Kriegskorrespondenten Und Das Militär –

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Kriegskorrespondenten Und Das Militär – KriegsreporterInnen und das Militär – Eine Untersuchung britischer und US- amerikanischer Korrespondentenmemoiren aus dem Golfkrieg 1991 und dem Irakkrieg 2003 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philologischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Anne Kathrin Göb aus Fulda WS 2013/14 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Barbara Korte Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sylvia Paletschek Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Bernd Kortmann Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 01.07.2014 Danksagung Die vorliegende Monografie ist eine leicht überarbeitete Version meiner im Dezember 2014 an der Universität Freiburg vorgelegten Doktorarbeit. Zahlreiche Menschen haben zur Entstehung dieser Arbeit beigetragen, denen ich an dieser Stelle aufrichtig danken möchte. Meiner Doktormutter, Frau Prof. Dr. Barbara Korte, danke ich herzlich für die Anre- gung zur vorliegenden Arbeit sowie für die kontinuierliche Begleitung und Betreuung. Ebenso danke ich meiner Zweitgutachterin Prof. Dr. Sylvia Paletschek für ihre wohlwollende Unterstützung. Dankbar bin ich zudem für die finanzielle Unterstützung meiner Forschungen durch ein dreijähriges Stipendium der Landesgraduiertenförderung Baden-Württemberg sowie durch ein Reisestipendium der Graduiertenschule Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Freiburg, welches es mir ermöglichte, Archivrecherchen in London durchzuführen. Den Mitgliedern der DFG Forschergruppe „Kooperation, Kritik und Konkurrenz: Das Militär und seine Beziehungen zu den Medien im 20. Jahrhundert – ein internationaler Vergleich“ gebührt Dank für die wertvollen Anregungen sowie den interdisziplinären Austausch in der Konzeptionsphase der Arbeit. Besonders erwähnen möchte ich zudem die herausragende kollegiale Unterstützung, die ich über die gesamte Entstehungszeit der Dissertation hinweg durch die Mitarbeitenden und Promovierenden des Lehrstuhls Prof. Dr. Barbara Korte erfahren habe. Der rege fachliche und persönliche Austausch über die Jahre hinweg hat mich sehr bereichert. Ein besonderer Dank gilt den zahlreichen Menschen, die das Manuskript der Arbeit in den verschiedenen Stadien Korrektur gelesen haben und wertvolle inhaltliche Anregungen, aber auch wichtige emotionale Unterstützung geleistet haben: Susanne Duesterberg, Kerstin Lohr, Katja Bay, Christiane Hadamitzky, Nicole Falkenhayner, Ulrike Pirker und Christian Müller. Für das gründliche Abschlusslektorat danke ich Herrn Dr. Daniel Bussenius. Mein herzlicher Dank geht zudem an alle guten Freunde, die mich während der Arbeit an meiner Dissertation begleitet und unterstützt haben: Katharina Nowak, Daniela Wack, Susanne Duesterberg, Miriam Almstadt, Kerstin Lohr, Tobias Venedey, Gunnar Finke, Hanna Kubowitz, Lena Hofmann, Sara Pasetto, Dorothea Farkas-Baumann, Ann-Marie Einhaus sowie Theresa und Coman Hamilton. Ohne Eure Freundschaft und Eure unermüdliche Unterstützung hätte ich diese Arbeit niemals fertiggestellt. Der letzte und größte Dank aber gebührt meinen Eltern für ihren bedingungslosen Rückhalt und ihre grenzenlose Unterstützung über alle Höhen und Tiefen hinweg. Ihnen widme ich diese Arbeit. Inhalt 1. Einleitung ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Thema und Fragestellung der Arbeit ...................................................................... 7 1.2 Aktualität und gesellschaftliche Relevanz des Themas Kriegsberichterstattung ......................................................................................... 11 1.3 Forschungsstand und Leistung der eigenen Arbeit ............................................... 13 1.4 KriegskorrespondentInnen und das Militär .......................................................... 16 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit ................................................................................................. 19 2. Theoriebausteine ....................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Memoiren als „Akte sozialer Kommunikation“ ................................................... 21 2.2 Bourdieus Feld- und Habitus-Theorie .................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Habitus, Feld und Kapital ....................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Die Logik des journalistischen Feldes .................................................... 31 2.2.3 Der Habitus der KriegsreporterInnen ...................................................... 33 3. Einflussfaktoren auf die Arbeit britischer und US-amerikanischer KriegskorrespondentInnen ...................................................................................... 34 3.1 Journalistisches Berufsethos ................................................................................. 35 3.2 Ökonomische Einflussfaktoren ............................................................................. 37 3.3 Technologische Einflussfaktoren .......................................................................... 40 3.4 Einflüsse durch Politik und Militär ...................................................................... 42 4. Das militärische Feld ................................................................................................ 45 4.1 Die Position der Streitkräfte in der britischen und amerikanischen Gesellschaft .......................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Der militärische Habitus ....................................................................................... 46 5. Militär-Medien-Relationen im historischen Überblick ......................................... 51 6. Militär und Medien im Golfkrieg ............................................................................ 59 6.1 Medienpolitik im Golfkrieg .................................................................................. 59 6.2 Journalistisches Schreiben über den Golfkrieg und Auswahl der Fallstudien ...... 65 6.3 Richard Kay – Desert Warrior (1992) .................................................................. 67 6.3.1 Vom Hofberichterstatter zum Kriegskorrespondenten: Kays Position im journalistischen Feld ............................................................ 67 6.3.2 Der Kriegskorrespondent als Abenteurer ................................................ 70 6.3.3 Die Darstellung des Krieges als Kampf gegen das Böse ........................ 74 6.3.4 Der Kriegskorrespondent als Kamerad der Soldaten .............................. 78 6.3.5 Der Kriegskorrespondent als „Desert Warrior“ ...................................... 80 6.3.6 Kays Bewertung der militärischen Medienpolitik .................................. 83 6.3.7 Fazit......................................................................................................... 88 6.4 Kate Adie – The Kindness of Strangers (2002) .................................................... 89 6.4.1 Kate Adies Stellung im journalistischen Feld ......................................... 89 6.4.2 Adies Memoiren The Kindness of Strangers (2002) ............................... 93 6.4.3 Adie und das Militär: Die Begegnung mit dem Fremden ....................... 95 6.4.4 Als Frau im Militär: Reflexion der Rolle als Kriegsreporterin ............... 99 6.4.5 Identifikationspotentiale: Persönliche Kontakte zu Presseoffizieren und Soldaten.......................................................................................... 102 6.4.6 Adies Darstellung der Medienpolitik des Militärs ................................ 106 6.4.7 Reflexion der eigenen Rolle im Golfkrieg ............................................. 110 6.4.8 Fazit........................................................................................................ 114 6.5 Robert Fisk – The Great War for Civilisation (2005) .......................................... 116 6.5.1 Fisks Habitus und seine Position im journalistischen Feld .................... 116 6.5.2 The Great War For Civilisation: „more than a chronology of eyewitness reports“ ............................................................................... 123 6.5.3 Fisks Darstellung des amerikanischen Militärs im Golfkrieg............... 126 6.5.4 Inszenierte Begegnungen: Metaphorische Darstellung der Militär- Medien-Interaktionen im Pressezentrum in Dharan ............................. 129 6.5.5 „Angry at my own profession“: Fisks Anklage des journalistischen Berufsstandes ........................................................................................ 133 6.5.6 Fisks Selbstdarstellung als Verfechter des journalistischen Berufsethos ........................................................................................... 139 6.5.7 Die Kommunikation zwischen Fisk und dem Militär als „Clash“ der Narrative ............................................................................ 143 6.5.8 Fisks Stilisierung des einfachen Soldaten als menschliches Opfer des Krieges – ein Akt der Annäherung ................................................. 145 6.5.9 Fazit....................................................................................................... 149 6.6 Christopher Bellamy – Expert Witness (1993) ................................................... 150 6.6.1 Bellamys Habitus und Position im journalistischen Feld ..................... 150 6.6.2 Bellamys Memoiren:
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