beyond the Lebanese borders. In the winter 1981, we were the first to report its reappear- ance in the upper Chouf region, Jezzine, Jabal Rihane and Western Beqaa. Nowadays, the wild boar is found, in addition to the places mentioned above, in Horsh Ehden and other areas. At Jabal Rihane, the inhabitants say that dur- ing the Israeli occupation, wild boar used abandoned houses as refuge or shel- ter. Today, the farmers are worried about the damage caused by this animal to their orchards. But, from our point of view, its occurrence in any forest does not constitute a threat as long as its numbers are moderate and subse- quently do not disturb the ecological balance. The wild boar turns the soil at the feet of the trees to search for its food, which is formed from worms, larvae, small insects and bulbs of plants, etc. Accordingly, it helps aerate the soil and clean it from harmful larva. This animal should be monitored to see to what extent it is widespread in the forests so that man could interfere when its num- bers exceed the allowed international limit. If this occurs, we propose to con- trol the species through decimation of only some males, as is the case in simi- lar protected areas of Europe, with the condition that such operation is strictly regulated. e- Order Lagomorpha According to hunters, the Hare Lepus capensis syriacus occurs in fair num- bers in the Beqaa as well as at the heights of Jabal Rihane. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 333

Hyrax Procavia capensis f- Order Hyracoida The Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca that is the only representative of its order in Lebanon is a nice looking and fascinating animal. Its fur color matches the color of sand or sometimes rocks. It is appreciated as game for hunters who are proud of killing it. The body is rabbit-sized but the neck, ears and tail are short. The Hyrax is originated from extinct animals with paddles like elephants. The upper incisors resemble elephant's tusks. Being planti- grade, the hyrax uses the sole of its feet for walking and standing. There are four toes on the front feet and three on the back feet. Its nails are long and curved with flat ends and resemble hooves. The inner toe is curved and moves independently from the others, whereas the padded soles of its feet have a flap of skin that can be pulled up to make a suction cup. These features of inner toes and padded soles offer help in climbing karstic rocks where it lives in its crevices and moves with high capacity and make the hyrax the most adapted animal to its living environment. The hyrax' range is from southern Africa to Egypt and west Asia. The sub- species syriaca lives in Lebanon, Gallilee and from Jordan Valley to Sinai. We found the species north to Al Ouali River and it reached in the last years the upper Valley of Nahr El Kalb where it could be re-disappeared. None of the other protected areas in Lebanon is habitat for the hyrax. The daily pattern of the hyraxes is to come out of their dens at dawn to feed on grasses, leaves, or sometimes buds, stems, or fruit; and to sun themselves together on a rock. When they are done, they rest in their dens during the day hours before they re-appear in the late afternoon. As it appeared to us, they live in organized colonies where some of the members were seen standing on rocks as guards, watching any expected enemy, giving attention to any sus- pected movement. When approaching their territories, they scream before they run and hide, as if they learned that man is their first enemy. In fact the inhab- itants of Jabal Rihane area do not hesitate to kill this animal, a fact that offers because of its unique characteristics, a sufficient reason for the declaration of Jabal Rihane as protected area of eco-tourism attraction. g. Order Rodentia This is the commonest order in Lebanon at both quantitative and qualitative levels. Following are some of its members: • The Squirrel Sciurus anomalus syriacus is among the declining animals due to pesticides. Its presence and numbers are to be monitored. 334 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

• The Porcupine Hystrix indica indica is the commonest mammal in this area after the Hyrax. Its quills are widely scattered in the woods of Rihane, Mlikh and Kfarhouneh. The Jabal Rihane area should be prob- ably treated as the most important and the last refuge for this species in the Middle East, especially that the human construction has covered most of its preferred habitats. • The Mole-Rat Spalax leucodonehrenbergi is well recognized by the vil- lagers because of its sinuate tunnels dug in the different soils, mainly in fields and orchards. Concentrated researches are urgently needed to iden- tify the various races of this nocturnal animal, which is most active at night, and the early hours of the day. • The Field Mouse Apodemus mystacinus mystacinus is widespread all over the country and from middle of Europe to Jordan through Turkey. The cat is considered the natural enemy of this mouse in the proximity of villages. • The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus lives near humans, feeds on domestic waste and breeds in the vicinity of wastewater courses. • The Jird Meriones tristrami tristrami is widespread from the coast up to 1550 m. altitude. It is found in the countries of the Middle East including north of Sinai. The Jird, which is of sandy color, inhabits the dry herba- ceous lands and consumes seeds and green shoots.

E- HERPETOFAUNA OF JABAL RIHANE

Elaphe hohenacheri, a non-venomous snake. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 335

1. INTRODUCTION

Wandering in the areas of the reserve was not an easy task because of the mines dispersed here and there as remains of the long period of military activi- ties, which dominated this region in the near past. The study of Amphibians and Reptiles relies, like the study of mammals, on live observation and trap- ping or pit falling of samples. In fact some of the inhabitants helped us collect- ing some reptile specimens and for their acts we are thankful. In the list (3) below, the sign “*” which follows the scientific name denotes collected spe- cies, “**” denotes observed or seen but not collected species and “***” sign indicates a species of probable presence that we hope to confirm in the future.

2. SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIO-INDICATORS

• Indicator of humid soil, plants and trees The occurrence of amphibians in a certain area is a good indicator of water presence and humid soil. The Salamander Salamandra inframaculata appears during the day time after the autumnal rain. The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta is an indicator of trees presence in the proximity as is the case at the site of Naba'a el Tasseh and in a small grove at the borders of Rihane village or between the latter and Soujud Valley. In addition, the Chameleon indicates humid and vegetated habitats. The Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorff is attracted by water, grass and cultivated areas. The same applies for the non-venomous snake Elaphe hohenackeri and the Water Snake Natrix tesselata.

The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta

• Indicator of ecosystems' diversity

The occurrence of the Green Toad Bufo viridis in different areas of the re- serve is the best reflection to the diversity of the natural ecosystems from 336 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE dense to open forests, prairies or orchards to fields, and from sandy to calcare- ous soil. The habitat of the Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis does not differ too much from that of the Green Toad. Nevertheless, the first avoids open ar- eas. • Indicator of waste and chemicals

The construction debris and waste that are thrown in the water of the streams or in their proximity as well as the chemicals and other products affect badly the life of the insectivorous amphibians and their reproduction activity, especially in wadi Aramta – Mlikh and in the southern Rihane. Of the im- pacted species, the Levant Frog Rana bedriagae which declines numerically, the Green Toad Bufo viridis and the Common Tree Frog Hyla savignyi. The last two are affected and in decline despite the fact that they live away from water, in the proximity of wetlands and in their neighboring cultivated fields. An additional reason for their decline is probably the reduction of domestic waste (source of insects) that was caused by the displacement of the locals during the years of war. The overuse of pesticides have also affected the Agama Laudakia stellio stellio. Being insectivorous, the Agama hunts insects while sunning itself on rocks or walls. In addition, it is a non-venomous lizard and considered a friend to farmers whereas it is still persecuted, due to lack of awareness, by some of the apiculturists. • Indicator of insect presence

As most of the Amphibians and Reptiles consume insects, we have noticed them agglomerating near the organic waste dumps where insects grow and pullulate. Of the reptiles: the Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis, Tree Gecko Cyrtopodion kotschyi orientalis and Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus. Of the amphibians: the Common Tree Frog Hyla savignyi; and of the snakes there are two species Eirenis decemlineata and Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus. The latter is smaller.

Common Tree Frog Hyla savigny

• Indicator of sandy barren soil

A small snake, the Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans that lives on a hard barren sandy soil, represents this indicator. It does not climb on trees or walls. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 337

• Indicator of tree leaves and organic soil

This indicator is represented by the Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki, a member of the family Scincidae that is usually found under dead leaves over a rich soil with organic materials where mushrooms are frequently seen. The atrophied limbs of this skink give the impression of a little snake. Of the venomous snakes: The Montpellier Snake Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus that is com- mon is the area where it feeds on mice, hyraxes, lizards and birds. The Micrelaps muelleri, which is a small snake rarely exceeding 20 cm length. It is confined to southern Lebanon but not found yet in the other re- serves of Lebanon. The Large Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis: it was not recorded during the surveys. Instead, the locals confirm its presence only.

3. HERPETOFAUNA LIST (LIST 3) AND SPECIES STATUS

Priorities UuË_« AABBBBCCCD 12345678910 AMPHIBIA UOzUd« Salamandridae Fire Salamander Salamandra infraimmaculata infraimmaculata* * Newt Triturus vittatus vittatus*** Anura Green Toad Bufo viridis* +++ Ranidae Levant Frog Rana bedriagae* + +++ Hylidae Common Tree Frog Hyla savignyi * + + + REPTILIA n«Ëe« Testudinidae Tortoise Testudo graeca terrestris * +++ Chamaeleonidae Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta** ++ +++ Emydidae Terrapin Mauremys caspica rivulata*** +++ Anguidae 338 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities UuË_« AABBBBCCCD 12345678910 Pseudopus apodus *** + Agamidae Agama Laudakia stellio stellio** ++ Geckonidae Tree Gecko Cyrtopodion kostchyi orientalis* ++ Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus* +++ Lacertidae Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis* +++ Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorffi** ++ Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans * ++ Scincidae Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki* + Vital's Skink Mabuya vittata vittata* + Typhlopidae Typhlops Typhlops vermicularis*** + Colubridae Large Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis*** ++ Hemorrhois nummifer* +++ Platyceps najadum dahlii*** + Collar Snake Platyceps collaris*** ++ Eirenis levantinus *** ++ Eirenis decemlineatus* ++ Eirenis lineomaculatus* +++ Elaphe hohenackeri* +++ Montpellier Snake Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus** +++ Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus * ++ Micrelaps muelleri* +++ Dice Snake Natrix tessellata*** ++ Telescopus fallax*** + Viperidae Palestinian Viper Vipera palestinea*** + Macrovipera lebetina*** +

A: 1- Globally threatened species, 2- Regionally and nationally threatened species. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 339

B: 3- Endemic, 4- Rare in Lebanon, 5- Monospecific or limited to Rihane Reserve, 6- Persecuted by people. C: 7- Extinct from Lebanon, 8- Bio-indicators, 9- Economic species. D: 10- Widespread species.

Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) above Rihane village

F- BIRDS OF JABAL RIHANE

Chuckar Partridge Alectoris chukar

1. INTRODUCTION

Despite the fact that our surveys were faced by difficulties and obstacles such as the presence of unmapped fields of mines and the prohibited uninhab- ited security zones, we were able to observe, monitor, locate nests and identify bird habitats, covering as such more than 50% of the study area. The stratified sampling method used includes samples from the following common habitats: mountainous relief with peaks, steep and/ or gentle slopes, hills, and small ba- sins. These habitats contained garrigues, macquis of oak and pine groves, 340 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE burnt and/ or barren rocks or lands, orchards and field crops. As such, the study was based on 96 observation-stations, evenly distributed over all cited habitats. As for the soaring birds which rely upon local air currents in order to mi- grate by soars and glides, the migration was more or less altered by an easterly warm dry air causing inversion and suppressing the formation of proper thermals during the early autumn of the first year. All the cited difficulties and the constraints mentioned above did prevent the study from providing sufficient data to highlight the composition of the avifauna in the area. As a result, 168 bird species were recorded with varied number of indi- vidual and frequencies. Of which, 33 species definitely breed in the area, 18 probable breeders but not yet recorded with breeding evidence during the study period, In addition to these species above, 23 more species were expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats but not yet seen or heard.

Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus

2- SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIO-INDICATORS

The Crow: its abundance indicates organic waste pollution The Kestrel: is used to identify chemical pollution in the environment The Syrian Serin: is used as indicator of air pollution with toxic gazes The Griffon Vulture: an indicator of degraded forests The Syrian Serin: indicates stability of forests and woods The Jay: contributes to reforestation as it feeds on oak fruits and hides some in the soil so that they grow new shoots The Linnet: is a good indicator of climate change The Black Storks: is used as indicator of weather changes The Bee-eater: indicates the presence of wasps and bees Some Warblers indicate climates of the Mediterranean area. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 341

3- BIRD LIST (LIST 4)

Legend: A(1)= Globally threatened species A(2)= Regionally threatened or declining species B(3)= Endemic (sub species) B(4)= Rare breeders +Former breeders (F) + possibly breeding species (P) B(5)= Localized breeder B(6)= Localized non breeder B(7)= Declining breeder B(8)= Internationally important population passing in Lebanon B(9)= Nationally threatened or declining species C(10)= Extinct or probably extinct from Lebanon C(11)= Introduced species. C(12)= Bio-indicators C(13)= Economic species D(14)= Species restricted wholly or largely to the Middle East D(15)= Species which are mainly concentrated in Europe but with unfavorable conditions D(16)= Species which are mainly concentrated outside Europe but with unfavorable conditions in Europe V= vagrant species.

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Pelecanidae UOF White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus ++ Ardeidae Grey Heron Ardea cinerea ÍœU— se pU Little Bittern + + Ixobrychus minutus dOG ‚«Ë Little Egret + Egretta garzetta dOG iO« ÊuAK Ciconiidae White Stork + + + + + Ciconia ciconia iO« ‚öI Black Stork + + + + Ciconia nigra œu« ‚öI Accipitridae Honey Buzzard + + Pernis apivorus qF« «Òu 342 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Levant Sparrowhawk + F + + + + Accipiter brevipes wÁd ‚bO Griffon Vulture + P + + + + Gyps fulvus dL« d F Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus ÃUb« …“d Lesser Spotted Eagle + + + + Aquila pomarina …dOG ¡UFH »UI Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga …dO ¡UFH »UI Imperial Eagle + Aquila heliaca t—u«d« »UI Hobby + Falco subbuteo !u dI Merlin Falco columbarius RR dI Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae «—uuO« dI Lanner Falcon + P + + + Falco biarmicus d dI Saker Falcon + + + + Falco cherrug ‰«eG« dI Short-toed Eagle P + + + Circaetus gallicus UO(« »UI Pallid Harrier + + + Circus macrourus WU …“d Verreaux's Eagle P V + Aquila verreauxii W—«b »UI Red-footed Falcon + + + Falco vespertinus ÂbI« dL« dI Marsh Harrier + + Circus aeruginosus `zUD« …“d Sparrowhawk + + + Accipiter nisus oU Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus ‰Ëd »UI Golden Eagle F Aquila chrysaetos WO– »UI Bonelli's Eagle P + + + Hieraaetus fasciatus wKKu »UI G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 343

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Peregrine Falcon + + + Falco peregrinus 5U Black Kite Milvus migrans ¡«œu …√b +++ Long-legged Buzzard + + + + Buteo rufinus** ‚U« qu VOI Montagu's Harrier + + Circus pygargus ÃUu …“d Goshawk Accipiter gentilis “U ++ Kestrel Falco tinnunculus * ou +++ Common Buzzard Buteo buteo VOI + Phasianidae Chukar Partridge + + + Alectoris chukar* wUM q Quail Coturnix coturnix ÍÒd ++ Rallidae Corncrake Crex crex ÈuK +++ Coot Fulica atra …bMK Gruidae Demoiselle Crane + + Anthropoides virgo Ãu wÂd Common Crane + + + Grus grus ÍœUO« wÂd Scolopacidae Woodcock Scolopax rusticola ÷—_« WUœ Columbidae Rock Pigeon + Columba livia* Íd ÂUL Woodpigeon Columba palumbus rœ Turtle Dove + + + + Streptopelia turtur* qd Cuculidae Great Spotted Cuckoo P + + + Clamator glandarius dO lI« VIOÁ Common Cuckoo F + + + Cuculus canorus VIOÁ Tytonidae Barn Owl Tyto alba* ¡UCO Wu + 344 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Strigidae Scops Owl Otus scops ** wË—Ë« Z P++ Little Owl Athene noctua** …dOG Wu Tawny Owl Strix aluco* ¡«dL Wu + Long-eared Owl Asio otus …dOÂ ¡U–√ Wu Eagle Owl Bubo bubo …dOÂ Wu Caprimulgidae European Nightjar + + Caprimulgus europaeus wË—Ë« b Apodidae Pallid Swift + + + Apus pallidus XU nD Alpine Swift + + + Apus melba* o«uA« nD Common Swift P + Apus apus** œu« nD Meropidae European Bee-eater + Merops apiaster —«Ë—Ë Upupidae Hoopoe Upupa epops** bb P+ Picidae Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopus ++ syriacus * Í—u VA —UI Wryneck + Jynx torquilla ¡«u Alaudidae Calandra Lark + + + Melanocorypha calandra ‚uD Lesser Short-toed Lark Calandrella ++ + rufescens lU_« …dOBÁ …dÁ Bimaculated Lark + + Melanocorypha bimaculata wd ‚uD Lark F + Alauda arvensis ¡UL« …dÁ Short-toed Lark Calandrella ++ brachydactyla …dOÂ lU_« …dOBÁ …dÁ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 345

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Crested Lark P + Galerida cristata* Wu …dÁ Shore Lark P Eremophila alpestris** ¡UdÁ …dÁ Hirundinidae Sand Martin ++ Riparia riparia ¡v«uA« uuM Crag Martin + Ptyonoprogne rupestris —uB« uuM Barn Swallow P Hirundo rustica ** ‰“UM*« uuM Red-rumped Swallow + Hirundo daurica eF« dL« uuM House Martin P Delichon urbica** w«uC« uuM Motacillidae Yellow Wagtail P + + Motacilla flava** ¡«dH lJFJ « Grey Wagtail P + + Motacilla cinerea WœU— lJFJ « White Wagtail + Motacilla alba ¡UCO lJFJ « Long-billed Pipit + Anthus similis —UIM*« qu …d9 u« Tawny Pipit + Anthus campestris ‰uI(« …d9 u« Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis dA« …d9 u« Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis jOG« WMA Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta ¡U*« WMA Pycnonotidae Yellow-vented Bulbul + + + + Pycnonotus xanthopygos* qK Troglodytidae Wren + Troglodytes troglodytes* lË Prunellidae Dunnock Prunella modularis „uA« —uHB 346 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Turdidae Pied Wheatear Oenanthe + pleschanka iO«Ë œu« oOK u« Isabelline Wheatear P + Oenanthe isabellina wK— oOK u« Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia VObM Whinchat Saxicola rubetra wFOKÁ White-throated Robin F + + + Irania gutturalis —Ëe« iO« s(« u« Blue Rock Thrush + + + Monticola solitarius* ‚—“√ —Ëd Rock Thrush P Monticola saxatilis** —uB« WML Song Thrush + + Turdus philomelos WdD WML Redwing + + Turdus iliacus ÕUM'« ¡«dL WML Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus ob« WML Black-throated Thrush + + Turdus ruficollis —Ëe« ¡«œu WML Fieldfare Turdus pilaris ‰uI(« WML Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe P++ hispanica** Ê–_« œu« oOK u« Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti ¡«dB« oOK u√ Finch's Wheatear + Oenanthe finschii gM oOK u√ Mourning Wheatear Oenanthe lugens se oK√ Common Wheatear + + Oenanthe oenanthe ÍœUO« oOK u« Blackbird + + Turdus merula* —Ëd Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus WÁuD WML Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus …dL G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 347

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Black Redstart + + Phoenicurus ochruros ¡«œu …dL Stonechat + Saxicola torquata ‚uD wFOKÁ Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas P galactotes** dL_« ‘«d_« ¡UM u« Robin Erithacus rubecula s(« u« Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos wË—Ë« —«e Sylvidae Ó«u Barred Warbler + Sylvia nisoria WDD W“U Garden Warbler Sylvia borin oz«b(« W“U Ruppell's Warbler P + Sylvia rueppelli wKKË— W“U Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans œËdB« WKœ Menetries's Warbler + P + + Sylvia mystacea ÍdM W“U Wood Warbler F Phylloscopus sibilatrix »UG« …—UAI Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina ¡«dH …—UAI Upcher's Warbler + + Hippolais languida dA« lAM Orphean Warbler + + + Sylvia hortensis* oz«b(« WKœ Spectacled Warbler + + Sylvia conspicillata* UMu « WKœ Sardinian Warbler Sylvia ++ melanocephala* ”√d« ¡«œu WKœ Lesser Whitethroat + + Sylvia curruca* …dOG —Ëe« ¡UCO WKœ Whitethroat + Sylvia communis WœUO« WKœ Olivaceous Warbler + Hippolais pallida* WU W“U Olive-tree Warbler + Hippolais olivetorum Êue« lAM 348 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Graceful Prinia + Prinia gracilis WIO— W“U Blackcap P Sylvia atricapilla* ”ULË Í—u Bonelli's Warbler P Phylloscopus bonelli** wKKu W“U Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita …—UAI Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus ·UBHB« …—UAI Muscicapidae Collard Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis ‚uD*« »Uc« q¬ Red-breasted Flycatcher + Ficedula parva —bB« dL√ »Uc« q¬ Spotted Flycatcher + Muscicapa striata* jD<« »Uc« q¬ Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca œuô«Ë iO_« »U– q¬ Paridae Sombre Tit + Parus lugubris* se nÁdÁ Coal Tit P Parus ater** wL nÁdÁ Great Tit + Parus major* dO nÁdÁ Western Rock Nuthatch + Sitta neumayer* dOGB« ‚bM« Ê“U Nectariniidae Palestinian Sunbird Nectarinia osea wMODKH« —ue« u√ Oriolidae Golden Oriole P + + + + Oriolus oriolus W«dH Laniidae Masked Shrike + + Lanius nubicus* lMI »—œ Woodchat Shrike** P + Lanius senator ”√d« dL√ »UG« »—œ G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 349

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Red-backed Shrike + + Lanius collurio dNE« dL« »—œ Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus wK— »—œ Corvidae Hooded Crow + + Corvus corone cornix* »«d ‚UÁ Jay + Garrulus glandarius* o—“ u√ Rose-coloured Starling Sturnus roseus ÍedÁ —Ë“—“ Starling Sturnus vulgaris —Ë“—“ Passeridae Rock Sparrow + Petronia petronia** —uB« Í—Ëœ Pale Rock Sparrow Carpospiza ++ + + brachydactyla VUA« —uB« Í—Ëœ Sparrow + + Passer domesticus* ‰“UM*« Í—Ëœ Spanish Sparrow P Passer hispaniolensis wU« Í—Ëœ Fringillidae Red-fronted Serin Serinus pusillus WN'« dL√ —UF Syrian Serin + + + Serinus syriacus* Í—u —UF European Serin Serinus serinus —UÒF Siskin Carduelis spinus wÂu —UÒF Goldfinch + + Carduelis carduelis* ÊuÒ Linnet P + Carduelis cannabina** wOHOH Crimson-winged Finch + Rhodopechys sanguinea ÕUM'« ÍedÁ dO“ Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus Íœ—Ë dO“ Hawfinch wu“ qK Coccothraustes coccothraustes 350 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Priorities DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAA 11113121110987654321 Brambling Fringilla montifringilla ‰ULA« ZMK Chaffinch + Fringilla coelebs* ZMK Greenfinch + Carduelis chloris* ÍdOC —uHB Emberizidae Rock Bunting + Emberiza cia —uB« W—œ Ortolan Bunting + + Emberiza hortulana Êö—« W—œ Cretzschmar's Bunting + Emberiza caesia* —ULd W—œ Black-headed Bunting* + + Emberiza melanocephala ”√d« ¡«œu W—œ Corn Bunting P Miliaria calandra** …—c W—œ Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella ¡«dH W—œ

168 recorded bird species 33 definite breeding species * 18 possible breeders but not yet recorded with breeding evidence ** 23 species expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats but not yet seen or heared

Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Bird priorities Followings are the birds of highest priorities at Jabal Rihane for being either globally threatened or regionally threatened species. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 351

. Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina, White Stork Ciconia ciconia, Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Levant Sparrow Hawk Accipiter brevipes, Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo, Corncrake Crex crex, Yel- low-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos, Upcher's Warbler Hippolais languida, Menetries's Warbler Sylvia mystacea, Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus.

4. FUTURE OF RESEARCH AND STATUS UPDATES

The obtained results encourage us to make more effort in the future in order to fine-tune the status of the observed species, especially the migrants that may settle down in Rihane area. The study of the migratory and soaring bird species revealed that the flyway over Freidies- Rihane- Deir Mimas is slightly less important than the main flyway over Aley-Azour-Nabatyeh. As this study is the first of its kind in the region, it is worthy to note that the Jabal Rihane appeared to encompass sev- eral sites that are considered hotspots for roosting, sheltering and resting of migrants in general and globally and regionally threatened species in particu- lar. In addition, it is of great importance to focus in the future on the wintering species of Jabal Rihane as these will certainly assist the management team of the reserve to monitor the bird community as indicator of the managing proc- esses, state of the environment and productivity of the ecosystems. The migra- tory and wintering bird species are nowadays considered the most significant component of the international biodiversity.

5. MONITORING OF BIRDS

There are two ways for bird monitoring: 1- Monitoring of nesting birds. The increase in numbers of breeding spe- cies, especially raptors, is treated as an indicator of environmental im- provement. The species, which have bred in the past and ceased breeding (former breeders), due to human persecution, are also a positive indicator if they return to nest again in the area. 2- Putting rings (banding/ ringing) in the feet of the netted birds, similarly to what was been done prior to the hostilities days in Lebanon by the Fac- ulty of Science-Lebanese University with financial support from the Na- tional Council of Scientific Research. The recovery of the ringed birds will allow us to: 352 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

• define the itineraries that are followed by the birds, • know the time spent by birds within the Lebanese territories, and • indicate the origin and destination of these birds

G- REFERENCES AND BIBILOGRAPHY

Most of the data in this report is the result of exhaustive researches that were undertaken in the past by the members of the team in different parts of Lebanon. During the years 2002-2003, they regularly focused on the Jabal Rihane area, subject of this study. Despite all constraints and fieldS of mines, the field studies were conducted in accordance with the pre-fixed timetable. It is worthy mentioning that the team used several basic references with attention paid to the Lebanese publications. As for the old references, they are omitted here due to the shortage of time.

General references and publications on the ecology of Lebanon

Abi-Saleh B. & Nasser N. & Rami H. & Safi N. & Safi S. & Tohmé H.: La flore terrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban; Projet GF / 6105-92-72. Publication no3, 1996. CORINE Biotopes manual: Habitats of the European Community. EUR 12587/3, Of- fice for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991. CORINE: Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. Natura 2000. October 1999. Tohmé H. & Abdul-Nour H. & Assi F. & Hraoui-Bloquet S. & Ramadan-Jradi Gh.: La faune terrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban; Projet GF / 6105-92- 72. Publication no4, 1996. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Ecologie du Liban. Faits et exemples (en arabe, titre en français). Publications de l’UL no 15. 216 p. et plusieurs photos en couleur, 1985. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Les Coquillages terrestres du Liban (en français). Publica- tions de l’UL no 20. 113 p et nombreux dessins. 1988. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Les Oiseaux du Liban (en arabe, titre en français). Publica- tions de l’UL no 17. 165 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1986.

Flora Abou-Chaar C.: The woody plants of A.U.B. campus. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1991. Edgecombe W.S.: Weeds of Lebanon. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1970. Lys P. & Ades J.: Petite flore illustrée du Liban. Beirut: Faculté Française de Médecine, 1956. Mouterde P.: Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 3 vols + 3 atlas. Beirut: Dar El- Machreq (Imprimerie Catholique), 1966-1970-1983. Nehmé M.: Dictionnaire étymologique de la flore du Liban. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Editeurs. 2000. Nehmé M.: Fleurs sauvages du Liban. 3 versions (Arabic, 1981; English, 1978 and French, 1977). Beirut: Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1977. G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 353

Polunin O. & Huxley A.: Flowers of the Mediterranean. London: Chatto and Windus, 1955. Post G.E.: Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. 2d Edition, 2 vols. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1932. Tohmé G.: La médecine populaire et les plantes médicinales au Liban. Premier Congrès international – Plantes médicinales et phytothérapie. Tunis 19-20 mai 1993. Tohmé G. & H.: Recherche sur le statut actuel de la flore du Liban. Beirut: Lebanese Science Journal, Vol 2, No 1. 2001. Tohmé G. & H. A Thousand and One Flowers of Lebanon. Beirut: Publications of the LEBANESE UNIVERSITY, Natural Sciences Section 22. 2002. Tohmé G., Tohmé H., Hrawi-Bloquet S., Karakira M., Gèze R., Slim K.: Rapport on Five protected areas in Lebanon. National Council for Scientific Research. 1999. (Projet UNDP nº Leb. 95-G31-AIG-99).

Amphibians and Reptiles Bocsh H. A. J., In Den: Prodromus einer liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Lebanon. – Faunistische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden, 21/ Suppl.: 9-17, Dresden. 1998. Bosch H. A. J. in den, W. Bischoff & J. F. Schmidtler: Bemerkenswerte Reptilienfunde im Lebanon. – Herpetofauna 20 (117): 19–32, Weinstadt. 1998. Hraoui-Bloquet, S.: Les reptiles du Liban. 1. nomenclature et notes écologiques. – Ecologia Mediterranea 7 (2): 93–101. 1981. Hraoui-Bloquet, S. M. Sabeh & R. Sadek: La présence du triton Triturus vittatus Gray 1835 amphibien urodèle au Liban. – Lebanese Scientific Research Reports 2 (1) 15-22. 1997. Hraoui-Bloquet S. & R. Sadek: Les Amphibiens du Liban écologie et new record. – Bulletin de la Société Herpetologique de France. (3): 23-31. 2001. Hraoui-Bloquet S, R. Sadek, R. Sindaco & A. Venchi: The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data in distribution. Zoology in the Middle East. Vol. 27: 5-16. 2002.

Mammals Atallah S. I.: Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Their Ecology, System- atics and Zoogeographical Relationships. Saugetierkund liche Mitteilungen, t. 25 (4): 241-320 & t. 26 (1): 1-50. 1977-1978. Harrison D. L.: The Mammals of Arabia vol I, pp. 1-192 (1964), vol II, pp 193-381 (1968), vol III pp. 382-670 (1972). Ernest Benn Limited London. Lewis R. E. & Harrison D. L.: Notes on the Bats from the Republic of Lebanon. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 138: 473-486, 1962. Tohmé G. & Nahas-Zahreddine, G. & Neuschwander: Nouvelles données sur le statut actuel du loup Canis lupus pallipes au Liban. Mammalia, t. 39, no 3, 1975. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Contribution à l’étude du porc-épic Hystrix indica indica Kerr, 1792 (Rodentia). Mammalia, 44: 523-529. Paris, 1980. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Extinct and Disappearing Animals in Lebanon. Biology Inter- national (IUBS). Paris, no 4. 1981. Tohmé H. & Tohmé G.: Quelques données anatomiques sur le porc-épic Hystrix indica indica Kerr, 1792 (Rodentia), Mammalia t. 45, no 3, pp. 363-371. Paris, 1981 Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel de l’hyène Hyaena hyaena syriaca Mat., 1900 (Carnivora) au Liban. Mammalia t. 47, no 3, pp. 345-351. Paris, 1983. 354 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Tohmé H. & Tohmé G.: Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel des musa- raignes au Liban (Insectivora: Soricidae). Mammalia t. 47, no 3, pp. 353-357. Paris, 1983. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel des Felidae au Liban et plus particulièrement du chat des marais Felis chaus Güldenstaedt, 1776. Mammalia t. 64, no 2, pp. 247-249. Paris. 2000. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H.: Les Mammifères sauvages du Liban. Publications de l’UL no 16. 189 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1985.

Birds Beale C. M. & Ramadan-Jaradi G.: Automn routes of migrating raptors ond other soar- ing birds in Lebanon. Sandgrouse 23(2): 124-129. 2001. Evans M. I.: Important birds area in the Middle East. Bird Life International (BirdLife Conservation Series No 2), Cambridge, 1994. Hollom P. A. D.: Notes from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Antioch. Ibis 101: 183 – 200. 1959. Khairallah N. H.: Four unusual records from the Lebanon. Orn. Soc. Middle East Bull. 16: 16-17. 1986. Khairallah N. H.: Notes on the autumn raptor migration over the Lebanon in 1981. Sandgrosse 13: 34-41. 1991. Kumerloeve H.: Notes on the Birds of the Lebanese Republic. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ. 20-21: 1-81. 1962. Kumerloeve H.: Liste comparée des oiseaux nicheurs de Turquie méridionale, Syrie, Liban. Alauda 40: 353-366. 1972. Macfarlane A. M.: Fields notes on the birds of Lebanon and Syria, 1974-1977. Army Bird-watching Soc. Per. Publ. 3. 1978. Nevins J.: Partial checklist of the birds of Lebanon. Unpubl. Manuscript. 1960. Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G.: Notes on some breeding birds of Lebanon. Sandgrouse 19: 122-125. 1997. Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G.: An updated Chcklist of the birds of Leba- non. Sandgrouse 21: 132-170. 1999. Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G.: Population size of the Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus and other ornithological records from Lebanon. Lebanese Science Jour- nal. Vol. 3 No 1: 27-35. 2002. Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J.: Nouvelles données sur l’avifaune de la République Libanaise. Alauda 13: 243-258. 1974. Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J.: Nouvelles précisions sur le statut de quelques espèces nicheuses ou migratrices de l’avifaune libanaise. L’Oiseau 48: 319 – 327. 1978. Wallace D. I. M.: Selected observation from Lebanon, Syria and Jordan in the springs of 1963 and 1966. Sandgrouse 6: 24-27. 1984.

Recommendations towards the declaration of Jabal Rihane a Reserve

• Assignment of a committee representing municipalities and non-govern- mental environmental organizations to follow up the matter and increase the awareness of the local communities on the importance of declaring the Jabal Rihane a Reserve. • Issuance of the law declaring the Jabal Rihane a Reserve G. TOHMÉ AND H. TOHMÉ 355

• Identification of overlapping areas in coordination with local authorities or those concerned for public properties, especially that the area covered by the reserve is formed from forests, public areas and barren lands around Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aychyeh. Other villages may join the reserve too. • Completion of the present study in order to know more details about the climate, soil, fauna and flora. • Agreement on entrances, car parking, trails within the reserve, areas of visitors and infrastructure for facilitating the visitation, to name a few.

Linum pubescens from Rihane. We have to study the white variety in the future

Jabal Rihane in autumn 356 JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

A view of Mlikh from the west »dG« WN s aOK dEM

A view of Rihane-village ÊUd« …bK dEM