Jabal Rihane in autumn

JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Study prepared by: Dr. Georges Tohmé & Dr. Henriette Tohmé: Botany & Mammalogy Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi: Ornithology Dr. Souad Hraoui-Bloquet: Herpetology Dr. Raymond Gèze: Geology General Coordinator: Dr. Georges Tohmé

This study has been prepared on behalf of Albert Abela's Foundation (Cedrus Conservation Foundation) for the Conservation of the Environment.

Beirut 2004

1 This report is published by the ARAM Society (www.aramsociety.org): “Jabal Rihane .Reserve”, in the ARAM Periodical, volume 17 (2005), pages 285-356

منظر مليخ من جهة الغرب A view of Mlikh from the west

منظر بلدة الريحان A view of Rihane-village

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction and general information 1. Establishment of the Rihane Reserve 2. Role of Mr. Abela 3. The working Team and the role of the local communities 4. Characteristics of the Rihane Reserve 5. Geographical location of the site 6. Climatology 7. History Geology of the study area 1. Generalities and Tectonics 2. Stratigraphy 3. Geological relation with climate and vegetation cover Flora 1. Species identification and bio-indicators 2. Flora prioritized list (list 1) 3. Medicinal plants 4. Identification of habitats Mammals 1. Scientific basis and source of information 2. Species identification and bio-indicators 3. Mammal prioritized list (list 2) with constraints and threats 4. Remarks about the list and some zoological orders Herpetofauna 1. Introduction 2. Species identification and bio-indicators 3. Herpetofauna list (list 3) and species status Avifauna 1. Introduction 2. Species identification and bio-indicators 3. Birds list (list 4) 4. Future of research and status updates 5. Monitoring of birds References and source of information Recommendations towards the declaration of Jabal Rihane a Reserve

3 Introduction & source of information

1. Establishment of the Rihane Reserve In the early December 2001, the Reverend Father Dr. Shafiq Abouzayd has called me on telephone from London to propose the idea of declaring the Jabal Rihane a protected area. Since he is from Mlikh village where he was born and spent his childhood, Dr. Abouzayd showed a constant tendency to protect its environment on the basis of a scientific biodiversity background and cooperation with its inhabitants as well as the local communities of its surroundings. Accordingly, he asked me if I have the willingness to conduct preliminary field studies in Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Kfarhouneh, Aramta and Rihane villages similarly to what I have previously done, in cooperation with a team of scientists, in five protected areas. One of them (Al-Chouf Cedar Reserve) is in the proximity of Jabal Rihane. As my wife & I often used to conduct wildlife field studies all over Lebanon, we welcomed the said idea of Dr. Abouzayd. The following day, we prospected these areas that weren't accessed by us since thirty years. Continuous records in these villages continued during the last two years, often twice monthly, and once per week during spring seasons.

2. Role of Mr. Albert Abela During January and February 2002, we had, in Beirut, several working meetings with Mr. Albert Abela and the team of his foundation (Cedrus Conservation Foundation). Mr. Abela established this foundation a few years ago. It encompasses researchers from all over the world and aims at protecting the environment. Mr. Abela who resides in London is one of the most enthusiastic Lebanese to introduce the Lebanon and its beautiful natural heritage to the global community. He decided to develop and implement a research study project that is of a type rarely undertaken by the private

4 sector in the country. However, two weeks later he organized at the Ministry of environment another working meeting, under the leadership of H. E. Dr. Michel Moussa where the major guidelines for the study were developed as a pre-requisite for and/ or to assist in the declaration of the Rihane a protected area. It is worthy to note that during this period of time, an intensive exchange of letters between us (myself and Mr. Abela) took place and in which I explained the programme that we intend to run as well as the terms of references for our study in order to conduct researches similar to those previously done by us in five protected areas (Al- Chouf Cedar, Horsh Ehden, Palm Islands, Tyre Beach and Aammiq Swamp) on behalf of the Ministry of Environment through the National Council for Scientific Research. The new study covered two years whereas the previous studies were extended over only one year.

3. The working team and the role of the local community Under the leadership of Dr. Georges Tohmé, the working team was formed of: o Dr. Raymond Gèze who studied the geology of the area, its relation with the fauna and flora and the forms of life in the geological era of the past, o Dr. Souad Hraoui who studied the herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles), o Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi who surveyed the birds and their migration, o Dr. Henriette Tohmé who studied the mammals along with Dr. Georges Tohmé, o Dr. Georges Tohmé who studied the flora with Dr. Henriette Tohmé, and who prepared the present report.

On this occasion, we would like to deeply thank Mr. Albert Abela and his foundation for trusting us. We hope that others will follow his initiative. Also we would like to thank the Heads and Members of municipalities' councils as well as the mayors and the inhabitants of the Jabal Rihane area who cooperated with us and subsequently became the most supporters to the idea of declaring the said area a reserve. We hope that the efforts will accumulate to have it declared by law, very soon, a protected area.

4. Characteristics of the reserve

5 The Rihane differs from other protected areas in Lebanon by its situation at middle altitudes. All the others are either at high altitude with dominance of cedar trees (Tannourine, Ehden, Al-Chouf Cedar reserves) or at very low altitudes such as Palm Islands or Tyre Beach reserves. Also it differs by its nature from the Aammiq wetland. The main characteristics of the Rihane area are: o Diversified multi-ecosystems Each ecosystem is formed from a biotope (mountains, rivers, valleys, etc.) and its fauna and flora that are living in it. Though, the ecosystem contains an acting community of living organisms (biocoenosis) interacting together as well as with their environment. The term "interacting" used here means that these living organisms influence the environment and are impacted by it. The size of the ecosystem varies from small (e.g. pool) to medium (e.g. swamp) or large (e.g. desert, river, sea, whole earth) through a variety of sizes where ecosystems may even overlap or interfere. As for the studied Rihane area, which is described in this report, it is characterized by several ecosystems. The main four are: 1) mountainous with mainly limestone rocky substratum, 2) mountainous with sandy and argillaceous substratum, 3) natural humid where the living organisms are adapted or accommodated with the humidity of the soil or the atmosphere and 4) dry, sub-desert with its distinguished community. Between these main four ecosystems, there is a whole chain of biotopes where each is characterized by its dominant species. In some, the woods of oak and juniper trees dominate whilst in others, a variety of pine tree species prevail. In each of these biotopes, the dominant trees have their own associated plant species. Therefore, we have added to the present report a new chapter that wasn't considered in the other five protected areas. It is entitled: "Identification of habitats in the Jabal Rihane reserve".

o Presence of local microclimates:

6 In each mountain fold, valley corner and barren or covered slope, there is a local microclimate to which a specialized community of flora and fauna is adapted and with which it interacts. o Special mountainous features The Rihane area lies in the proximity of the Northern Palestine. Subsequently, it groups two factors: the altitude and the hot and dryer climate. In addition, the flora and fauna of the Rihane display some similarity with these of Hermon Mountain and its southwestern slopes. o Easy protection from grazing activities Jabal Rihane offers through its landscape facilities for easy surveillance and control over the grazing activities. The protection of the area from the teeth and feet of sheep and goats will result in increased trees and fast growth of the vegetal cover. Therefore, the managing parties of each public area will be able to reasonably harvest the timber similarly to what is practiced in the French Jura, with the condition that this matter needs the expertise of forest agents or experts in the planning for the trees and the species that are to be cut every year. o Potential for eco-tourism promotion In addition to the natural landscapes, natural and historical sites and availability of handcrafts, the following findings are of high significance to promote eco- tourism: (a) The Hyrax that is found in the karsts of the area is of strange habits and anatomically distinct as indicated far below. As such, its communities may be of high attraction to eco-tourists. (b) The bird flyways in the area offer several hotspots, which constitute attraction points to birdwatchers. Hence, there is a necessity to plan for the future of eco-tourism in the area in order to complement the development projects that are currently implemented by municipalities.

7 (c) The flora offers a wide diversity due to the fact that it groups plants of hot and Mediterranean climates as well as other plants that originally characterize the Anti-Lebanon. This diversity is certainly maximized and more obvious in spring times. (d) Some of the amphibians and reptiles are limited in their distribution to this area.

After all, the question is "why should the Jabal Rihane be a protected area? To our knowledge, the area has never been a subject for scientific studies in the past and nothing is found in the literature neither on the flora and the fauna of the Jabal Rihane nor about the citation of Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Loueizeh, Aramta, Rihane and Aichyeh. Only Kfarhouneh and Jezzine were very seldom mentioned as prolongation to the old road from Kawkaba near Marjayoun. Whatsoever, our report is a novelty from the scientific point of view. What to protect? All what is needed for Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Loueizeh, Aramta, Rihane, Kfarhouneh and Aichyeh villages requires the enforcement of the existing laws and regulations. In other words, there is a necessity to protect the public properties from woodcutting, over grazing, quarries, hunting and the construction of unnecessary roads. Economically talking, the local communities show willingness to regulate the exploitation of forest in a scientific manner so that the whole region can get benefits from the sustainable use of the natural resources while maintaining the access right of future generations to these resources through conservation activities and wise use. Also, the local communities expressed their wishes that the eco-tourism reaches one day their villages. Socially and educationally, the municipalities of the Jabal Rihane have announced their willingness to organize and/ or facilitate scout camping and summer school activities to all students from all over Lebanon in order to introduce the wilderness areas to them. It is expected that the ecological outings as well as the seminars and meetings of citizens will play an important role in the reconciliation process. In addition, the inhabitants of

8 Jabal Rihane intend to establish a natural history museum to exhibit samples from their natural culture and to rehabilitate some of their old mills as an educational tool for the visiting students and their parents.

9 35°22'30"E 35°30'0"E 35°37'30"E

Saida

Jezzine N " 0 N ' " 0 0 ' 3 ° Zahrani 0 3 3 ° 3 3 Kfar Houneh 3 Mlikh

Louaiziye Aaramta

Rihane

Aaichiyeh Habbouch N " 0 Kfar Roummane N " 3 ' 0 2 3 ' 2 ° 2 3

Nabatiyeh 2 ° 3 3 3

Nahr El Litani Legend Villages/Towns Main roads Cazas boundaries

Akkar Rivers Tripoli N Municipalities " Hermel Koura 0 N '

" ىBcharr 5 Batroun 0

Aaramta ' 1 Baalbek

° Jbail 5 3 Kesrouane 1 ° 3 Aaychiye El Metn 3 3 ىZahl Aley Kfar Houne Chouf JizzineRachaiya Louayze Saida Hasbaiya Marjayoun Mlikh Sour 4 2 0 4 Area of Study Rihane Km 35°22'30"E 35°30'0"E 35°37'30"E

10 5. Geographical location of the site

The study area covers the territories of the northwestern corner of Marjayoun 1/50000 scaled map that was prepared by Dubertret in 1950. Though, our studies have covered the areas between Naba el Tasseh at 720 m of altitude and the highest woods of Kfarhouneh at 1370 m. This study area lies between 35º30’30’’- 35º36’30’’E and 33º26’- 33º30’N. It includes Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aichyeh as well as their surrounding belts of public properties. The location of the sites is based on the most updated map that was produced by the Directorate of geographical affairs of the Lebanese army. The latter is warmly thanked for its cooperation. The mentioned villages are approachable from several pathways: 1. Habbouch-Arabsalim-Jarjou'a-Loueizeh-Mlikh-Aramta, etc. 2. Nabatyeh-Kfarromman-Jarmq-Aichyeh-Rihane-Aramta, etc. 3. Jezzine-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc. 4. Beqaa-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc.

6. Climatology

The mean annual precipitation at Rihane village (850 m altitude) is, as per the available official sources, c.925 mm. The mean annual temperature is 16.4 °C. Others provided by nearby stations such as those found at Marjayoun, Jezzine, Nabatyeh and Habbouch replaced some of the lacking information. It was noticed that the rainfall slightly varies from village to another but it generally increases with altitude or with rain-attracting topography. Hence, it is necessary to study, in the future, with details the topography of the region and its created environments. The snow may cover the land for few days, as it was the case during the last two years. Freeze-days are much less frequent than in similar areas further to the north.

11 The above may probably explain the high diversity of flora and fauna in the area where animals and plants originated from Palestine, Hermom and Lebanon do occur at the same time in one place.

7. History During our walk on the descending hill from Kfarhouneh to Mlikh, we have found, in the vicinity of an area called "Alwata" some old pieces of artifact work of different sizes. They strongly indicate the remains of old smooth or carved or even painted kitchen tools. The future excavations in their proximity may reveal past human activity from the Neolithic or more recent ages. In addition there are some arc-lined walls that belong to an old village. Also the walls of the terraced land in front of Mlikh may be considered of the Neolithic age too. Between Mlikh and Aramta, there are remains of olive oil industry referred, as per the local community, to the beginning of the last century. At the northern entrance of Mlikh there is a carving in form of fish. It should be maintained since it may belong to the first Christian era.

Jlal Hassan – Rihane village

12 13 Geology of the area

1. Generalities and Tectonics

The Tectonic dominates the general geological view of the Jabal Rihane area. The whole area, along the central axis of Kfarhouneh-Mlikh-Loueizeh, is presented as a perched synclinal with eastern and particularly western erected flanks. The main direction of the axis extends S-SW to N-NE, in parallel with the main tectonic structures of the area, especially the Jurassic axis that is located further north of Jabal Niha and the Yammouneh Fault. The Cenomanian heart of the synclinal is covered by the Jurassic at its eastern flank and bordered by it at its NW side. A karstic (sponge-like limestone) aquifer with argillaceous walls is determined by the Cenomanian-Albian of the Jurassic, capturing as such several springs at the bottom of the valley. Despite the rarity of the water in this area, it is worthy to note that the relation between tectonics and water sources is best represented at Rihane and below Loueizeh villages. The perched synclinal of Jabal Rihane and its Jurassic eastern flank constitute, approximately, the southern end of the high massif of Mount Lebanon that is limited to the west by the Roum-Chhim fault and to the east by the Yammouneh fault. The latter is the eastern border of the Beqaa tectonic depression. The perched synclinal structure that is normally evoked by the symmetric disposition of layers is not obvious on the Marjayoun map for the western flank but it is more significant on the map of Jezzine, which is a northern prolongation to this flank. This is due to the absence of viability and roads in the area at the time during which the map was developed. Taking into account the stratigraphy of the sector and despite the easy identification of the litho logic nature, there are no indications of inclines in this area. Nowadays, the synclinal structure of the region is clearly revealed through the presence of modern carved roads with relief marked by erected hard calcareous layers.

14 The absence of more recent lands than these of the Cenomanian, especially in the protected zone of the perched synclinal heart, is in the favor of Dubertret hypothesis, which places the first phase of Mount Lebanon orogenesis at a post-cenomanian period.

2- Stratigraphy

The stratigraphy characterizes the succession of layers and their localization in the study area. The identification of the layers is done through rock facieses and confirmed through fossils. However, our knowledge was confirmed through several fossiliferous levels. The layers are described according to an inverse direction to the stratigraphy, from the center of the synclinal to its borders, from Mlikh to Aramta or from the center of the reserve to its eastern border.

. The Cenomanien (C4): It is formed from hard calcareous layers, solidified in the central part of the synclinal and of marl in altitude towards the flanks. These gray layers of dolomite aspect in certain levels contrast well with their corresponding marl-calcareous layers of central Lebanon and both are differently eroded. Several silicified layers mark a facies of little deep formation and confirm the presence, at that period, of a shallow epi-continental sea as well as a slow carbonate deposition.

. The Albian (C3): It characterizes Deir Mzeiraah on top of Kfarhouneh and is found at Aramta village as well as further north where it matches with the main cultivated areas, which are extended over its argillaceous and yellow marl lands. Two large yellowish marl-calcareous layers intercalated into the argil, as in Jezzine, characterize the series of this age. At Rihane we found the "Ammonite Knemiceras", a fossil of the Albian, together with sea urchins, mollusks, Gastropods and Lamellibranches. In central Lebanon and precisely north to

15 Mdeirej, the marl-calcareous layers are less consistent; the argil is tinged with green, red or dark gray and alternates, for example, at Aqoura, with fossiliferous layers. The more carbonated Albian geological layers of Rihane and the southern parts of Mount Lebanon indicate deep marine facies of deposition. The remaining northern parts of Mount Lebanon keep, at that period, a more neritic character, nearer to the emersion.

. The superior Aptian (C2 sup.): Illustrated by the white calcareous rocks those constitute the cliffs of "Blanche" or Jezzine. The marine transgression, which extends over all Mount Lebanon, is shown here at its maximum, with sometimes, more silicified facies (Hragel). South to Aramta, it was noticed that the cliff of "Blanche" became narrower with less accused relief. This is most probably in relation with the amplitude of volcanism of the underneath. The variation among the calcareous consistency throughout the Mount Lebanon apparently indicates the phenomenon of differential subsidence in different regions.

. The inferior Aptian (C2 inf.): Fossiliferous sandy stone of marine facies passing into pale yellow sandy-calcareous material. It appears to be discrete in the study region whereas its extension in the Al Chouf area or Jbail is obvious. In addition, the inferior Aptian is found to be not individualized on the geological map, especially from the Neocomian whilst it is individualized further to the north on the Jezzine map where it appears as narrow edge.

. The Neocomian (C1): An age of more continental features with stony sand, sand, argil, lignite and amber. The basalt (black volcanic rock) found at the borders of Aichyeh is represented by medium sized smooth gravel. The basaltic formations are to be considered in relation with major paleo-tectonic events of that period.

16 The Jurassic basalt is probably the only provider of the gravel of the synclinal depression, mainly in the vicinity of Jabal Niha. Moving north towards Jabal Barouk, it is possible to see that the summits of the southern Mount Lebanon (bordered as mentioned above by the Yammouneh Fault) are formed from Jurassic outcrops. Near the southern border of Aichyeh (on the road Khardaly- Jezzine), thick lignite depositions are found in the passage of an old watercourse with traces of fern and branches of gymnosperms, indicating a floral continental biodiversity of the Neocomian.

. The Jurassic. The description of the Jurassic will not be detailed here since its outcrops do not directly interest the reserve's project.

. The Quaternary. The Quaternary is the most recent age in the earth's history. The details of the present relief as well as the geomorphologic characters may be attributed to it. Superficial watercourses and other factors of erosion erode the hard calcareous layers. Several valleys –deeper on the eastern flank- cut perpendicularly the synclinal structure to join the deep valley, which forms its canyon at the bottom of the synclinal depression. Hence, the scenic view of Jabal Rihane. Along the sides of the cultivated lands that are situated on a hill, which is traversed by the road Kfarhouneh-Mlikh, there are paleosurface depositions of old basaltic gravel of probably north-east Neocomian origin. Sandy stones and basaltic gravels are probably traces of past material transportation by the stream, which extends below Mlikh before reaching the water pump station of Nabaa el Tassa. Foreign bellflower (Campanula peregrina)

17 The habitat of Hyrax

18 3. Geological relation with Climate and Vegetation cover

The limestone and marl-calcareous rocks of the synclinal depression, mentioned above, are favorable to the development of diversified wooded garrigue ("Areed" in local language such as "Areed of Shumar" on top of the eastern side of Mlikh) or even to the development of more important forest cover provided that the anthropologic activities (grazing, wood cutting) are reduced. Human activities explain the presence of several relatively barren slopes that once were subject to woodcutting followed by grazing. The outbreak of the Common Asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus can be considered as one of the best indicators of land degradation. Only the garrigues of "Jabal Soujoud" which face the road Jarjouaa-Loueizeh appear to be well preserved within the petrologic context of the Cenomanian. The protection of the slopes over tens of years will help restoring the garrigues as demonstrated in those of Rihane and the "Shumar garrigue" of Mlikh villages. It is worthy to note that the raised awareness of the local communities is a pre- requisite for a successful restoration.

FLORA OF JABAL RIHANE

19 Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri

1. Species identification and bio-indicators In the list (1) below, we pointed to the species that are supposed to be protected in accordance with what is stated in the text above. Following are the species, which indicate specific conditions in this highly diversified site:

 Indicator of humid soil, pools or water streams: Of Equisateceae: the Branching horse-tail Equisetum ramosissimum; Pteridacea: the True maden hair Adiantum capillus-veneris; Poaceae: the Hooded horn-of-plenty Cornucopiae cucullatum; Cyperaceae: the Brown cyperus Cyperus fuscus and Glabrous cyperus Cyperus glaber; Brassicaceae: the Common water-cress Nasturium officinale and Yellow cress Rorippa macrocarpa; Caryophyllaceae: Echinulate nailwort Paronychia echinulata; Apocynaceae: the Oliender Nerium oleander; Rosaceae: Berries Rubus spp.;

20 Onagraceae: Willow-herb Epilobium spp.; and Asteraceae: Common fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica.

 Indicator of dry soil: Of Euphorbiaceae: the Pectinate-leaved spurge Euphorbia oxyodonta and of Aseraceae: Gaillardot’s globe-thistle Echinops polyceras.

 Indicator of forested sites often with plenty of rocks: Of Gramineae: the Great quaking-grass Briza maxima and Mountain timothy Phleum montanum; Dioscoridaceae: Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis; Liliaceae: Knee- holly Ruscus aculeatus; Brassicaceae: Pendulous dame’s-violet Hesperis pendula; Fabaceae: Narbonne vetch Vicia narbonensis; Geraniaceae: Pyrenean geranium Geranium pyrenaicum; and Boraginaceae: Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum.

 Indicator of neglected soil and degraded land : Of the Geraniaceae: the Stemless stork’s-bill Erodium acaule.

 Indicator of sandy soil: Of Poaceae: the Ovate hare’s-tail Lagurus ovatus, Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum and Deschampsia club-grass Corynephorus deschampsioides; Pinaceae: Pine trees Pinus spp.; Polygonaceae: Horned dock Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii; Liliaceae: Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis; Orchidaceae: Roman orchid Orchis romana libanotica.

 Indicator of volcanic soil: Of Fabaceae: Israel clover : Trifolium israeliticum

 Indicator of fertile mountainous land: Of Caryophyllaceae: True orpine Telephium imperati orientale.

21  Indicator of graveled land: Of Amaryllidaceae: Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri; Brassicaceae: Shield fibigia Fibigia clypeata; Asteraceae: Perennial daisy Bellis perennis.

 Indicator of rocky land: Of Crassulaceae: Spanish stonecrop Sedum hispanicum; Apiaceae: Sessile-flowered hare’s ear Bupleurum nodiflorum; Scrophulariaceae: Oriental mullein Verbascum orientale.

 Indicator of barren and dry soil or degraded pasture "grazing" land: Of Liliaceae: Common asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus.

2. Flora prioritized list (list 1) Legend (of the numbers in the upper row): 1- Globally and nationally threatened species. 2- Endemic species. 3- Rare species 4- Wholly or partially restricted species to the eastern Mediterranean area. 5- Localized species or restricted species to the reserve. 6- Harvested or collected species by people. 7- Species of Heights. 8- Bio-indicator species. 9- Economic species (Medicinal [M] or Fodder [F]). 10- Common species. 11- Widespread species in the world or in Europe or Asia and around the Mediterranean.

1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 السم ي يالعرب PRIORITIES English name 1 0 الولويات ذنب الخيل EQUISETACEAE Equisetaceae + نمص Equisetum ramosissimum Branching horse-tail سخسيات PTERIDACEAE Pteridaceae + + M + + كزبرة رالبي Adiantum capillus-veneris True maden-hair مخروطيات PINACEA Pinaceae + + صنوبر بري Pinus brutia Calabrian pine + + + صنوبر جوي Pinus pinea Stone pine

22 سويات CUPRESSACEAE Cupressaceae + + + + عرعر كادي Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly juniper علديات EPHEDRACEAE Ephedraceae + + + قضاب Ephedra campylopoda Leafless joint-pine تيفيات TYPHACEAE Typhaceae + + تيفة جنوبية Typha australis Southern reed mace نجيليات POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Gramineae + رشعي ابليس Aegilops ovata Ovate goat-grass + خرطالية Aira elegans Hair-grass + + ثعلبية قصبية Alopecurus anthoxanthoides Reed fox-tail + ركيب Andropogon distachyus Two-spiked beard-grass

+ + + زهرة ست مريم Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass + F + + + + ارينثارم عال Arrhenatherum elatius Tall false-oat ي + F + اريناثارم فلسطيت Arrhenatherum palaestinum Palestine false-oat + + M قصب شائع Arundo donax Giant reed + + شوفان عقيم Avena sterilis Wild oat + F + قفة الشيخ Briza maxima Great quaking-grass + + ثرغول متوسط Bromus intermedius Intermediate brome + + ثرغول السطوح Bromus tectorum Wall brome + + كرنوبية مقلنسة Cornucopiae cucullatum Hooded horn-of-plenty + + خرطالية كاذبة Corynephorus deschampsioides Deschampsia club-grass + + نجيل Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass + F + اصبعية متجمعة Dactylis glomerata Orchard-grass + + + ي يعيع وبر Eragrostis pilosa Hairy love-grass + F + سبيلة بطنة Gastridium ventricosum Southern bent-grass + + F صخي ازب Hyparrhenia hirta Shaggy hyparrhenia + ذيل الرنب Lagurus ovatus Ovate hare’s-tail + + F مليقة مهدبة Melica ciliata laxiflora Ciliate melick + + F مليقة متباينة العصفات Melica inaequiglumis Unequal-glumed melick + + طهف رجيل Milium pedicellare Pedicellate millet + + ارزية هلقوسية Oryzopsis holciformis blancheana Large-flowered mountain-rice + + F مكبسة برية Oryzopsis miliacea Millet mountain-rice + بشتة رقصية Phalaris brachystachys Short-spiked canary-grass السنبلة + + بشتة بصلية Phalaris bulbosa Bulbous canary-grass F + + + عصوية جبلية Phleum montanum Mountain tinothy F + + تف مختلف الورق Poa diversifolia Diversely-leaved meadow-grass + تف فارس Poa persica alpina Persian meadow-grass + F حلفاء ملتحية Stipa barbata Bearded feather-grass + F + حلفاء ثرغولية Stipa bromoides Brome feather-grass + F حلفاء عبدة Trisetaria flavescens Yellow-oat سعديات CYPERACEAE Cyperaceae + + سعادي متباعد Carex distans Loose sedge + + سعد مصفر Cyperus flavescens Yellowish cyperus + سعد اسمر Cyperus fuscus Brown cyperus + + سعد امرد Cyperus glaber Glabrous cyperus M + سعد مدور Cyperus rotundus Nut-grass + ديس اسل Scirpus holoschoenus Cluster-headed club-rush لوفيات ARACEAE Araceae + + لوف رطوب Arum hygrophilum Green arum ي + لوف فلسطيت Arum palaestinum Palestine arum

23 ديوسقوريات DIOSCORIDACEAE Dioscoridaceae ق + + جرموع ش ق Tamus orientalis Oriental black-bryony + جرموع شائع Tamus communis Common black-bryony أسليات JUNCACEAE Juncaceae + + + اسل مفصل Juncus articulatus Jointed rush + + اسل راس Juncus capitatus Headed rush + اسل ر يديفنتي Juncus fontanesii Desfontaines’ rush زنبقيات LILIACEAE Liliaceae + + ثوم مشابه Allium affine Related garlic + كراث بري Allium ampeloprasum Wild leek + كرات بري ابيض Allium ampeloprasum leucanthum White wild leek + + ثوم الكرمل Allium carmeli Carmel garlic + ثوم مفوق Allium emarginatum Emarginate garlic + ثوم ابيض Allium neapolitanum White garlic + ثوم مدور Allium rotundum Round garlic + ثوم طويل الشدية Allium stamineum Long-stamened garlic

+ ثوم ثلب الورق Allium trifoliatum Three-leaved garlic + هليون حاد الورق Asparagus acutifolius Sharp-leaved asparagus + هليون حاد الورق Asparagus acutifolius brachyclados Sharp-leaved asparagus + عطعاط رقصي الساق Asphodeline brevicaulis Short-stemmed asphodel + عطعاط اصفر Asphodeline lutea Yellow asphodel + قاشاس Asphodelus microcarpus Common asphodel + بلفلية متلوية Bellevalia flexuosa Flexuous bellevalia + بلفلية الثلوج Bellevalia nivalis Snow bellevalia + بلفلية ثلثية الورق Bellevalia trifoliata Three-leaved bellevalia + + سورنجان ر يدكي Colchicum decaisnei Decaisne’s meadow-saffron + سورنجان القدس Colchicum hierosolymitanum Jerusalem meadow-saffron + + سورنجان ستيفن Colchicum steveni Steven’s meadow-saffron + ذنبان رائع Eremurus spectabilis Spectacular fox-tail-lily ي + + عرار لبناب Fritillaria libanotica Lebanon fritillary غاجية مزندة Gagea peduncularis Peduncled gagea + غاجية شبكية Gagea reticulata Netted gagea ق + + خزام ش ق Hyacinthus orientalis Oriental hyacinth + F حلحل رمغي Muscari commutatum Dark grape-hyacinth + حلحل اشعر Muscari comosum Tassel-hyacinth + حلحل مهمل Muscari neglectum Neglected grape-hyacinth + حلحل رصغي الزهر Muscari parviflorum Autumn grape-hyacinth + حلحل بينار Muscari pinardi Pinard’s grape-hyacinth + + صاصل كثيف Ornithogalum densum Dense star-of-Bethlehem + صاصل جبل Ornithogalum montanum Mountain star-of-Bethlehem + صاصل نربون Ornithogalum Narbonne star-of-Bethlehem narbonense + + معرق الغطاء Ornithogalum Nerved-covered star-of-Bethlehem neurostegium + عناب بري Ruscus aculeatus Knee-holly ي + اشقيل خريف Scilla autumnalis Autumn squill + اشقيل كيليكيا Scilla cilicica Cilician squill + + اشقيل خزام Scilla hyacinthoides Hyacinth squill + + توليب جبل Tulipa montana Mountain tulip + + ارجينية بحرية Urginea maritima Sea squill فشاغ SMILACACEAE Smilacaceae

24 + عمشق Smilax aspera Rough smilax + عمشق Smilax aspera genuina Rough smilax نرجسيات AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllidaceae + + + + + + دميكة Galanthus fosteri Foster’s snowdrop H + زنبق تيي Ixiolirion tataricum Mountain lily + نرجس طاس Narcissus tazzetta Bunch-flowered narcissus سوسنيات IRIDACEAE Iridaceae + زعفران شبك Crocus cancellatus Netted crocus + زعفران مصفر Crocus ochroleucus Cream-colored crocus + + زعفران تييبوة Crocus thiebauti Thiebaut’s crocus + + عرف الديك Gladiolus segetum Field gladiolus + + سوسن الخنازير Gynandriris sisyrinchium Barbary nut + H + + سوسن مقلد Iris histrio Histrio iris + + حرسنة Romulea bulbocodium Crocus-leaved romulea سحلبيات ORCHIDACEAE Orchidaceae + + سحلب هرم Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal orchid + + رسيفلنتية طويلة الورق Cephalanthera longifolia Long-leaved helleborine + + + ابيبكتيس مماثل Epipactis consimilis Similar epipactis + + + ليمودورم خديج Limodorum abortivum Aborted limodore + + حاجبية برنملر Ophrys bornmuelleri Bornmueller’s ophys + + حاجبية زنبور Ophrys fuciflora Drone ophrys + + سحلب الناضول Orchis anatolica Anatolian orchid

+ + سحلب بف Orchis coriophora fragrans Bug orchid + + + سحلب ايطال Orchis italica Italian orchid + + سحلب ميهل الزهر Orchis laxiflora dielsiana Jersey orchid + + سحلب مهرج Orchis morio picta libani Green-winged orchid ق + + سحلب فراس Orchis papilionacea Butterfly orchid + + + + سحلب روما Orchis romana libanotica Roman orchid

+ + + سحلب ثلب السنان Orchis tridentata commutata Three-toothed orchid

+ + + شبياس محراب Serapias vomeracea Ploughshare orchid + + + ملولبة خريفية Spiranthes autumnalis Autumn Lady’s-tresses جوزيات JUGLANDACEAE Juglandaceae + + حوز شائع Juglans regia Common walnut صفصافيات SALICACEAE Salicaceae H حور اسود Populus nigra Black poplar + حور ابيض Salix alba micans White willow + حور لبنان Salix libani Lebanon willow بتوليات BETULACEAE Betulaceae ق + مغث ش ق Alnus orientalis Orintal alder بلوطيات FAGACEAE Fagaceae + + سنديان Quercus calliprinos Kermes oak + ملول Quercus infectoria latifolia Cyprus oak التوتيات MORACEAE Moraceae + + ر يتي شائع Ficus carica Common fig + توت ابيض Morus alba White mulberry-tree + توت اسود Morus nigra Black mulberry-tree قراصيات URTICACEAE Urticaceae + حشيشة الريح Parietaria judaica Basil-leaved pellitory + حائطية برتوغالية Parietaria lusitanica Portuguese pellitory + قريص محرق Urtica urens Stinging nettle

25 صندليات SANTALACEAE Satalaceae + صندل ابيض Osyris alba Poet’s cassia + ر يثييوم برغر Thesium bergeri Berger’s thesium زراونديات ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochiaceae + + + + زراوند شاهق Aristolochia altissima Tall birthwort + خيار الغنم Aristolochia poecilantha Party-colored birthwort + زراوند راحيش Aristolochia scabridula Rough birthwort عصا يالراع POLYGONACEAE Polygonaceae + قرزح Atraphaxis billardieri Labillardiere’s atraphaxis + + قردب رالعصافي Polygonum aviculare Bird knotgrass + قردب قريب Polygonum cognatum Related knotweed + قضاب Polygonum equisetiforme Horsetail knotweed F + قردب كتيبل Polygonum kitaibelianum Kitaibel’s knotweed + + غدار Polygonum lapathifolium nodosum Pale persicaria + + حميض راس العجل Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii Horned dock + حميض حلب Rumex chalepensis Aleppo dock + حميض نيبال Rumex nepalensis Nepal sorrel + + حميض ظريف Rumex pulcher Fiddle dock سمقيات CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiaceae + اثينة بيضاء Chenopodium album White goosefoot + ر يمتي Chenopodium opulifolium Maple-leaved goosefoot + اثينة الحوافر Chenopodium urbicum Upright goosefoot قطيفيات AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthaceae + رعاف Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys Hybrid amaranth + دلق Amaranthus retroflexus Hairy amaranth رجليات PORTULACACEAE Portulacaceae بقلة Portulaca oleracea Common purslane قرنفليات CARYOPHYLLACEAE Caryophyllaceae + رملية Arenaria leptoclados Sadwort + قرفاء رقصية Cerastium brachypetalum roeseri Short-petalled mouse-ear البتلت chicweed + قرفاء الشعراء Cerastium comatum Hairy mouse-ear chickweed + قرفاء ثنائية التشعب Cerastium dichotomum Forked mouse-ear chickweed + + قرفاء متجمعة Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed + + + قرنفل قائم Dianthus strictus multipunctatus Upright pink + نومان مبيض Herniaria incana Hoary rupturewort + غية خيمية Holosteum umbellatum Jagged chickweed + منورتية هجينة Minuarita hybrida Hybrid sandwort + منورتية متوسطة Minuartia intermedia Intermediate sandwort + منورتية رمي Minuartia meyeri Meyer’s sandwort + + حربة فضية Paronychia argentea Silver nailwort + + حربة مقنفذة Paronychia echinulata Echinulate nailwort + بيرهجية Petrorhagia velutina coatflower + + + شنتان النورية Silene aegyptiaca Egyptian catchfly + سيلن عشيوت Silene astartes Astarte’s catchfly + ر يعي البنت Silene colorata Cloven-petalled catchfly + سيلن دمشق Silene damascena damascus catchfly + سيلن فرنسية Silene gallica French catchfly + سيلن ايطالية Silene italica Italian catchfly + سيلن اسلية Silene juncea Rushy catchfly

26 + سيلن طويلة Silene longipetala Long-petalled catchfly البتلت + سيلن المكمل Silene makmeliana Makmel catchfly + سيلن مسننة Silene odontopetala Toothed petalled catchfly البتلت + سيلن اولفيية Silene oliveriana Olivier’s catchfly + سيلن عنقودية Silene racemosa Racemose catchfly + سيلن اليفة Silene siderophila Siderophilous catchfly الحديد + سيلن مخططة Silene striata Striate catchfly + + سيلن مبذولة Silene vulgaris Common catchfly + سيلن مبذولة Silene vulgaris colorata Common catchfly + عشبة العلق Stellaria media Common chickweed + + بخور اليبر Telephium imperati orientale True orpine + بقرية حادة السنان Vaccaria oxyodonta Sharp toothed cow-basil + دبيقة Velezia rigida Rigid velezia الغار LAURACEAE Lauraceae + + غار شائع Laurus nobilis Laurel بربريسيات BERBERIDACEAE Berberidaceae + عرف الديك Bongardia chrysogonum Golden rod + راحة السد Leontice leontopetalum Common lion’s-leaf حوذانيات RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculaceae + ناب الجمل Adonis annua European pheasant’s-eye + زغليل Adonis microcarpa Yellow pheasant’s-eye + ر يعي يالي Adonis palaestina Palestine pheasant’s-eye + شقائق النعمان Anemone coronaria Crown anemone + مرعان Clematis cirrhoza Evergreen virgin’s-bower + + عنصة Clematis flammula Sweet virgin’s-bower + تينية ركبية الزهر Ficaria grandiflora Great-flowered ficaria + + رشوني مهدب Nigella ciliaris Ciliata nigella + + كف الهر Ranunculus arvensis Field buttercup + كف الضبع Ranunculus asiaticus Turban buttercup + حوزان اسطنبول Ranunculus constantinopolitanus Constantinople buttercup ي + + + حوزان قرب Ranunculus cornutus Horned buttercup + حوزان القدس Ranunculus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem buttercup + حوزان الف ورقة Ranunculus millefoliatus Thousand leaved buttercup + حوزان نابول Ranunculus neapolitanus Naples buttercup + حوزان المناقع Ranunculus paludosus Jersey buttercup + حوزان مشيط Ranunculus scandicinus Corn buttercup خشخاشيات PAPAVERACEAE Papaveraceae + شتوكبنوس Ceratocapnos palaestina Palestine corydalis ي فلسطيت

+ شاهيج لس يل Fumaria asepala White fumitory + + زويته Fumaria densiflora Dense-flowered fumitory

+ شاهيج رغيده Fumaria gaillardotii Gaillardot’s fumitory

+ شاهيج ركبي الورق Fumaria macrocarpa Large-fruited fumitory

+ + شاهيج رصغي الزهر Fumaria parviflora Small-flowered fumitory + + ماميثا ملساء الثمر Glaucium leiocarpum Yellow horned-poppy + هيبقون امرد Hypecoum imberbe Beardless hypecoum + خشخاش منثور Papaver rhoeas Corn poppy + خشخاش سوري Papaver syriacum Syrian poppy

27 + خشخاش احدب Papaver umbonatum Bossed poppy يالكب CAPPARIDACEAE Capparidaceae + + كي شائك Capparis spinosa Spiny caper صليبيات BRASSICACEAE Brassicaceae + + الوسن رصغي Alyssum minus Lesser madwort + + الوسن شائك الزغب Alyssum strigosum Strigose madwort + F + الوسن الحيطان Alyssum murale Wall madwort + + اربس جديد Arabis nova New rock-cress + + اربيس برج Arabis turrita Tower cress اربيس ربيع Arabis verna Early rocket + + بسكوتلة مهدبة Biscutella ciliata Ciliate buckler-mustard + + بسكوتلة مهدبة Biscutella ciliata applanata Ciliate buckler-mustard + جراب الراع Capsella bursa-pastoris Common shepherd’s-purse + قرملة محمرة Capsella rubella Pink shepherd’s-purse + قنيية Cardaria draba Hoary cress + اروفيلة قزمة Erophila minima Least faverel + + اروفيلة شوكية Erophila setulosa Bristle faverel + اريسموم ر يثخي الزند Erysimum crassipes Thick-stalked erysimum + اريسموم منبسط Erysimum repandum Small-flowered erysimum + فيبيجية ترسية Fibigia clypeata Shield fibigia + فيبيجية صوفية Fibigia eriocarpa Woolly-fruited fibigia الثمر + + مسائية متدلية Hesperis pendula Pendulous dame’s-violet + حرفة Iberis odorata Candytuft + وسمة برتغالية Isatis lusitanica Portuguese woad + ملكلمية خيوس Malcolmia chia Chian malcolmia + + M + قرة Nasturium officinale Common water-cress + احصديوم مصي Ochthodium aegyptiacum Egyptian ochthodium + هريعة Peltaria angustifolia Shieldwort + + فجل بري Raphanus raphanistrum Wild radish + فجل منقاري Raphanus rostratus pugioniformis Beaked radish + + فجل زراع Raphanus sativus Garden radish + + سيلن Ricotia lunaria Egyptian honesty + + + روريبة Rorippa macrocarpa Yellow-cress + خردل ابيض Sinapis alba White mustard + + ثلثت مخروق Thlaspi perfoliatum Penny-cress مخلدات CRASSULACEAE Crassulaceae + + وريدة لبنانية Rosularia libanotica Lebanon rosularia ي + حيون اسباب Sedum hispanicum Spanish stonecrop + + حيون نحيل الورق Sedum tenuifolium Slender-leaved stonecrop + شة منتصبة Umbilicus erectus Yellow navelwort + + شة متوسطة Umbilicus intermedius Intermediate navelwort كاسات الحجر SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifragaceae + + سفرسل Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved saxifraga دلبيات PLATANACEAE Platanaceae ق + دلب ش ق Platanus orientalis Oriental plane ورديات ROSACEAE Rosaceae + زعرور شائع Crataegus azarolus Common hawthorn + + M زعرور احادي القلم Crataegus monogyna White hawthorn + M + جيوم يالحواض Geum urbanum Herb-bennet + نجاص بري Pirus syriaca Syrian pear

28 + + زيتة Poterium verrucosum Warty burnet + + لوز كورشنسك Prunus korschinskyi Korshinsky’s almond + خوخ الدب Prunus ursina Bear plume + M ورد الكلب Rosa canina Dog rose + ورد الهيشة Rosa dumetorum Thicket rose + عليق الرواب Rubus collinus Hill blackberry + عليق ماكول الثمر Rubus hedycarpus Edible-fruited blackberry + كبوش عليق Rubus sanctus Palestine blackberry + عليق بلدي Rubus tomentosus Tomentose blackberry + + بلن شائك Sarcopoterium spinosum Spiny burnet + رغبياء Sorbus torminalis Wild service-tree خروبيات CAESALPPINACEAE Ceasalppinaceae + خروب Ceratonia siliqua Carob + زمزريق Cercis siliquastrum Judas tree فراشيات FABACEAE Fabaceae M + + انثليس مغرب Anthyllis maura Moorish kidney-vetch + + M ركثياء Astragalus gummifer Gum milk-vetch + + قرين Astragalus hamosus Hooked milk-vetch + قندول Calycotome villosa Thorny-broom + حمص شائع Cicer arietinum Common chickpea M + + سنا كاذب Colutea cilicica Bladder-senna + اكيليل امروس Coronilla emeroides False senna + اكيليل عقرب Coronilla scorpioides Scorpion vetch + + + لزان سوري Cytisus syriacus Syrian broom + نمت Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Horseshoe-vetch + هيمنوقربوس Hymenocarpus circinatus Circular medick محلق + + جلبان افاق Lathyrus aphaca Yellow vetchling + + جليبينة Lathyrus blepharicarpus Fringed-podded vetchling F + + جلبان اصبع Lathyrus digitatus elongatus Fingered vetchling + جلبان اصبع Lathyrus digitatus Fingered vetchling + جلبان القدس Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem vetchling + + جلبان امرط Lathyrus inermis Unarmed vetchling + جلبان رخام Lathyrus marmoratus Marbled vetchling + جلبان امغر Lathyrus ochrus Yellow pea + + لوطس ضيق -Lotus angustissimus Narrow birdsfoot trefoil + M + قرن الغزال Lotus corniculatus alpinus Horned birdsfoot-trefoil + + لوظس المناقع Lotus palustris Marsh birdsfoot-trefoil + لوطس رحال Lotus peregrinus Foreign birdsfoot-trefoil + + لوطس نحيل -Lotus tenuis Slender birdsfoot trefoil + ترمس ديق الورق Lupinus angustifolius Narrow-leaved lupin + + فول الضبع Lupinus digitatus Fingered lupin + + ترمس ازب Lupinus hirsutus Hirsute lupin + فصة بلنش Medicago blancheana Blanche’s medick + فصة قاسية الوبر Medicago hispida lappacea Toothed medick + F فصة جنجلية Medicago lupulina Black medick + F فصة قزمة Medicago minima Least medick ي + خي الراع Medicago orbicularis Flat-podded medick + فصة قاسية Medicago rigidula Rigid medick

29 + فصة دولبية Medicago rotata Wheel medick + فصة قصعية Medicago scutellata Snail medick + + فصة عصقولية Medicago tuberculata Tubercled medick + قتات Medicago x varia Lucerne + حندقوق Melilotus sulcatus libanoticus Grooved melilot + عرن Onobrychis squarrosa Sainfoin + شيق امرط Ononis mitissima Cluster-flowered restharrow ي + + F شيق ثعباب Ononis natrix Shrubby restharrow M + شيق شائك Ononis spinosa leiosperma Spiny restharrow + شيق لزج Ononis viscosa breviflora Viscous restharrow + + ربيدان Ornithopus compressus Bird’s-foot + ر يفينتليس Physanthyllis tetraphylla Bladder vetch + حومان Psoralia bituminosa Scurf pea + عريدة Scorpiurus muricatus laevigatus Muricate caterpillar + عقربية متلمة Scorpiurus sulcatus Furrowed caterpillar + رصبية Securigera securidaca Hatchet-vetch + M وزال Spartium junceum Spanish broom + جلطون Tetragonolobus palaestinus Winged-pea + نفل الحقول Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot trefoil + نفل بواسييه Trifolium boissieri Boissier’s clover + + نفل حقل Trifolium campestre Hop trefoil + نفل قشلر Trifolium cherleri Cherler’s clover + + نفل كلوريوس Trifolium clusii Clusius’ clover + + بزاز البقر Trifolium clypeatum Hemet clover + + نفل متورد Trifolium erubescens Blushing clover + + نفل اشائيل Trifolium israeliticum Israel clover + + نفل فراول Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry clover + + نفل ميدوسا Trifolium medusaeum Medusa’s clover + + نفل معرق Trifolium nervulosum Nerved clover + نفل مسود Trifolium nigrescens petrisavii Blakish clover + نفل قليل الزهر Trifolium pauciflorum Few- flowered clover ي + F + + نفل مثاب Trifolium physodes Bladder clover + + + نفل شائع Trifolium plebium Common clever ي + + نفل ارجواب Trifolium purpureum Purple clover M نفل زاحف Trifolium repens White clover + نفل احرش Trifolium scabrum Rugged clover + + نفل به Trifolium speciosum Showy clover + + نفل نجم Trifolium stellatum Stellate clover + + نفل مطمور Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean clover + نفل لبدي Trifolium tomentosum Tomentose clover + + حلبة ربيوت Trigonella berythea Beirut fenugreek + + حلبة البقاع Trigonella coelesyriaca Coelesyrian fenugreek + + حلبة القدس Trigonella hierosolymitana Jerusalem fenugreek + الحلبة Trigonella phaenum-graecum Fenugreek + + حلبة شائكة Trigonella spinosa Spiny fenugreek + بيقية قلبية Vicia cordata Cordate vetch + كرسنة Vicia ervilia Carmel vetch + بيقية هجية Vicia hybrida Hairy yellow vetch + + فول ابليس Vicia narbonensis Narbonne veth + بيقية فلسطينية Vicia palaestina Palstine vetch

30 + + بيقية رحالة Vicia peregrina Broad-podded vetch + + بيقية حريرية الثمر Vicia seriocarpa Silky-fruited vetch ا حماض OXALIDACEAE Oxalidaceae + حميضة Oxalis pes-caprae Cape-sorrel + حماض Oxalis articulata Wood-sorrel غرنوقيات GERANIACEAE Geraniaceae

+ + جزاب ل ساق Erodium acaule Stemless stork’s-bill + جزاب عنقودي Erodium botrys Botrys stork’s-bill + دردر Erodium cicutarium Hemlock stork’s-bill + جزاب كرك Erodium gruinum Crane stok’s-bill + + جزاب ر يخبيي Erodium malacoides Mallow stork’s-bill

+ + + غرنوق لبنان Geranium libani Lebanon geranium

+ غرنوق لمع Geranium lucidum Shining geranium

+ غرنوق ر يلي Geranium molle Dove’s-foot geranium

+ غرنوق رالبيينيه Geranium pyrenaicum Pyrenean geranium

+ + غرنوق عسقول Geranium tuberosum Tuberous geranium كتانيات LINACEAE Linaceae + + M كتان محول Linum bienne Pale flax + كتان عقدي الزهر Linum nodiflorum Knotted flax + + كتان ازغب Linum pubescens Pink flax

+ كتان ثلب القلم Linum trigynum Three-styled flax ملية MELIACEAE Meliaceae + زنزلخة Melia azedarach Persian lilac مستدرات POLYGALACEAE Polygalaceae + مستدرة مونبيليه Polygala monspeliaca Montpellier milkwort + مستدرة مفيشة Polygala supina Trailing milkwort سماقيات ANACARDIACEAE Anacardiaceae + + بطم Pistacia palaestina Palestine pistachio + M سماق Rhus coriaria Sumach قيقبيات ACERACEAE Aceraceae + + قيقب سوري Acer syriacum Syrian maple فربيونيات EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbiaceae + عباد الشمس Chrosophora tinctoria Turnsole + فربيون رسبيا Euphorbia cybirensis Cibyra spurge + فربيون الشمس Euphorbia helioscopia Sun spurge + + حليب البوم Euphorbia oxyodonta Pectinate-leaved spurge + فربيون روتر Euphorbia reuteriana Reuter’s spurge + حليبة Euphorbia thamnoides dumulosa Woody spurge + + حلبوب حول Mercurialis annua Annual mercury زيزفونيات TILIACEAE Tiliaceae زيزفون Elaeagnus angustifolia Narrow-leaved oleaster خبازيات MALVACEAE Malvaceae + خسمية لساقية Alcea acaulis Stemless hollyhock + خسمية اصبعية Alcea digitata Fingered hollyhock + + ختمية Alcea setosa palmata Bristly hollyhock + خسمية زباء Althaea hirsuta Hairy marsh-mallow + عية Hibiscus trionum Flower-of-an-hour + ر يخبية نوار Lavatera cretica Cretan tree-mallow + رلفتيا منقطة Lavatera punctata Dotted tree-mallow + رلفتيا فصلية Lavatera trimestris Queen mallow

31 + ر يخبية مهملة Malva neglecta Dwarf tree-mallow + رقمة Malva nicaensis Nice tree-mallow هيوفاريقون HYPERICACEAE Hypericaceae + + داذي مرصوص Hypericum confertum Crowded St John’s-wort + + دموع البسينات Hypericum hircinum Stinking St John’s-wort + عشبة الجرح Hypericum lanuginosum Woolly St John’s-wort + + داذي مونيت Hypericum montbretii Montbret’s St John’s-wort + داذي سعيي الورق Hypericum thymifolium Thyme leaved St John’s-wort بنفسجيات VIOLACEAE Violaceae + + بنفسج Viola ebracteolata Unbracteolate violet لذانيات CISTACEAE Cistaceae + لدن Cistus creticus Cretan cistus + غية بيضاء Cistus salviifolius Sage-leaved cistus + دخانية عربية Fumana arabica Arabium fumana + دخانية سعيية الورق Fumana thymifolia Thyme-leaved fumana + هلميوم خيم Halimium umbellatum syriacum Umbelled halimium + زهرة الشمس Helianthemum ledifolium Sun rose + عسقلية مرقطة Tuberaria guttata Spotted rockrose يالصب CACTACEAE Cactaceae + + رصبي شائع Opuntia ficus-indica Barbary fig حنائيات LYTHRACEAE Lythraceae + رجل الحمامة Lythrum hyssopifolia Grass-poly رمانيات PUNICACEAE Punicaceae + رمان Punica granatum Common pomegranate أخدريات ONAGRACEAE Onagraceae + فرفور Epilobium hirsutum Hairy willow-herbe + ند رصغي الزهر Epilobium parviflorum Small-flowered willow-herbe + ذنب القط Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked willow-herbe مازريونيات THYMELAEACEAE Thymelaceae + + دفنه Daphne oleoides Olive-liked daphne خزنبل الماء HALORRHAGACEAE Halorrhagaceae + حزنبل الماء Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked water-milfoil خيميات APIACEAE Apiaceae + انسورثيا Ainsworthia trachycarpa Common ainsworthia + خله Ammi majus Bishop’s-weed + انيسكوس Anthriscus lamprocarpa Beak chervil + ارتديا Artedia squamata Crown-flower + كزبرة رصغية Bifora testiculata Small coriander + أأكثار Bunium elegans Elegant earthnut + حلبلب رجيار Bupleurum gerardii Gerard’s hare’s-ear + حلوان Bupleurum lancifolium Lance-leaved hare’s ear + + حلبلب خط الورق Bupleurum linearifolium irregulare Linear-leaved hare’s ear + حلبلب عقدي الزهر Bupleurum nodiflorum Sessile-flowered hare’s ear + + كوكالس Caucalis daucoides Lesser bastard parsley + شيتوسيديوم Chaetosciadium trichospermum Hairy-seeded chervil ق + + بادجان ش ق Cnidium orientale Oriental cnidium + دوقو بروترو Daucus broteri Brotero’s carrot + + جزر بري Daucus carota maximus Wild carrot + دوقو مرقط Daucus guttatus brachylaenus Spotted carrot + شنداب Eryngium billardieri Labillardiere’s eryngo

32 + + قرصعنة Eryngium creticum Cretan eryngo + شنداب منجل Eryngium falcatum Falcate eryngo + عود القسم Eryngium glomeratum Clustered eryngo + + + اكسواكنتا Exoacantha heterophylla Various-leaved exoacantha + M شمار Foeniculum vulgare Common fennel + لبلب Hedera helix Common ivy + هبتبية Heptaptera anisoptera Unequal-winged heptaptera + هبتية مفرضة Heptaptera crenata Scalloped heptaptera + شمار أجعد Hippomararthrum crispum Curled horse-fennel + جهرانية ثنائية Johrenia dichotoma Dichotomous johrenia العشب + + كراوية جبلية Lagoecia cuminoides Bastard cumin + + سققول Malabaila secacul Arabian hartwort + + + رازيانة وسيطة Oenanthe media Intermediate dropwort + اورلية Orlaya platycarpos Flat-fruited orlaya + + بوسيدنوم أسل Peucedanum junceum Rushy sulphurwort + بمبنلة Pimpinella peregrina Burnet saxifrage + سكلجرية المو Scaligeria meifolia Meu-leaved scaligera + + مشط الزهرة Scandix pecten-veneris Venus’-comb + مشيطة نجمية -Scandix stellata Stellate shepherd’s needle + غرة باسقة Sison exaltatum Lofty sison + كرفس بري Smyrnium olusatrum Common alexanders + + سنلكوسيدوم الكرمل Synelcosciadium carmeli Carmel synelcosciadium + قشعوب مصي Tordylium aegyptiacum Egyptian hartwort + قشعوب سوري Tordylium syriacum Syrian hartwort + + توريلس نحيل الورق -Torilis leptophylla Slender-leaved hedge parsley + توريلس أحمر Torilis leptophylla erythrotricha Red hedge-parsley ي + توريلس ارجواب Torilis purpurea Purple slender-leaved + F ترجينية عريض الورق Turgenia latifolia Broad-leaved bur-parsley + + ترجينبسس شمري Turgeniopsis foeniculacea Fenel turgeniopsis صقلبيات PERIPLOCACEAE Periplocaceae + + شجرة الحرير Periploca graeca Silk-vine ربيعيات PRIMULACEAE Primulaceae + ر يعي العصفورة Anagallis arvensis caerulea Field pimpernel + ر يعي العصفورة Anagallis arvensis phaenicea Pheanician pimpernel

فينيف + يا سيدي Cyclamen persicum Persian cyclamen رصاصيات PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbaginaceae + + حشيشة السنان Plumbago europaea European leadwort أصطركيات STYRACACEAE Styraceae M + حوز Styrax officinalis Storax الزيتون OLEACEAE Oleaceae + + زيتون Olea europaea Common olive ن نياسمي JASMINOIDEAE Jasminoidea + ر يياسمي أصفر Jasminum fruticans Yellow jasmin دفليات APOCYNACE Apocynaceae + + دفلة Nerium oleander Oleander ي M + قضاب لبناب Vinca libanotica Lebanon periwinckle جنطيانيات GENTIANACEAE Gentianaceae + + بلكستونية Blackcstonia perfoliata Perfoliate blackstonia

33 مخروقة + قنطريون رصغي Centaurium erythraea Common centaury محموديات CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulaceae + + لبلب الحقول Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed + لبلب قنطيي Convolvulus cantabrica Cantabrian bindweed + لبلب البقاع Convolvulus coelesyriaca Coelesyrian bindweed + لبلب دوركنيوم Convolvulus dorycnium oxysepalus Dorycnium bindweed + لبلب مخمس Convolvulus pentapetaloides Five-lobed bindweed M + سقمونيا Convolvulus scammonia Syrian bindweed كشوت CUSCUTACEAE Cuscutaceae + قشقوت متقارب Cuscuta approximata Common dodder ق + قشقوت ش ق Cuscuta monogyna Oriental dodder + قشقوت مسطح Cuscuta planiflora Flat-flowered dodder الزهر حمحميات BORAGINACEAE Boraginaceae + ذنب القط Anchusa azurea Sky-blue bugloss + ذنب القط ر يهجي Anchusa hybrida Hybrid bugloss

+ + لسان الكلب كريت Cynoglossum creticum Blue hound’s-tongue + + لسان الكلب Cynoglossum nebrodense Monti Nebrodi hound’s-tongue النيودي + أخيوم متجمع Echium glomeratum Clustered viper’s- bugloss + اخيوم ايطال Echium italicum Italian viper’s- bugloss + أخيوم اليهودية Echium judaicum Judian viper’s- bugloss + أخيوم حمل Echium plantaginum Jersey bugloss + إكرير Heliotropium hirsutissimum Hairy heliotrope + إكرير شوينفورت Heliotropium schweinfurthii Schweinfurth’s heliotrope + + ميوزوتيس متفرع Myosotis ramosissima Branching forget-me-not + + ميوزوتيس منحرف Myosotis refracta Reflexed forget-me-not + نونية كليلة الورق Nonea obtusifolia Blunt-leaved nonea + شنجار دغل Onosma frutescens Bushy golden-drop M + + لسان الثور Symphytum palaestinum Palestine comfrey فصيلة يرع VERBENACEAE Verbenaceae الحمام + + M رع الحمام Verbena officinalis Common vervian شفويات LAMIACEAE Lamiaceae + عرصف خيوس Ajuga chia Chian bugle ق + عرصف ش ق Ajuga orientalis Oriental bugle + بلوتة سلسلة قالشقية Ballota antilibanotica Anti-Lebanon horehound + بلوتة الصخور Ballota saxatilis Rock horehound + + كلمنته مستديرة الورق Calamintha rotundifolia Round-leaved calamint M + + هجنبل قمشقش Eremostachys laciniata Cut-leaved phlomis + لميوم معانق Lamium amplexicaule Clasping-leaved henbit + لميوم مسك Lamium moschatum Musky archangel + + لميوم مخطط Lamium striatum Striate dead-nettle + + لميوم مقطوم Lamium truncatum Truncate dead-nettle + M لوند Lavandula stoechas French lavender + فراسيون متشعع -Marrubium radiatum Rayed white horehound + + M فراسيون مبذول Marrubium vulgare Common white-horehound + ترنجان عديم الرائحة Melissa inodora Scentless balm + + نعنع رصغي الورق Mentha microphylla Small-leaved mint

34 M + شميسة اللكام Micromeria barbata Bearded savory + شميسة يونانية Micromeria graeca Greek savory + M + شميسة آسية Micromeria myrtifolia Myrtle-leaved savory الورق + شميسة معرقة Micromeria nervosa Nerved savory + ذبيبينة شائكة Molucella spinosa Spiny molucca-balm + + قطرم مقوس الزهر Nepeta curviflora Syrian catmint + + قطرم ايطال Nepeta italica Italian catmint + M + + زعي Origanum syriacum Syrian marjoram + ر يعيارة ذهبية الورق Phlomis chrysophylla Golden-leaved phlomis + ر يعيارة لزجة Phlomis viscosa Viscous phlomis ق + + قلع ش ق Prunella orientalis Oriental self-heal + M + قلع مبذول Prunella vulgaris Common self-heal + ر يقصعي Salvia fruticosa libanotica Shrubby sage + ر يقصعي القدس Salvia hierosolymitana Jerusalem sage + ر يقصعي احمر Salvia viridis Green sage + ر يقصعي لزج Salvia viscosa Viscous sage + + زعي دق Saturea thymbra Summer savory + + هربون رقصي القنابات Scutellaria brevibracteata Short-bracteate skullcap + هربون قرب Scutellaria utriculata Bladder skullcap + عشبة القلب Sideritis pullulans Branching ironwort + قرطوم كريت Stachys cretica vacillans Cretan woundwort + F + قرطوم متباعد Stachys distans Distance woundwort + قرطوم أليف الماء Stachys hydrophila Water woundwort + قرطوم معرق الكأس Stachys neurocalycina Nerved-calyxed woundwort + جعدة متشعبة Teucrium divaricatum villosum Spreading germander + M + جعدة Teucrium polium Felty germander + جعدة ثومية Teucrium scordioides Scordium-like germander + جعدة قرطومية الورق Teucrium stachyophyllum Woundwort-leaved germander + + زيزيفورة رأسية Ziziphora capitata Headed ziziphora باذنجانيات SOLANACEAE Solanaceae + M + قشوال الست Datura stramonium Stramonium + بنج أبيض Hyoscyamus albus White henbane + بيض الجن Mandragora automnalis Love apple + حيصل أصفر Solanum luteum alatum Yellow nightshade ن نخبيريات SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophulariaceae ق + سوسل ش ق Anarrhinum orientale Oriental anarrhinum + تم السمكة Antirrhinum majus angustifolium Lion’s mouth + بلردية ثلثية الفصوص Bellardia trixago Bellardia + ككسية صوفية Kickxia lanigera Woolly fluellen + ككسية سيي Kickxia sieberi Sieber’s fluellen + كتانية حلب Linaria chalepensis Aleppo toadflax + برنتشلية عريضة الورق Parentucellia latifolia flaviflora Broad-leaved eyebright + برنتشلية لزجة Parentucellia viscosa Marsh eyebright + خنازيرية خادعة Scrophularia decipiens Deceptive figwort + خنازيرية ربيون Scrophularia peyronii Peyron’s figwort + خنازيرية حمراء الساق Scrophularia rubricaulis Red-stemmed figwort + ربوصي قيصية Verbascum caesareum Banias mullein + + ربوصي رغيده Verbascum gaillardotii Gailardot’s mullein ي + ربوصي لبناب Verbascum libanoticum Lebanon mullein

35 ق + + ربوصي ش ق Verbascum orientale Oriental mullein + ربوصي متعرج Verbascum sinuatum Sinuate mullein + ربوصي طيية Verbascum tiberiadis Tiberias mullein + ربوصي طرابلس Verbascum tripolitanum Tripoli mullein + + + رفيونيكة حبق Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water pimpernel الماء + رفيونيكة صنجية Veronica cymbalaria Cymbal speedwell + رفيونيكة بالرمو Veronica panormitana Palermo speedwell + رفيونيكة فارسية Veronica persica Persian speedwell + + رفيونيكة سورية Veronica syriaca Syrian speedwell أقنثيات ACANTHACEAE Acanthaceae + كف الدب Acanthus syriacus Syrian acanthus جعفيليات OROBANCHACEAE Orobanchaceae + جعفيل مصي Orobanche aegyptiaca Egyptian broomrape + جعفيل مشعر Orobanche pubescens Downy broomrape فصيلة لسان PLANTAGINACEAE Plantaginaceae الحمل + لسان الحمل Plantago afra African plantain

افريف

+ لسان الحمل كريت Plantago cretica Cretan plantain + ودنة Plantago lagopus Round-headed plantain ي + لسان الحمل سناب Plantago lanceolata Lanceolate plantain + لسان الحمل ركبي Plantago major Greater plantain فويات RUBIACEAE Rubiaceae + أسيولة الحقول Asperula arvensis Field woodruff + + أسيولة لبنانية Asperula libanotica Lebanon woodruff + كليبلتس مقلنس Callipeltis cucullaris Hooded crosswort + + صليبية مهدبة Crucianella ciliata Ciliate crosswort + صليبية مياكبة Crucianella imbricata Imbricate crosswort + صليبية شائعة Crucianella macrostachya Common crosswort + مصلبة مفصلية Cruciata articulata Jointed mugwort

+ غاليوم لصيف Galium aparine Cleavers + غاليوم نحيف Galium constrictum Constricted bedstraw + غاليوم القدس Galium hierosolymitanum Jerusalem bedstraw + غاليوم الحيطان Galium murale Wall bedstraw + غاليوم باريس Galium parisiense Paris bedstraw + غاليوم بسل الثمر Galium pisiferum Pea-bearing bedstraw + غاليوم مثلث Galium tricornutum Three cornated bedstraw

+ M غاليوم حقيف Galium verum Ladies bedstraw + منتنة كلييا Putoria calabrica Calabrian putoria + فوة أوشيه Rubia aucheri Aucher’s madder + فوة نحيلة الورق Rubia tenuifolia elliptica Slender-leaved madder + قشيردية الحقول Sherardia arvensis Field madder + فلنتية Valantia hispida Hispid valantia بلسانيات CAPRIFOLIACEAE Caprifoliaceae + لونيشة اتروريا Lonicera etrusca Etruscan honeysuckle + دمدمون Sambucus ebulus Dwarf elder ناردينيات VALERIANACEA Valerianaceae + ناردين Valeriana dioscoridis Dioscorides’ valerian + سمنة مكللة Valerianella coronata Crowned cornsalad + سمنة اصبعية الورق Valerianella dactylophylla Finger-leaved cornsalad

36 + سمنة قرصانية Valerianella discoidea Discoid cornsalad + سمنة مقنفذة Valerianella echinata Prickly cornsalad M + سمنة قشقية Valerianella orientalis Oriental cornsalad + سمنة مثانية Valerianella vesicaria Bladder cornsalad دبساسيات DIPSACACEA Dipsacaceae + سيوان يافا Cephalaria joppensis Jaffa cephalaria + سيوان سوري Cephalaria syriaca sessile Syrian scabious ق + عقس ريش Pterocephalus plumosus Annual winghead + جربية فضية Scabiosa argentea Silvery scabious + جربية ر يفلسطي Scabiosa palaestina Palestine scabious + جربية ر يفلسطي Scabiosa palaestina microcephala Palestine scabious + كعب الغزال Scabiosa prolifera Carmel daisy قرعيات CUCURBUTACEAE Cucurbutaceae + قفاشا Bryonia multiflora Many-flowered bryony + قفاشا سورية Bryonia syriaca Syrian bryony + قثاء الحمار Ecballium elaterium Squirting cucumber بوقيات CAMPANULACEAE Campanulaceae + جريس القدس Campanula hierosolymitana Jerusalem bellflower + + جريس رحال Campanula peregrina Foreign bellflower

+ جريس لفت Campanula rapunculus Rampion + جريس منقلب Campanula retrorsa Retrorse bellflower + + + جريس صيدا Campanula sidoniensis Sidon bellflower + لغوزية منجلية Legousia falcata Falcate venus’-looking-glass + لغوزية خماسية Legousia pentagonia Large venus’-looking-glass + مرآة عشيوت Legousia speculum veneris Small venus’-looking-glass مركبات ASTERACEAE Asteraceae + بهار خيوس Anthemis chia Chian chamomile + قحوان Anthemis cotula Fetid chamomile ي + بهار صباع Anthemis tinctoria Yellow chamomile + بابونج أصفر Anthemis tinctoria discoidea Discoidea yellow chamomile + شوك الغزال Atractylis comosa Beautiful distaff-thistle + M بليس معمر Bellis perennis Perennial daisy + بليس حرج Bellis sylvestris Southern daisy + آذريون الحقول Calandula arvensis Field marigold + شوك عني Carduus argentatus Silvery plumed-thistle + لسان الكلب Carduus pycnocephalus arabicus Italian thistle + كرلينة قشقية Carlina curetum orientalis Curetum carline + كرلينة لبنانية Carlina involucrata libanotica Lebanon thistle + قرطم أحوى Carthamus glaucus Glaucous safflower + قرطم نحيل Carthamus tenuis Slender safflower + ذوينة الجدي Catananche lutea Yellow cupidone + مرار Centaurea calcitrapa Red star-thistle + شبة Centaurea cyanoides Syrian corn-flower + قنطريون ايييا Centaurea iberica hermonis Iberian knapweed + قنطريون به Centaurea speciosa Showy knapweed + قنطريون نبل Centaurea verutum Dwarf knapweed + قوقحان ميكو Chrysanthemum myconis Mico’s chrysanthemum + قوقحان الحصيد Chrysanthemum segetum Corn marigold + + هندبا برية Cichorum intybus Common chicory + + هندبا قزمة Cichorum pumilium Dwarf chicory

37 + قششار Cirsium phyllocephalum Leaved-headed thistle + M شوكة مباركة Cnicus benedictus Blessed thistle + شاغة جاسئة Crepis aspera Rough hawkweed + شاغة القدس Crepis hierosolymitana Jerusalem hawkweed + شاغة ر يفلسطي Crepis palaestina Palestine hawkweed + شاغة روتر Crepis reuteriana Reuter’s hawkweed + شاغة مقدسة Crepis sancta Holly hawkweed + شاغة سورية Crepis syriaca Syrian hawkweed + زحافة Crupina crupinastrum False saw-wort + قرقفان رغيدوه Echinops gaillardotii Gaillardot’s globe-thistle + + قرقفان Echinops polyceras Many-horned globe-thistle + + قرقفان Echinops viscosus Viscous globe-thistle + + أريغارون بونس أيرس Erigeron (Conyza) bonariensis Buenos Aires fleabane + اريغارون كندي Erigeron (Conyza) canadense Canadian fleabane + اريغارون نودان Erigeron (Conyza) naudini Naudin’s fleabane + M خد البنت Eupatorium cannabinum Common hemp-agrimony + قطينة صوفية الرؤوس -Filago eriocephala Wooly-headed cotton rose + غرهديولس Garhadiolus hedypnois False hedypnois + + رغبية Gnaphalium luteo-album Jersey cudweed + + + عكوب Gundelia tournefortii Gundelia + شة الكبش Hedypnois rhagadioloides Nipplewort hedypnois + شة الكبش النبوبية Hedypnois rhagadioloides tubiformis Tubiformis hedypnois + + + خالدة مكورة Helichrysum c. conglobatum Globe everlasting + خالدة مدماة Helichrysum sanguineum Blood-red everlasting + راسن عبق Inula graveolens Heavy-sented inula + + طيون Inula viscosa Viscous inula + خس الزيت Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce + يعضيض عسقول Leontodon tuberosus Tuberous dandelion + M بابونج Matricaria chamomilla Wild chamomile + + لحلح Notobasis syriaca Syrian thistle + أقسون قردوس Onopordum carduiforme False plumed-thistle ي + اقسون حرشف Onopordum cynarocephalum Artichoke cotton-thistle + زباد Pallenis spinosa Spiny pallenis + قذى Phagnalon rupestre African fleabane + لحلح Picnomon acarna Yellow cnicus + مرير أخيوم Picris echioides Bristly ox-tongue + مرير شائك Picris strigosa Strigose ox-tongue + بتيلستمون Ptilostemon diacantha Two-spined ptilostemon + M + رعراع أيوب Pulicaria dysenterica Common fleabane + رغديولس مأكول Rhagadiolus edulis Edible hawkbit + ابرة العجوز Rhagadiolus stellatus Stellate hawkbit + صنارية Scolymus hispanicus Spanish oyster-plant + عقربية Scolymus maculatus Spotted golden-thistle + دبح ر يلي Scorzonera mollis Wave-leaved viper’s-grass + + دبح رمادي Scorzonera phaeopappa Grey-pappused viper’s-grass + قشونة ربيعية Senecio vernalis Spring groundsel + وريقة Serratula cerinthifolia Honeywort-leaved saw-wort + ورخة قزمة Serratula pusilla Dwarf saw-wort + M شوك مريم Silybium marianum Lady’s-thistle

38 + رسمية Sonchus asper glaucescens Rough sow-thistle + ر يلبي Sonchus oleraceus Common sow-thistle + ستبتورمفوس عسقول Steptorhamphus Tuberous steptorhamphus tuberosus + طرخشقون حلب Taraxacum aleppicum Aleppo dandelion + طرخشقون ركبي الجذر Taraxacum megalorrhizon Large-rooted dandelion + + مشة Tragopogon buphthalmoides Bull’s-eye goat’s-beard + سلسفيل ر يهجي Tragopogon hybridum Hybrid goat’s-beard + سلسفيل طويل Tragopogon longirostris Long-beaked goat’s-beard المنقار + مخية بيضاء الرقط Tyrimnus leucographus Tyrimnus + + مذنبة Urospermum picroides Prickly-cupped goat’s-beard

39 3. Medicinal Plants True maden-hair Adiantum capillus-veneris Common water-cress Nasturium officinale Moorish kidney-vetch Anthyllis mora Spiny restharrow Ononis spinosa Giant reed Arundo donax leiosperma Gum milk-vetch Astragalus gummifer Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Perennial daisy Bellis perennis Common self-heal Prunella vulgaris Blessed thistle Cnicus benedictus Common fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica Bladder-senna Colutea cilicica Sumach Rhus coriara Syrian bindweed Convolvulus scammonia Dog rose Rosa canina White hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Lady’s-thistle Silybium marianum Nut-grass Cyperus rotundus Spanish broom Spartium junceum Stramonium Datura stramonium Storax Styrax officinalis Cut-leaved phlomis Eremostachys laciniata Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium Felty germander Teucrium polium cannabinum White clover Trifolium repens Common fennel Foeniculum vulgare Oriental cornsalad Valerianella orientalis Ladies bedstraw Galium verum Common vervian Verbena officinalis Herb-bennet Geum urbanum Vinca libanotica Lavandula stoechas Linum bienne Narrow birdsfoot-trefoil Lotus corniculatus Common white-horehound Marrubium vulgare Juniper, Oak and Calabrian Pine above Wild chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Rihane ↓ Bearded savory Micromeria barbata Small-leaved mint Micromeria myrtifolia

40 4.-Identification of habitats in Jabal Rihane Reserve

The study and collection of flora covered the slopes extending between approximately 550 m and often more than 1450 m. But in the list (1) above we have only cited the species that were recorded within the proposed reserve of Jabal Rihane. The latter extends between 730 and 1370 m above sea level. The Stone pine is found on a soil that originate from sandy rocks at the reserve's slopes which dominate Aichyeh from the side of the road Khardaly-Rihane. At the entrance of the reserve from the Loueizeh side, (820 m, N 33º 27' 452 E 35º

32' 096) a mixture of medium sized trees mainly of oak and Palestinian pistachio is observed on limestone substratum. While traversing Mlikh, the road passes through the bottom of the village in parallel with a temporary water stream (which dries out at the end of the spring season).

41 Between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, there is a platform of agricultural area that reveals, in the proximity of Kfarhouneh, the bottom of a valley in which runs a winter stream similar to that of Mlikh and Aramta-Mlikh or to the stream of Soujoud valley at the feet of Rihane village. Coming from Jezzine side, the visitor of Kfarhouneh has to traverse barren rocky area with sometimes-scattered small trees. According to Corine classification (Corine boocklets [1999] that was developed by the European Committee for the Environment), the reserve lies within two levels: a. - the Meso-mediterranean level which encompasses areas between 500 and 1000 m altitude with mainly oak and coniferous trees, and b. - the Supra-mediterranean level (1000-1500 m) with dominance of oak, Quercus infectoria and some pine trees; especially between Rihane and Aramta villages. This level is sometimes considered as an extension of the first level. Also there are some pine trees over Kfarhouneh village.

The most important habitats and vegetal formations The Jabal Rihane Reserve is mainly represented by four major habitats where each has its own characteristic species and plant association: - The rocky karstic habitat with oak trees: it is found in both meso (public property of Mlikh) and supra-mediterranean levels (up to eastern border of Kfarhouneh). It is difficult to distinguish here between the two levels. - The rocky and sandy soil habitat with pine trees: it is also found in both levels up to eastern Kfarhouneh border. It is also difficult to distinguish here between the two levels. - The valleys' bottom habitat: it is limited to the first level and found near water streams, always with Oleander and often with with Platane trees. - The barren areas habitat: it is mainly found between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, and in the public property of Rihane village (Jilal Hassan).

42 1. The formation of rocky karstic area species with dominance of oak trees: Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos and Cyprus oak Quercus infectoria latifolia. (950 m N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798)

1.1 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos formation, on gravel or rock or calcareous soil: Syrian maple Acer syriacum Common hawthorn Crataegus azarolus Persian cyclamen Cyclamen persicum Falcate eryngo Eryngium falcatum Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri Palestine pistachio Pistacia palaestina Slender-leaved madder Rubia tenuifolia elliptica

1.2 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spiny burnet, increase: Thorny-broom Calycotome villosa Cretan cistus Cistus creticus Thyme leaved St John’s-wort Hypericum thymifolium Spiny burnet Sarcopoterum spinosum

1.3 Of the main associated herbs with this formation: Two-spiked beard-grass Andropogon distachyus Shaggy hyparrhenia Hyparrhenia hirta

1.4 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quercus infectoria formation, on calcareous soil (first level): Three-leaved garlic Allium trifoliatum Judas tree Cercis siliquastrum Storax Styrax officinalis Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis

1.5 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quercus infectoria formation, on calcairous soil (second level): Lebanon woodruff Asperula libanotica Etruscan honeysuckle Lonicera etrusca

43 Viscous phlomis Phlomis viscosa Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis

1.6 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spanish broom, increase (first and second levels): Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Spanish broom Spartium junceum Distance woundwort Stachys distans

2. The formation of sandy soil species with Stone pine trees Pinus pinea and Calabrian pine trees Pinus brutia : Site above Aaramti (1065 m, N 33º 27' 025 E 35º 34' 522) 2.1 Some of the characteristic species: Yellow chamomile Anthemis tinctoria Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum Great quaking-grass Briza maxima Prickly juniper Juniperus oxycedrus French lavender Lavandula stoechas Mountain tinothy Phleum montanum

2.2 The most significant associated species with this formation, especially under the pine of Aichyah (748m, N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647): Hair-grass Aira elegans Sage-leaved cistus Cistus salviifolius Hirsute lupin Lupinus hirsutus Roman orchid Orchis romana libanotica Nerved-covered star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum neurostegium Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis Medusa’s clover Trifolium medusaeum Spotted rockrose Tuberaria guttata

3. Valleys' bottom formation near water streams with Platane and Oliender (first level only). The characteristic species: (Above Mlikh, 864m, N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798) Oriental alder Alnus orientalis Glabrous cyperus Cyperus glaber

44 Hairy willow-herbe Epilobium hirsutum Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Jersey cudweed Gnaphalium luto-album Laurel Laurus nobilis Oleander Nerium oleander Oriental plane Platanus orientalis White willow Salix alba Water woundwort Stachys hydrophila

4. Barren areas plant formation, especially between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh and in the public property of Rihane village (Jlal Hassan): (Betwin Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, 966 m, N 33º 29' 184 E 35º 34' 464) Party-colored birthwort Aristolochia poecilantha Golden rod Bongardia chrysogonum Lebanon fritillary Fritillaria libanotica Oriental hyacinth Hyacinthus orientalis Common lion’s-leaf Leontice leontopetalum Love apple Mandragora autumnalis Bunch-flowered narcissus Narcissus tazetta Butterfly orchid Orchis papilionacea Egyptian honesty Ricotia lunaria Oriental mullein Verbascum orientale

Characteristics of the site

o Physical characteristics

The calcareous land, which extends from Jarjou’a-Loueizeh to Kfarhouneh through Mlikh, is formed from karst and pebbles. The agriculture soil is rich with organic materials and fertile. The sandy land forms a wide patch near Aichyeh and between Rihane and Aramta villages. Water springs are well provided in southern Rihane and between Aichyeh and Rihane. There are several temporary springs and streams at Kfarhouneh and between Aramta and Mlikh.

o Biological characteristics

45 The villages within the reserve are inhabited and their populations increase during summer time. In general, grazing is not common except in Kfarhouneh where the goat and sheep herds are in large numbers. The publicly owned lands are also numerous around these villages. Oak wood exploitation is practiced traditionally since long time ago. Nowadays, it needs to be regulated as the local community became aware of the need for wise and sustainable use of woods and public lands, and for a well-planned road network between the different slopes and valleys. o Quality characteristics

Due to the presence of unmapped mines from the last war, the impact of humans is still weak. Several jungles from a variety of oak trees, which extends over the karstic rocks, characterize the area. These are considered a refuge not only for the hyrax, which is renowned for its unique anatomic structure but also for the several plant species of this particular area. It is highly recommended to increase the awareness of people in order to stop killing the hyraxes and to avoid hunting and overgrazing. Also there is a need to regulate water pumping and to treat sewage water and garbage without polluting the environment.

46 Exoacantha heterophylla (above) 634m N 33º 23' 909 E 35º 33' 050 from Aychyeh & Lupinus hirsutus (below): 748m N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647 from Aychyeh

47 MAMMALS OF JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Procavia capensis syriaca Schreber Hyrax Daman

48 Georges and Henriette Tohmé illustrated the study of the Lebanese mammals in the published book “Wild Mammals of Lebanon” in 1985 (Publications of the Lebanese University). The main references prior to that date are cited in this book. The present study aims at the identification of all mammal species in Jabal Rihane Reserve, determination of their status, identification of bio-indicator key species which point to the state and the health of the environment, establishment of a list of threatening hazards, and development of priority activities to conserve them. It is worthy to state that if a logo has to be assigned to this reserve, the hyrax will be the animal of choice.

1. Scientific basis and source of information We couldn't undertake nocturnal surveys and our diurnal study was limited to areas for which access permits were granted. Thus, our development of the mammal list (2), including the status of species was based on the following scientific approaches: * Direct observation during our walks in some of the reserve's areas. * Captured species with a variety of used traps. * Observation of footprints and the remaining of some species or their products. * Examination of the owl regurgitates (nocturnal raptors which feed on small mammals). * Questioning villagers, sheepherders and hunters who have experienced the wildlife of the reserve.

In addition to our previous field studies in the areas of Jezzine and Nabatyeh, we surveyed the reserve since January 2001 till the end of the year 2003, with a minimum of one outing each 10 days.

2. Species identification and bio-indicators Bio-indicator species have been identified (e.g. outbreak of rats indicates plenty of rubbish and domestic garbage). In the list (2) the sign "+" which follows the scientific name denotes, "verified species presence". The other species without "+" remain

49 probable until their presence is approved in the future through research or monitoring activities. The most significant bio-indicators are: * The mole rat Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi, which indicates, loose agricultural soil. * The Jackal Canis aureus syriacus and the Fox Vulpus vulpus palaestina. Their increased numbers indicate organic waste pollution and proximity of pollution sources to the places in which these animals were recorded. * The Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor, which indicates a dry soil, that is rich in organic materials and insects. * The Levant Vole Microtus guentheri guentheri that is one of the best indicators of fertile years with plenty of herbs. * The Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca that is an indicator of carcasses availability. * The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus, which indicates organic pollution and wastewater. * The Bats of the Order Chiroptera which witness the presence of mosquitoes and flying insects as well as caves for their roosting. * The Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca, which indicates a dominated system with karstic limestone rocks and oak trees.

3. Mammal prioritized list (list 2) with constraints and risks The priorities The globally threatened species are of first priority. These are followed by the regionally and nationally threatened species respectively. For priority ranking, the regionally and nationally endemic species and subspecies (if any) are to be taken into account too. Also are considered the monospecific (the only species representing the genus or the family, e.g. Hyrax) and plurispecific (e.g. Vole) species. During the qualitative and quantitative surveys which aimed at the determination of the species dynamism within the reserve, the endemic, scarce, rare and monospecific species were given more attention than the other common or widespread or plurispecific species.

50 Prioritization of threats and constraints

The threats and constraints that have an impact on the mammal species will be used to rank the species from most to less threatened:

1- The globally protected species that are threatened at the international level, 2- Threatened or declining species at national level, 3- endemic species or subspecies. 4- Rare species, 5- wholly or partially limited species to the Middle East, 6- Persecuted species. 7- Limited species to Jabal Rihane Reserve only, 8- Bio-indicator species, 9- Economic species. 10- Widespread species.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 الولويات Priorities آكلت االحشات INSECTIVORA Fam. Erinaceidae + + + + + كبابة الشوك Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog concolor + فصيلة الزباب Fam. Soricidae Shrews + + + + زبابة ملونة Crocidura leucodon Bicolor white judaica toothed shrew + + + زبابة ر يالبساتي Crocidura suaveolens Lesser white toothed shrew + + زبابة شائعة Crocidura russula Common white toothed shrew + + فأر الزباب Suncus etruscus Savi’s pygmy shrew مجنحات اليدي CHIROPTERA Bats Fam. Pteropodidae + + رداسة Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian fruit-bat aegyptiacus + فصيلة وطواط أبو Fam. Rhinopomatidae ذنب + + + + وطواط أبو Rhinopoma microphyllum Great mouse ذنب microphyllum tailed bat فصبلة Fam. Rhinolophidae Horseshoe Bats االعماش + + + + عماش ركبي Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater ferrumequinnum horseshoe + + + + عماش رصغي Rhinolophus euryale Mediterranean judaicus horseshoe فصيلة الخفافيش Fam. Vespertilionidae

51 + + + + وطواط عمري Myotis blythi omari Lesser Mouse-eared Bat + + + + وطواط كوهل Myotis nattereri hoveli Natterer’s Bat + + + + خفدد Pipistrellus pipistrellus Common pipistrellus Pipistrelle + + + + خفاش كوهل Pipistrellus kuhli Kuhl’s Pipistrelle ikhawanius + + + + + وطواط طويل Miniopterus schreibersi Schreiber’s Bat الجنحة pallidus آكلت اللحوم CARNIVORES فصيلة الكلب Fam. Canidae + + + + ابن آوى Canis aureus syriacus+ Jackal + + + + + الذئب Canis lupus pallipes Wolf + + + + الثعلب Vulpus vulpus palaestina+ Red fox فصيلة النمس Fam. Mustelidae + + النمس Martes foina syriaca + Stone Martin + + + الظربان Vormela peregusna Marbled polecat syriaca + + + + الغرير Meles meles canescens+ Badger فصيلة الضباع Fam. Hyaenidae + + + + + الضبع Hyaena hyaena syriaca+ Striped Hyaena فصيلة الهر Fam. Felidae + + + الهر اليي Felis silvestris tristrami+ Wild cat الوبريات HYRACOIDEA Fam. Procaviidae + + + + الطبسون/ الوبر Procavia capensis syriaca + Hyrax مزدوجات الصابع ARTIODACTYLS فصيلة الخنازير Fam. Suidae ي + + + يالخيير اليي Sus scrofa lybicus + Wild Boar الرنبيات LAGOMORPHA Fam. Leporidae + + + الرنب اليي Lepus capensis syriacus Cape Hare القوارض RODENTIA Fam. Sciuridae + + + السنجاب Sciurus anomalus syriacus Squirrel Fam. Hystricidae + + النيص Hystrix indica indica + Porcupine فصيلة الخلد Fam. Spalacidae Spalax leucodon Mole-Rat + + + ehrenbergi + فصيلة الجرذ Fam. Muridae والفأر + فأر الحقل Apodemus mystacinus Field Mouse

52 mystacinus + + جرذون شائع Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat norvegicus + + فأرة شائعة Mus musculus House Mouse praetextus + + + فأر شوك Acomys dimidiatus Spiny Mouse dimidiatus فصيلة القداد Fam. Cricetidae يوالعكب + جرذ ترسيام Meriones tristrami Jird tristrami + + + العكي Microtus guentheri Levant Vole guentheri

The list's objective

The establishment of the list aims at recognizing the mammals of Jabal Rihane, showing their distribution and the degree of the threatening factors they are subjected to, and subsequently identifying the species that merit conservation actions. As mentioned above, the highest priority is given to the species, which, if extinct, will be a great loss to the whole world. Its disappearance will deprive the humanity from genetic sources that could be, if not extinct, of great benefits through the development of new economic protein producer species that are needed by the world of tomorrow.

4. Remarks on the list of mammals and some of their orders It is obvious that the names in the list above do not include all the mammals of the Lebanon. In the first column, only the recorded species at Jabal Rihane have a "+" sign after their scientific names, whilst the others are left without this sign to indicate that their occurrence is probable. Even though, the probable species may include those who traverse the reserve or live in it for short time. For example, the Hedgehog, which lives in areas extended from sea level to 1500 meters, may reach higher places when searching for more food; also the natural caves help the dispersal of bats which are flying mammals with unlimited ray of flight, exactly like birds. Though, they can be anywhere. Being aware of the incurrence of some species in the near past, we adopted

53 the "wider list" to allow the methodology of confirmation to take place within the reserve in the future.

The European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor

Below are some remarks that may highlight the most significant representatives of the mammals' orders and understand their importance: a- Order Insectivora This order encompasses the most useful mammals for the agriculture as they play a role in combating insects and contribute to maintain the natural balance. The Hedgehog that was mentioned above is considered as bio-indicator of rich dry soil in organic matter and insects. b- Order Chiroptera Most of the representatives of this order feed on insects. Subsequently, they are considered friends to farmers as they feed on flying insects, including mosquitoes and agricultural pests such as cucumber beetles and cutworm moths and maintain as such the natural balance. Bats normally eat about half their weight in flying insects each night. Lactating females may equal their body weight in insects every night. As for the Egyptian Fruit-Bat Rousettus a. aegyptiacus that is characterized by its short tail, it feeds on fruits of orchards of coast and middle elevated mountain. However, it is an important seed disperser, and hence plays a critical role in the recovery of forest clearings. Fruit bats are important pollinators of many plants including mangoes, bananas, figs, avocados, carob, and cloves. The conservation of all bats and the protection of their caves are among the objectives of protected areas. c- Order Carnivora Notes about some of the most important species of this order:

54  It is worthy to mention that the numbers of Red fox Canis aureus syriacus and Jakal Vulpus v. palaestina have increased in parallel with the increase of organic waste in the vicinity of villages and in valleys. These two species are hence considered bio-indicators of environmental pollution with domestic wastes. The Wolf Canis lupus pallipes certainly occurs, nowadays, in north-west and middle of Beqaa as well as on the eastern slopes of Barouk Mountain and in Niha and Rihane. We believe the wolf has remained in the study area in very small numbers. Some sheepherders mentioned its presence to the west of Kfarhouneh.  The Stone Martin Martes foina syriaca and Marbled Polecat Vormela peregusna syriaca, which are accused of being transmitters of rabbies, a matter that needs verification through more research, have a limited distribution between the coast and high mountains in Lebanon.  The Badger Meles meles canescens is one of the persecuted species in Jabal Rihane area where it is widespread and considered an appreciated game. People should stop killing this mammal before it disappears.  The Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca is a limited subspecies to the Middle East. It is still moderately distributed between the coast and the middle heights and near the watercourses. Some caves at Jarjou'e next to Loueizeh were reported as a refuge used by this animal which is continusely persecuted despite the fact that it doesn't threaten human being. The Hyena is a bio-indicator of carcasses availability.  The Wild Cat Felis sylvestris tristrami lives in forests and is a tree climber. It is found in the mountains of Barouk, Niha and Rihane and considered one of the threatened species. d- Order Artiodactyla The Wild Boar Sus scrofa lybicus is well known from Lebanese territories since ages until it disappeared since the 19th century. During its absence from Lebanon it was reported at Houla and Kasab beyond the Lebanese borders. In the winter 1981, we were the first

55 to report its reappearance in the upper Chouf region, Jezzine, Jabal Rihane and Western Beqaa. Nowadays, the wild boar is found, in addition to the places mentioned above, in Horsh Ehden and other areas. At Jabal Rihane, the inhabitants say that during the Israeli occupation the wild boar had used the abandoned houses as refuge or shelter. Today, the farmers are worried about the damage caused by this animal to their orchards. But, from our point of view, its occurrence in any forest does not constitute a threat as far as its numbers are moderate and subsequently do not disturb the ecological balance. The wild boar turns the soil at the feet of the trees to search for its food, which is formed from worms, larvae, small insects and bulbs of plants, etc. Accordingly, it helps aerating the soil and cleaning it from harmful larva. This animal should be monitored to see to which extent it is widespread in the forests so that man could interfere when its numbers exceed the allowed international limit. If this occurs, we propose to control the species through decimation of only some males, as is the case in similar protected areas of Europe, with the condition that such operation is strictly regulated. e- Order Lagomorpha As per the hunters, the Hare Lepus capensis syriacus occurs in fair numbers in the Beqaa as well as at the heights of Jabal Rihane.

Hyrax Procavia capensis f- Order Hyracoida The Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca that is the only representative of its order in Lebanon is a nicely looking and fascinating animal. Its fur's color matches the color of sand or sometimes rocks. It is considered an appreciated game for hunters who are proud of killing it. The body is rabbit-sized but the neck, ears and tail are short. The

56 Hyrax is originated from extinct animals with paddles like elephants. The upper incisors resemble elephant's tasks. Being plantigrade, the hyrax uses the sole of its feet for walking and standing. There are four toes on the front feet and three on the back feet. Its nails are long and curved with flat ends and resemble hooves. The inner toe is curved and moves independently from the others, whereas the padded soles of its feet have a flap of shin that can be pulled up to make a suction cup. These features of inner toes and padded soles offer help in climbing karstic rocks where it lives in its crevices and moves with high capacity and make the hyrax the most adapted animal to its living environment. The hyrax' range is from southern Africa to Egypt and west Asia. The subspecies syriaca lives in Lebanon, Gallilee and from Jordan Valley to Sinai. We found the species north to Al Ouali River and it reached in the last years the upper Valley of Nahr El Kalb where it could be re-disappeared. None of the other protected areas in Lebanon is habitat for the hyrax. The daily pattern of the hyraxes is to come out of their dens at dawn to feed on grasses, leaves, or sometimes buds, stems, or fruit; and to sun themselves together on a rock. When they are done, they rest in their dens during the day hours before they re-appear in the late afternoon. As it appeared to us, they live in organized colonies where some of the members were seen standing on rocks as guards, watching any expected enemy, giving attention to any suspected movement. When approaching their territories, they scream before they run and hide, as if they learned that man is their first enemy. In fact the inhabitants of Jabal Rihane area do not hesitate to kill this animal that offers alone, through its unique characteristics, the good reason for the declaration of Jabal Rihane a protected area of eco-tourism attraction. g. Order Rodentia This is the commonest order in Lebanon at both quantitative and qualitative levels. Followings are some of its members:

57  The Squirrel Sciurus anomalus syriacus is among the declining animals due to pesticides. Its presence and numbers are to be monitored.  The Porcupine Hystrix indica indica is the commonest mammal in this area after the Hyrax. Its quills are widely scattered in the woods of Rihane, Mlikh and Kfarhouneh. The Jabal Rihane area should be probably treated as the most important and the last refuge for this species in the Middle East, especially that the human construction has covered most of its preferred habitats.  The Mole-Rat Spalax leucodonehrenbergi is well recognized by the villagers because of its sinuate tunnels dug in the different soils, mainly in fields and orchards. Concentrated researches are eagerly needed to identify the various races of this nocturnal animal, which is most active at night, and the early hours of the day.  The Field Mouse Apodemus mystacinus mystacinus is widespread all over the country and from middle of Europe to Jordan through Turkey. The cat is considered the natural enemy of this mouse in the proximity of villages.  The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus lives near humans, feeds on domestic wastes and breeds in the vicinity of wastewater courses.  The Jird Meriones tristrami tristrami is widespread from the coast up to 1550 m. altitude. It is found in the countries of the Middle East including north of Sinai. The Jird, which is of sandy color, inhabits the dry herbaceous lands and consumes seeds and green shoots.

58 HERPETOFAUNA OF JABAL RIHANE

Elaphe hohenacheri, a non-venomous snake.

1. Introduction Wandering in the areas of the reserve wasn't an easy task because of the mines dispersed here and there as remains of the long period of military activities, which dominated this region in the near past. The study of Amphibians and Reptiles relies, like the study of mammals, on live observation and trapping or pit falling of samples. In fact some of the inhabitants helped us collecting some reptile specimens and for their acts we are thankful. In the list (3) below, the sign "*" which follows the scientific name denotes collected species, "**" denotes observed or seen but not collected species and "***" sign indicates a species of probable presence that we hope to confirm in the future.

2. Species identification and bio-indicators  Indicator of humid soil, plants and trees

59 The occurrence of amphibians in a certain area is a good indicator of water presence and humid soil. The Salamander Salamandra inframaculata appears during day times after the autumnal rain. The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta is an indicator of trees presence in the proximity as is the case at the site of Naba'a el Tasseh and in a small grove at the borders of Rihane village or between the latter and Soujud Valley. In addition, the Chameleon indicates humid and vegetated habitats. The Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorff is attracted by water, grass and cultivated areas. The same applies for the non-venomous snake Elaphe hohenackeri and the Water Snake Natrix tesselata.

The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta

 Indicator of ecosystems' diversity

The occurrence of the Green Toad Bufo viridis in different areas of the reserve is the best reflection to the diversity of the natural ecosystems from dense to open forests, prairies or orchards to fields, and from sandy to calcareous soil. The habitat of the Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis does not differ too much from that of the Green Toad. Nevertheless, the first avoids open areas.  Indicator of waste and chemicals

60 The construction debris and waste that are thrown in the water of the streams or in their proximity as well as the chemicals and other products affect badly the life of the insectivorous amphibians and their reproduction activity, especially in wadi Aramta – Mlikh and in the southern Rihane. Of the impacted species, the Levant Frog Rana bedriagae which declines numerically, the Green Toad Bufo viridis and the Common Tree Frog Hyla savignyi. The last two are affected and in decline despite the fact that they live away from water, in the proximity of wetlands and in their neighboring cultivated fields. An additional reason for their decline is probably due the reduction of domestic waste (source of insects) that was caused by the displacement of the locals during the years of war. The overuses of pesticides have also affected the Agama Laudakia stellio stellio. Being an insectivorous, the Agama hunts insects while sunning itself on rocks or walls. In addition, it is a non-venomous lizard and considered a friend to farmers whereas it is still persecuted, due to lack of awareness, by some of the apiculturists.  Indicator of insect presence

As most of the Amphibians and Reptiles consume insects, we have noticed them agglomerating near the organic waste dumps where insects grow and pullulate. Of the reptiles: the Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis, Tree Gecko Cyrtopodion kotschyi orientalis and Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus. Of the amphibians: the Common Tree Frog Hyla savignyi; and of the snakes there are two species Eirenis decemlineata and Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus. The latter is smaller.

61 Common Tree Frog Hyla savigny

 Indicator of sandy barren soil

A small snake, the Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans that lives on a hard barren sandy soil, represents this indicator. It doesn't climb on trees or walls.

 Indicator of tree leaves and organic soil

This indicator is represented by the Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki, a member of the family Scincidae that is usually found under dead leaves over a rich soil with organic materials where the mushroom is frequently seen. The atrophied limbs of this skink give the impression of a little snake. Of the venomous snakes: The Montpellier Snake Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus that is common is the area where it feeds on mice, hyraxes, lizards and birds. The Micrelaps muelleri, which is a small snake rarely exceeding 20 cm length. It is confined to southern Lebanon but not found yet in the other reserves of Lebanon. The Large Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis: it was not recorded during the surveys. Instead, the locals confirm its presence only.

62 3. Herpetofauna list (list 3) and species status

A A B B B B C C C D الولويات Priorities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 يالبمائيات AMPHIBIA Salamandridae Fire Salamander Salamandra infraimmaculata infraimmaculata* * Newt Triturus vittatus vittatus*** Anura Green Toad Bufo viridis* + + + Ranidae Levant Frog Rana bedriagae* + + + + Hylidae Common Tree Frog + + + Hyla savignyi * الزواحف REPTILIA Testudinidae Tortoise Testudo graeca terrestris * + + + Chamaeleonidae Chameleon + + + + + Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta** Emydidae Terrapin Mauremys caspica rivulata*** + + + Anguidae Pseudopus apodus *** + Agamidae Agama Laudakia stellio stellio** + + Geckonidae Tree Gecko Cyrtopodion kostchyi orientalis* + + Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus* + + + Lacertidae Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis* + + + Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorffi** + + Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans * + + Scincidae Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki* + Vital's Skink Mabuya vittata vittata* + Typhlopidae Typhlops Typhlops vermicularis*** + Colubridae Large Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis*** + +

63 Hemorrhois nummifer* + + + Platyceps najadum dahlii*** + Collar Snake Platyceps collaris*** + + Eirenis levantinus *** + + Eirenis decemlineatus* + + Eirenis lineomaculatus* + + + Elaphe hohenackeri* + + + Montpellier Snake + + + Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus** Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus * + + Micrelaps muelleri* + + + Dice Snake Natrix tessellata*** + + Telescopus fallax*** + Viperidae Palestinian Viper + Vipera palestinea*** Macrovipera lebetina*** +

A: 1- Globally threatened species, 2- Regionally and nationally threatened species. B: 3- Endemic, 4- Rare in Lebanon, 5- Monospecific or limited to Rihane Reserve, 6- Persecuted by people. C: 7- Extinct from Lebanon, 8- Bio-indicators, 9- Economic species. D: 10- Widespread species.

64

Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) above Rihane village

65 BIRDS OF JABAL RIHANE

Chuckar Partridge Alectoris chukar 1. Introduction Despite the fact that our surveys were faced by difficulties and obstacles such as the presence of unmapped fields of mines and the prohibited uninhabited security zones, we were able to observe, monitor, locate nests and identify bird habitats, covering as such more than 50% of the study area. The stratified sampling method used includes samples from the following common habitats: mountainous relief with peaks, steep and/ or gentle slopes, hills, and small basins. These habitats contained garrigues, macquis of oak and pine groves, burnt and/ or barren rocks or lands, orchards and field crops. As such, the study was based on 96 observation-stations, evenly distributed over all cited habitats. As for the soaring birds which rely upon local air currents in order to migrate by soars and glides, the migration was more or less altered by an easterly warm dry air causing inversion and suppressing the formation of proper thermals during the early autumn of the first year.

66 All the cited difficulties and the constraints mentioned above didn't prevent the study from providing sufficient data to highlight the composition of the avifauna in the area. As a result, 168 bird species were recorded with varied number of individual and frequencies. Of which, 33 species definitely breed in the area, 18 probable breeders but not yet recorded with breeding evidence during the study period, In addition to these species above, 23 more species were expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats but not yet seen or heard.

Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus

2- Species identification and Bio-indicators

The Crow: its abundance indicates organic waste pollution The Kestrel: is used to identify chemical pollution in the environment The Syrian Serin: is used as indicator of air pollution with toxic gazes The Griffon Vulture: an indicator of degraded forests The Syrian Serin: indicates stability of forests and woods The Jay: contributes to reforestation as it feeds on oak fruits and hides some in the soil so that they grow new shoots The Linnet: is a good indicator of climate change The Black Storks: is used as indicator of weather changes The Bee-eater: indicates the presence of wasps and bees Some Warblers indicate climates of the Mediterranean area.

67 3- Bird list (list 4)

Legend: A(1)= Globally threatened species A(2)= Regionally threatened or declining species (B(3)= Endemic (sub species B(4)= Rare breeders +Former breeders (F) + possibly breeding species (P) B(5)= Localized breeder B(6)= Localized non breeder B(7)= Declining breeder B(8)= Internationally important population passing in Lebanon B(9)= Nationally threatened or declining species C(10)= Extinct or probably extinct from Lebanon C(11)= Introduced species. C(12)= Bio-indicators C(13)= Economic species D(14)= Species restricted wholly or largely to the Middle East D(15)= Species which are mainly concentrated in Europe but with unfavorable conditions D(16)= Species which are mainly concentrated outside Europe but with unfavorable conditions in Europe V= vagrant species.

Priorities A A B B B B B B B C C C C D D D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 1 1 بجعيات Pelecanidae White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus + + Ardeidae Grey Heron + + مالك حزين رمادي Ardea cinerea Little Bittern + + واق نصغب Ixobrychus minutus Little Egret + بلشون ابيض نصغب Egretta garzetta Ciconiidae White Stork + + + + + لقلق ابيض Ciconia ciconia Black Stork + + + + لقلق اسود Ciconia nigra Accipitridae Honey Buzzard + + احوام العسل Pernis apivorus Levant Sparrowhawk + F + + + + ا بيدق س يق Accipiter brevipes Griffon Vulture + P + + + + F نش اسمر Gyps fulvus

68 Hen Harrier مرزة الدجاج Circus cyaneus Lesser Spotted Eagle + + + + عقاب سفعاء نصغبة Aquila pomarina Spotted Eagle عقاب سفعاء نكببة Aquila clanga Imperial Eagle + عقاب يامباطوريه Aquila heliaca Hobby + صقر كونج Falco subbuteo Merlin صقر يؤيؤ Falco columbarius Eleonora's Falcon صقر اليونورا Falco eleonorae Lanner Falcon + P + + + صقر حر Falco biarmicus Saker Falcon + + + + صقر الغزال Falco cherrug Short-toed Eagle P + + + عقاب الحيات Circaetus gallicus Pallid Harrier + + + مرزة باهتة Circus macrourus Verreaux's Eagle P v + عقاب خدارية Aquila verreauxii Red-footed Falcon + + + صقر احمر القدم Falco vespertinus Marsh Harrier + + مرزة البطائح Circus aeruginosus Sparrowhawk + + + باشق Accipiter nisus Booted Eagle عقاب مشول Hieraaetus pennatus Golden Eagle F عقاب ذهبية Aquila chrysaetos Bonelli's Eagle P + + + عقاب يبونلل Hieraaetus fasciatus Peregrine Falcon + + + ن نشاهي Falco peregrinus + + + حدأة سوداء Black Kite Milvus migrans Long-legged Buzzard + + + + عقيب طويل الساق**Buteo rufinus Montagu's Harrier + + مرزة مونتاج Circus pygargus + + باز Goshawk Accipiter gentilis + + + * عوسق Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Common Buzzard Buteo buteo + عقيب Phasianidae + + + ن Chukar Partridge حجل يلبناب *Alectoris chukar + + افري Quail Coturnix coturnix Rallidae

69 + + + سلوى Corncrake Crex crex صلندة Coot Fulica atra Gruidae Demoiselle Crane + + يكرك متوج Anthropoides virgo Common Crane + + + يكرك اعتيادي Grus grus Scolopacidae Woodcock دجاجة الرض Scolopax rusticola Columbidae Rock Pigeon + حمام بري *Columba livia Woodpigeon دلم Columba palumbus Turtle Dove + + + + * ترغل Streptopelia turtur Cuculidae Great Spotted Cuckoo P + + + قيقب ابقع نكبب Clamator glandarius Common Cuckoo F + + + قيقب Cuculus canorus Tytonidae + بومة بيضاء *Barn Owl Tyto alba Strigidae + + P ** ثبج ي ياوروب Scops Owl Otus scops Little Owl بومة نصغبة **Athene noctua + بومة سمراء *Tawny Owl Strix aluco Long-eared Owl بومة أذناء نكببة Asio otus Eagle Owl بومة نكببة Bubo bubo Caprimulgidae European Nightjar + + سبد ي ياوروب Caprimulgus europaeus Apodidae Pallid Swift + + + خطف باهت Apus pallidus Alpine Swift + + + * خطف الشواهق Apus melba Common Swift P + ** خطف اسود Apus apus Meropidae European Bee-eater + وروار Merops apiaster Upupidae + P ** هدهد Hoopoe Upupa epops Picidae Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopus + + * نقار خشب سوري syriacus

70 Wryneck + + لواء Jynx torquilla Alaudidae Calandra Lark + + + مطوق Melanocorypha calandra Lesser Short-toed Lark Calandrella + + + يقبة نقصبة الصابع rufescens Bimaculated Lark + + ق مطوق ش ق Melanocorypha bimaculata Sky Lark F + يقبة السماء Alauda arvensis Short-toed Lark Calandrella + + يقبة نقصبة الصابع نكببة brachydactyla Crested Lark P + * يقبة متوجة Galerida cristata Shore Lark P يقبة قرناء **Eremophila alpestris Hirundinidae Sand Martin + + سنونو الشواطء Riparia riparia Crag Martin + سنونو الصخور Ptyonoprogne rupestris Barn Swallow P + + ** سنونو المنازل Hirundo rustica Red-rumped Swallow + سنونو احمر العجز Hirundo daurica House Martin P + ** سنونو يالضواح Delichon urbica Motacillidae Yellow Wagtail P + + ** ام سكعكع صفراء Motacilla flava Grey Wagtail P + + ام سكعكع رمادية Motacilla cinerea White Wagtail + ام سكعكع بيضاء Motacilla alba Long-billed Pipit + ابو تمرة طويل المنقار Anthus similis Tawny Pipit + ابو تمرة الحقول Anthus campestris Tree Pipit ابو تمرة الشجر Anthus trivialis Meadow Pipit جشنة الغيط Anthus pratensis Water Pipit جشنة الماء Anthus spinoletta Pycnonotidae Yellow-vented Bulbul + + + + * بلبل Pycnonotus xanthopygos Troglodytidae Wren + * وصع Troglodytes troglodytes

71 Prunellidae Dunnock عصفور الشوك Prunella modularis Turdidae Pied Wheatear Oenanthe + ابو بليق اسود وابيض pleschanka Isabelline Wheatear P + ابو بليق يرمل Oenanthe isabellina Thrush Nightingale عندليب Luscinia luscinia Whinchat يقليع Saxicola rubetra White-throated Robin F + + + ابو الحن ابيض الزور Irania gutturalis Blue Rock Thrush + + + شحرور أزرق * Monticola solitarius Rock Thrush P سمنة الصخور **Monticola saxatilis Song Thrush + + سمنة مطربة Turdus philomelos Redwing + + سمنة حمراء الجناح Turdus iliacus Mistle Thrush سمنة الدبق Turdus viscivorus Black-throated Thrush + + سمنة سوداء الزور Turdus ruficollis Fieldfare سمنة الحقول Turdus pilaris Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe P + + ** ابو بليق اسود الذن hispanica Desert Wheatear أبو بليق الصحراء Oenanthe deserti Finch's Wheatear + أبو بليق فنش Oenanthe finschii Mourning Wheatear أبلق حزين Oenanthe lugens Common Wheatear + + ابو بليق اعتيادي Oenanthe oenanthe Blackbird + + * شحرور Turdus merula Ring Ouzel سمنة مطوقة Turdus torquatus Redstart حمرة Phoenicurus phoenicurus Black Redstart + + حمرة سوداء Phoenicurus ochruros Stonechat + يقليع مطوق Saxicola torquata Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas P **ابو حناء الحراش الحمر galactotes Robin ابو الحن Erithacus rubecula

72 Nightingale هزار ي ياوروب Luscinia megarhynchos هوازج Sylvidae Barred Warbler + هازجة مخططة Sylvia nisoria Garden Warbler هازجة الحدائق Sylvia borin Ruppell's Warbler P + هازجة يروبلل Sylvia rueppelli Subalpine Warbler دخلة الصود Sylvia cantillans Menetries's Warbler + P + + هازجة منبي Sylvia mystacea Wood Warbler F نقشارة الغاب Phylloscopus sibilatrix Icterine Warbler نقشارة صفراء Hippolais icterina Upcher's Warbler + + خنشع الشجر Hippolais languida Orphean Warbler + + + * دخلة الحدائق Sylvia hortensis Spectacled Warbler + + * دخلة ام عوينات Sylvia conspicillata Sardinian Warbler Sylvia + + * دخلة سوداء الرأس melanocephala Lesser Whitethroat + + دخلة بيضاء الزور نصغبة*Sylvia curruca Whitethroat + دخلة اعتيادية Sylvia communis Olivaceous Warbler + + * هازجة شاحبة Hippolais pallida Olive-tree Warbler خنشع الزيتون Hippolais olivetorum Graceful Prinia + هازجة رشيقة Prinia gracilis Blackcap P * خوري وشماس Sylvia atricapilla Bonelli's Warbler P ** هازجة يبونلل Phylloscopus bonelli Chiffchaff نقشارة Phylloscopus collybita Willow Warbler نقشارة Phylloscopus trochilus الصفصاف Muscicapidae Collard Flycatcher آكل الذباب المطوق Ficedula albicollis Red-breasted Flycatcher + آكل الذباب أحمر الصدر Ficedula parva

73 Spotted Flycatcher + + آكل الذباب Muscicapa striata * المخطط Pied Flycatcher آكل ذباب البيض Ficedula hypoleuca والسود Paridae Sombre Tit + قرقف حزين *Parus lugubris Coal Tit P قرقف يفحم **Parus ater Great Tit + قرقف نكبب *Parus major Western Rock Nuthatch + خازن البندق *Sitta neumayer نالصغب Nectariniidae Palestinian Sunbird ن أبو الزهور يالفلسطين Nectarinia osea Oriolidae Golden Oriole P + + + + صفراية Oriolus oriolus Laniidae Masked Shrike + + * درب مقنع Lanius nubicus Woodchat Shrike** P + درب الغاب أحمر الرأس Lanius senator Red-backed Shrike + + درب احمر الظهر Lanius collurio Isabelline Shrike درب يرمل Lanius isabellinus Corvidae Hooded Crow + + * قاق غراب Corvus corone cornix Jay + أبو زريق *Garrulus glandarius Rose-coloured Starling زرزور قرمزي Sturnus roseus زرزور Starling Sturnus vulgaris Passeridae Rock Sparrow + دوري الصخور **Petronia petronia Pale Rock Sparrow Carpospiza + + + + دوري الصخور الشاحب brachydactyla Sparrow + + * دوري المنازل Passer domesticus P ن Spanish Sparrow دوري ياسباب Passer hispaniolensis Fringillidae

74 Red-fronted Serin نعار أحمر الجبهة Serinus pusillus Syrian Serin + + + نعار سوري *Serinus syriacus European Serin انعار Serinus serinus Siskin ا نعار يشوك Carduelis spinus Goldfinch + + * احسون Carduelis carduelis Linnet P + ** يتفيفيح Carduelis cannabina Crimson-winged Finch + نزمب قرمزي Rhodopechys sanguinea الجناح Trumpeter Finch نزمب وردي Bucanetes githagineus ن بلبل يزيتوب Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes Brambling صلنج الشمال Fringilla montifringilla Chaffinch + * صلنج Fringilla coelebs Greenfinch + * عصفور نخضبي Carduelis chloris Emberizidae Rock Bunting + درسة الصخور Emberiza cia Ortolan Bunting + + درسة ارطلن Emberiza hortulana Cretzschmar's Bunting + * درسة كرتسمار Emberiza caesia Black-headed Bunting* + + درسة سوداء الرأس Emberiza melanocephala Corn Bunting P ** درسة الذرة Miliaria calandra Yellowhammer درسة صفراء Emberiza citrinella

168 recorded bird species 33 definite breeding species * 18 possible breeders but not yet recorded with breeding evidence ** 23 species expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats but not yet seen or heared

75 76 Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Bird priorities Followings are the birds of highest priorities at Jabal Rihane for being either globally threatened or regionally threatened species.

 Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina, White Stork Ciconia ciconia, Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Levant Sparrow Hawk Accipiter brevipes, Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo, Corncrake Crex crex, Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos, Upcher's Warbler Hippolais languida, Menetries's Warbler Sylvia mystacea, Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus.

4. Future of research and status updates The obtained results encourage us to make more effort in the future in order to fine- tune the status of the observed species, especially the migrants that may settle down in Rihane area. The study of the migratory and soaring bird species revealed that the flyway over Freidies- Rihane- Deir Mimas is slightly less important than the main flyway over Aley- Azour-Nabatyeh. As this study is the first of its kind in the region, it is worthy to note that the Jabal Rihane appeared to encompass several sites that are considered hotspots for roosting, sheltering and resting of migrants in general and globally and regionally threatened species in particular. In addition, it is of high importance to focus in the future on the wintering species of Jabal Rihane as these will certainly assist the management team of the reserve to monitor the bird community as indicator of the managing processes, state of the environment and productivity of the ecosystems. The migratory and wintering bird species are nowadays considered the most significant component of the international biodiversity.

77 5. Monitoring of birds :There are two ways for bird monitoring 1- Monitoring of nesting birds. The increase in numbers of breeding species, especially raptors, is treated as an indicator of environmental improvement. The species, which have bred in the past and stopped to do so (former breeders), due to human persecution, are also a positive indicator if they return to nest again in the area. 2- Putting rings (banding/ ringing) in the feet of the netted birds, similarly to what have been done prior to the hostility days in Lebanon by the Faculty of Science-Lebanese University with financial support from the National Council of Scientific Research. The recovery of the ringed birds will allow us to:  define the itineraries that are followed by the birds,  know the time spent by birds within the Lebanon's territories, and  indicate the origin and destination of these birds

78

References and sources of information

Most of the data in this report is the result of exhaustive researches that were undertaken in the past by the members of the team in different parts of Lebanon. During the years 2002-2003, they regularly focused on the Jabal Rihane area, subject of this study. Despite all constraints and field of mines, the field studies were conducted in accordance with the pre-fixed timetable. It is worthy to mention that the team used several basic references with attention paid to the Lebanese publications. As for the old references, they were omitted here due to the shortage of time.

General references and publications on the ecology of Lebanon

Abi-Saleh B. & Nasser N. & Rami H. & Safi N. & Safi S. & Tohmé H. – La flore terrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban ; Projet GF / 6105-92-72. Publication n°3, 1996. CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community. EUR 12587/3, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991. CORINE Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. Natura 2000. October 1999. Tohmé H. & Abdul-Nour H. & Assi F. & Hraoui-Bloquet S. & Ramadan-Jradi Gh. – La faune terrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban ; Projet GF / 6105-92-72. Publication n°4, 1996. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Ecologie du Liban. Faits et exemples (en arabe, titre en français). Publications de l’UL n° 15. 216 p. et plusieurs photos en couleur, 1985. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Les Coquillages terrestres du Liban (en français). Publications de l’UL n° 20. 113 p et nombreux dessins. 1988. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. – Les Oiseaux du Liban (en arabe, titre en français). Publications de l’UL n° 17. 165 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1986.

Flora Abou-Chaar C., The woody plants of A.U.B. campus. Beirut : American University of Beirut, 1991. Edgecombe W.S., Weeds of Lebanon. Beirut : American University of Beirut, 1970. Lys P. & Ades J., Petite flore illustrée du Liban. Beirut : Faculté Française de Médecine, 1956. Mouterde P., Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 3 vols + 3 atlas. Beirut : Dar El-Machreq (Imprimerie Catholique), 1966-1970-1983.

79 Nehmé M., Dictionnaire étymologique de la flore du Liban. Beirut : Librairie du Liban Editeurs. 2000. Nehmé M., Fleurs sauvages du Liban. 3 versions (Arabic, 1981; English, 1978 and French, 1977). Beirut : Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1977. Polunin O. & Huxley A., Flowers of the Mediterranean. London : Chatto and Windus, 1955. Post G.E., Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. 2d Edition, 2 vols. Beirut : American University of Beirut, 1932. Tohmé G. – La médecine populaire et les plantes médicinales au Liban. Premier Congrès international – Plantes médicinales et phytothérapie. Tunis 19-20 mai 1993. Tohmé G. & H., Recherche sur le statut actuel de la flore du Liban. Beirut : Lebanese Science Journal, Vol 2, No 1. 2001. Tohmé G. & H., A Thousand and One Flowers of Lebanon. Beirut: Publications of the LEBANESE UNIVERSITY, Natural Sciences Section 22. 2002. Tohmé G., Tohmé H., Hrawi-Bloquet S., Karakira M., Gèze R., Slim K.,) – Rapport on Five protected areas in Lebanon. National Council for Scientific Research. 1999. (Projet UNDP nº Leb. 95-G31-AIG-99).

Amphibians and Reptiles Bocsh H. A. J., In Den, Prodromus einer liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Lebanon. – Faunistische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden, 21/Suppl. : 9-17, Dresden. 1998. Bosch H. A. J. in den, W. Bischoff & J. F. Schmidtler, Bemerkenswerte Reptilienfunde im Lebanon. – Herpetofauna 20 (117): 19–32, Weinstadt. 1998. Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Les reptiles du Liban. 1. nomenclature et notes écologiques. – Ecologia Mediterranea 7 (2) : 93–101. 1981. Hraoui-Bloquet, S. M. Sabeh & R. Sadek, La présence du triton Triturus vittatus Gray 1835 amphibien urodèle au Liban. – Lebanese Scientific Research Reports 2 (1) 15- 22. 1997. Hraoui-Bloquet S. & R. Sadek, Les Amphibiens du Liban écologie et new record. – Bulletin de la Société Herpetologique de France. (3): 23-31. 2001. Hraoui-Bloquet S, R. Sadek, R. Sindaco & A. Venchi, The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data in distribution. Zoology in the Middle East. Vol. 27 : 5-16. 2002.

Mammals Atallah S. I., - Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Their Ecology, Systematics and Zoogeographical Relationships. Saugetierkund liche Mitteilungen, t. 25 (4): 241-320 & t. 26 (1): 1-50. 1977-1978. Harrison D. L., - The Mammals of Arabia vol I, pp. 1-192 (1964), vol II, pp 193-381 (1968), vol III pp. 382-670 (1972). Ernest Benn Limited London. Lewis R. E. & Harrison D. L. – Notes on the Bats from the Republic of Lebanon. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 138 : 473-486, 1962.

80 Tohmé G. & Nahas-Zahreddine, G. & Neuschwander, - Nouvelles données sur le statut actuel du loup Canis lupus pallipes au Liban. Mammalia, t. 39, n° 3, 1975. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., - Contribution à l’étude du porc-épic Hystrix indica indica Kerr, 1792 (Rodentia). Mammalia, 44 : 523-529. Paris, 1980. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., Extinct and Disappearing Animals in Lebanon. Biology International (IUBS). Paris, n° 4. 1981. Tohmé H. & Tohmé G., - Quelques données anatomiques sur le porc-épic Hystrix indica indica Kerr, 1792 (Rodentia), Mammalia t. 45, n° 3, pp. 363-371. Paris, 1981 Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., - Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel de l’hyène Hyaena hyaena syriaca Mat., 1900 (Carnivora) au Liban. Mammalia t. 47, n° 3, pp. 345-351. Paris, 1983. Tohmé H. & Tohmé G., - Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel des musaraignes au Liban (Insectivora : Soricidae). Mammalia t. 47, n° 3, pp. 353-357. Paris, 1983. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. – Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel des Felidae au Liban et plus particulièrement du chat des marais Felis chaus Güldenstaedt, 1776. Mammalia t. 64, n° 2, pp. 247-249. Paris. 2000. Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Les Mammifères sauvages du Liban. Publications de l’UL n° 16. 189 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1985.

Birds Beale C. M. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Automn routes of migrating raptors ond other soaring birds in Lebanon. Sandgrouse 23(2): 124-129. 2001. Evans M. I. – Important birds area in the Middle East. Bird Life International (BirdLife Conservation Series No 2), Cambridge, 1994. Hollom P. A. D. – Notes from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Antioch. Ibis 101: 183 – 200. 1959. Khairallah N. H. – Four unusual records from the Lebanon. Orn. Soc. Middle East Bull. 16: 16-17. 1986. Khairallah N. H. – Notes on the autumn raptor migration over the Lebanon in 1981. Sandgrosse 13: 34-41. 1991. Kumerloeve H. – Notes on the Birds of the Lebanese Republic. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ. 20-21: 1-81. 1962. Kumerloeve H. – Liste comparée des oiseaux nicheurs de Turquie méridionale, Syrie, Liban. Alauda 40 : 353-366. 1972. Macfarlane A. M. Fields notes on the birds of Lebanon and Syria, 1974-1977. Army Bird-watching Soc. Per. Publ. 3. 1978. Nevins J. –Partial checklist of the birds of Lebanon. Unpubl. Manuscript. 1960. Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Notes on some breeding birds of Lebanon. Sandgrouse 19: 122-125. 1997. Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – An updated Chcklist of the birds of Lebanon. Sandgrouse 21: 132-170. 1999.

81 Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Population size of the Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus and other ornithological records from Lebanon. Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 3 No 1 : 27-35. 2002. Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J. - Nouvelles données sur l’avifaune de la République Libanaise. Alauda 13 : 243-258. 1974. Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J. – Nouvelles précisions sur le statut de quelques espèces nicheuses ou migratrices de l’avifaune libanaise. L’Oiseau 48 : 319 – 327. 1978. Wallace D. I. M. – Selected observation from Lebanon, Syria and Jordan in the springs of 1963 and 1966. Sandgrouse 6: 24-27. 1984.

82 Recommendations towards the declaration of Jabal Rihane a Reserve

 Assignment of a committee representing municipalities and non-governmental environmental organizations to follow up the matter and increase the awareness of the local communities on the importance of declaring the Jabal Rihane a Reserve.  Issuance of the law declaring the Jabal Rihane a Reserve  Identification of overlapping areas in coordination with local authorities or those concerned for public properties, especially that the area covered by the reserve is formed from forests, public areas and barren lands around Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aychyeh. Other villages may join the reserve too.  Completion of the present study in order to know more details about the climate, soil, fauna and flora.  Agreement on entrances, car parking, trails within the reserve, areas of visitors and infrastructure for facilitating the visitation, to name a few.

83 Linum pubescens from Rihane. We have to study the white variety in the future.

84