DOCSLIB.ORG

In Pursuit of Conceptual Excellence: the Evolution of British Military

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Pursuit of Conceptual Excellence: the Evolution of British Military For my parents and Cecilia Qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Roman military theorist, De Re Militarii, 4th century AD Contents Acknowledgements 13 Abbreviations 15 INTRODUCTION 19 PART I THE RE-EMERGENCE OF CONVENTIONAL MILITARY POWER: SINGLE-SERVICE DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENTS, 1989–1996 43 Introduction 45 1 An Era of Cumulative Changes: The Environment Shaping Britain’s Armed Forces, 1989–1996 48 1.1 Strategic Environment: The Lack of Defence Policy Guidance 49 1.2 Technological Environment: A ‘Revolution in Military Expectations’ 61 1.3 Social Environment: Mounting Pressure on the ‘Postmodern Military’ 70 2 The Capability-Based Army: Land Power Leads the Way into Doctrine Development 78 2.1 Organisational Culture: The Two Armies 79 2.2 Doctrinal Debate: From the Bagnall Reforms to Operation Granby 86 2.3 Formal Doctrine: The Manoeuvrist Approach 98 3 ‘Instrument of First Choice’: The Emancipation of Air Power after the Gulf War 104 3.1 Organisational Culture: The Royal Air Force as the Junior Service 105 3.2 Doctrinal Debate: The Gulf War, Technology and New Constraints 112 3.3 Formal Doctrine: Strategic Air Offensive Revisited 122 4 Wider Peacekeeping: A Half-Completed Understanding of Post-Cold War Peacekeeping 129 4.1 Organisational Culture: The Legacy of Low-Intensity Operations 130 4.2 Doctrinal Debate: Justifying the Limitations of Bosnia 140 4.3 Formal Doctrine: The Concept of Wider Peacekeeping 148 5 Maritime Power Projection: A Navy for the New Strategic Environment 154 5.1 Organisational Culture: The Royal Navy as the Senior Service 155 5.2 Doctrinal Debate: Preparing a Trojan Horse for Joint Doctrine 164 5.3 Formal Doctrine: The Concept of Maritime Power Projection 168 6 Doctrine: Instrument of Service Policy and Change Management 177 PART II CONSOLIDATION OF A POST-COLD WAR MILITARY STRATEGY: JOINT DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENTS, 1996–2002 185 Introduction 187 7 Military Transformation Rebalanced: The Environment Shaping Britain’s Armed Forces, 1996–2002 190 7.1 Strategic Environment: Consolidation of a Post-Cold War Defence Policy 190 7.2 Technological Environment: The Growing ‘System of Systems’ 199 7.3 Social Environment: The Military’s ‘Right to Be Different’ 204 8 Peace Enforcement: The New Rationale for Post-Cold War Crisis Interventions 211 8.1 Organisational Culture: The Changing Attitude towards Peacekeeping 212 8.2 Doctrinal Debate: Marrying Counter-Insurgency and Coercion Theory 214 8.3 Formal Doctrine: The Concept of Peace Enforcement 221 9 British Defence Doctrine: Breakthrough of a Joint Military-Strategic Doctrine 229 9.1 Organisational Culture: Jointery – The ‘Purple Trend’ 230 9.2 Doctrinal Debate: British Defence Doctrine and the Lessons from Kosovo 235 9.3 Formal Doctrine: The ‘British Approach to Military Operations’ 247 10 The ‘Post-11 September’ Military: Doctrine and the Rise of Asymmetric Confl ict, 2001/02 259 10.1 The British Debate on Asymmetry prior to ‘11 September’ 262 10.2 The ‘New Chapter’ – A Blueprint for Further Military Transformation 266 10.3 Afghanistan 2001/02 – The Merging and Blurring of Military Operations 274 11 Doctrine: Institutionalising a Culture of Innovation 285 CONCLUSION 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 313 APPENDICES 355 A Chronology – Major Events in British Defence and Doctrinal Evolution 357 B British Doctrine Community 365 C Hierarchy of British Doctrinal Documents 367 Acknowledgements The successful conclusion of this doctoral thesis would not have been possible without the help and cooperation of many people. I would like to thank my supervisors and mentors Professors Kurt R. Spillmann and Andreas Wenger for promoting and guiding my efforts in security and defence studies. Their dedication to the subject, their demanding standards of work as well as their care and encouragement will forever remain a source of inspiration to me. I am grateful to the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College London, which kindly accepted me as a visiting fellow and opened the doors to many institutes in Britain’s defence establishment. Among the other organisations which helped me, I would like to emphasise the assistance of the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London, which invited me to participate in the rolling seminar series of the British Military Doctrine Group at the Joint Services Command and Staff College in Shrivenham. I would also like to thank the fol- lowing interview partners, both academics and practitioners, who of- fered vital insights into contemporary British doctrine development: Michael Codner, Oliver Daddow, John Mackinlay and Bill Tyack. Furthermore, many valuable comments were provided by Christoph Breitenmoser, Marcel Gerber and Zsuzsanna Hegybiro, for which I would like to thank them. I am also very grateful to David Syme for so meticulously proof-reading the fi nal draft and smoothing the edges of my English. I am much obliged to the Directorate for Security Policy (DSP) of the Swiss Department of Defence for providing the fi nancial support for my fi rst year of research in the United Kingdom. I am equally indebted to the Swiss National Fund, which granted me a scholarship for the second year. Most of all, I would like to thank my parents and my fi ancée Cecilia. Their unwavering love during the past years has been invaluable. Without their support and faith in my doings, I might not have em- barked on this ‘journey’ and I would certainly never have arrived at its destination. 13 But in the end I must take responsibility for whatever weaknesses and errors yet remain, as the thoughts expressed in this thesis do not necessarily refl ect the views of any of the above mentioned institutes or individuals. Lambs Conduit Street, London, 15 September 2003 Markus Mäder 14 Abbreviations 9/11 Terror attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 AAP Allied Administrative Publication ACSC Army Command and Staff College ADP Army Doctrine Publication AFM Army Field Manual AJP Allied Joint Publication AP 3000 Air Publication 3000 (British Air Power Doctrine) ARRC Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps AWC Air Warfare Centre BA British Army BAOR British Army of the Rhine BDD 1 / 2 British Defence Doctrine, 1st Edition (1997) / 2nd Edition (2001) BMD 1 / 2 British Military Doctrine, 1st Edition (1989) / 2nd Edition (1996) BMDG British Military Doctrine Group BR 1806 British Maritime Doctrine CAS Chief of the Air Staff CDS Chief of the Defence Staff CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CGS Chief of the General Staff CIMIC Civil-Military Cooperation CJO Chief of Joint Operations CJTF Combined Joint Task Force COIN Counter-Insurgency 15 CSRC Confl ict Studies Research Centre DfID Department for International Development DGD&D Directorate General of Development and Doctrine DPKO UN Department for Peacekeeping Operations DSD Defence Studies Department (King’s College London) EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ESDP European Security and Defence Policy FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Offi ce FRY Former Republic of Yugoslavia GOC General Offi cer Commanding HCSC Higher Command and Staff Course HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce HQ Headquarters IFOR Implementation Force IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies INTERFET International Force for East Timor ISAF International Security Assistance Force ISTAR Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance JDCC Joint Doctrine and Concepts Centre JRDF Joint Rapid Deployment Force JRRF Joint Rapid Reaction Forces JSCSC Joint Services Command and Staff College JWP Joint Warfare Publication KCL King’s College London KFOR Kosovo Force MACA Military Aid to the Civil Authorities MAS NATO Military Agency for Standardisation 16 MNB C Multinational Brigade Centre (KFOR) MND Multinational Division MoD Ministry of Defence MTR Military-Technological Revolution MWC Maritime Warfare Centre NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NORTHAG Northern Army Group OGD Other Government Department OODA Observation – Orientation – Decision – Action (Loop) OOTW Operations Other Than War OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PfP NATO Partnership for Peace PGM Precision-Guided Munition PJHQ Permanent Joint Headquarters PSO Peace Support Operation RAF Royal Air Force RMA Revolution in Military Affairs RN Royal Navy ROE Rules of Engagement RUSI Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe SACLANT Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic SCSI Strategic and Combat Studies Institute SDR Strategic Defence Review SF Special Forces (British term, as opposed to Special Operations Forces/SOF in US and NATO terminology) 17 SFOR Stabilisation Force SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SLOC Sea Lines of Communications SOF Special Operations Forces (US and NATO term) SOUTHAG Southern Army Group SSBN Nuclear Powered Ballistic Missile Firing Submarine TASM Tactical Air-to-Surface Missile TF Task Force TLAM Tomahawk Land Attack Missile TRADOC US Army Training and Doctrine Command TSO The Stationery Offi ce (until 1996 HMSO) UCK Ushtria Clirimtare Kosovës (Kosovo Liberation Army) UK United Kingdom UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNOSOM United Nations Operations in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force (in Former Yugoslavia) UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental Destruction in the 1991 Gulf War*
    Environmental Destruction in the 1991 Gulf War* by Adam Roberts Since the 1991 war between Iraq and the coalition powers there has been much interest in the question of how to limit the environ- mental damage of warfare. In addressing that question, it is necessary to look at the events of the war itself, and to draw some conclusions from that experience as well as from other experience and from more normative approaches. That there would be a high risk of environmental destruction in any war over Kuwait had been expected beforehand — not least because, in September 1990, Iraq had threatened destruction of oilfields. Thereafter, for better or for worse, many of those warning of environmental destruction described the probable damage in apoca- lyptic terms, and used it as an argument against resorting to war at all. In the months between the occupation of Kuwait in August 1990 and the outbreak of war in January 1991 there was rather less public debate about the need to observe laws of war restraints, including those in regard to the environment, if war should break out. The UN Security Council did not address laws of war issues systematically in its resolutions in this period. However, the ICRC, in its representations to governments in mid-December 1990, did refer to protection of the natural environment. Then, in the letter handed to the Iraqi foreign minister in Geneva on 9 January 1991, President Bush warned that the US would not tolerate "the use of chemical or biological weapons, support for any kind of terrorist actions, or the destruction of Kuwait's oil fields and installations".
    [Show full text]
  • The Working Environment of Interpreters, Translators And
    The care and feeding of linguists: the working environment of interpreters, translators and linguists during peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina Dr Catherine Baker University of Southampton Contact details: Department of Modern Languages, Avenue Campus, University of Southampton, Highfield Road, Southampton, SO17 1BF. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The history of war and peacekeeping has little to say about languages or the people who work with them, yet a closer inspection shows that contacts between different languages and the presence of an interpreter were a routine experience during the peacekeeping and peace-building operations conducted by the UN and NATO in Bosnia-Herzegovina. This paper shows how political, strategic, tactical and economic pressures affected the working lives of local civilians employed as interpreters/translators/linguists and the soldiers from the multinational force who served as military interpreters. In so doing, it argues that the history of interlingual communication deserves to be included in the history of conflict. The United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) to safeguard humanitarian aid convoys and protect the UN safe areas during the war (1992–95), then implement and uphold the Dayton peace agreement which laid out BiH’s post-war settlement, required a multi-national assortment of soldiers and civilian defence staff to encounter a place of which they mostly knew little and forced the remaining inhabitants of BiH to encounter them. Indeed, the activities of ‘peacekeeping’ comprised a multitude of intercultural encounters not only between the peacekeepers and the local civilian and military populations but also between the soldiers from more than 30 different national and military cultures who worked together at headquarters, in logistics or engineering projects, on weapons inspections and in combined training exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • First Defence Meetings (Jan 13, 2004 to Dec
    Source: Wayback Machine Speakers at First Defence meetings (Jan 13, 2004 to Dec. 14, 2009), for www.firstdefence.org Sir Geoffrey E. Pattie, President; while he simultaneously ran SCL Group Limited, Terrington Management Speaker sponsored by First Year Mo_Day Speaker Title Topic_of_Speech Venue Defence (Sir Geoffrey Pattie, Pres.) 2009 Nov 23 Tobias Ellwood MP Author of COIN Ops: Bridging the Post conflict reconstruction; how House of Commons, Committee Gap Between Military and Civilian to win in Afghanistan Room 16 Affairs on the Modern Battlefield 2009 Oct 06 Liam Fox (Dr.) MP, Shadow Secretary of State for Defending Our Interests; Making Manchester Central Room Charter Defence the Case for Defence 2, Conservative Party Fringe Meeting 2009 Jul 14 Douglas Carswell MP, Shadow Secretary of State for The Next Strategic Defence House of Commons, Committee Defence Review: Options for Change, or Room 17 Options for Cuts? 2009 May 12 Geoffrey van Orden MBE, MEP, Conservative Compting Needs, National, NATO House of Commons, Committee Spokesman on Defence and and European: Resolving the Room 6 Security in the European competition for defence resources Parliament, Vice Chairman, Foreign Affairs Committee 2009 Jan 20 Chris Donnelly CMG, TD, Senior Fellow The Forecasing Future Conflict: From House of Commons, Committee Defence Academy of the UK, the Cold War to Hot Peace Room 5 Director of the Institute for Statecraft and Governance 2008 Sep 30 Liam Fox (Dr.) MP, Shadow Secretary of State for Resurgent Threats: Terror, Russia Hall 5 Birmingham International
    [Show full text]
  • Suez 1956 24 Planning the Intervention 26 During the Intervention 35 After the Intervention 43 Musketeer Learning 55
    Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd i 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East Louise Kettle 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiiiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Louise Kettle, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/1 3 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3795 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3797 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3798 1 (epub) The right of Louise Kettle to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iivv 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Learning from History 1 Learning from History in Whitehall 3 Politicians Learning from History 8 Learning from the History of Military Interventions 9 How Do We Learn? 13 What is Learning from History? 15 Who Learns from History? 16 The Learning Process 18 Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 21 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Airpilotdec 2017 ISSUE 24
    AIR PILOT DEC 2017:AIR PILOT MASTER 29/11/17 09:25 Page 1 AirPilot DEC 2017 ISSUE 24 AIR PILOT DEC 2017:AIR PILOT MASTER 29/11/17 09:25 Page 2 Diary DECEMBER 2017 7th General Purposes & Finance Committee Cobham House AIR PILOT 14th Carol Service St. Michaels, Cornhill THE HONOURABLE COMPANY OF JANUARY 2018 AIR PILOTS 10th AST/APT meeting Dowgate Hill House incorporating 16th Air Pilots Benevolent Fund AGM RAF Club Air Navigators 18th General Purposes & Finance Committee Dowgate Hill House 18th Court & Election Dinner Cutlers’ Hall PATRON: His Royal Highness FEBRUARY 2018 The Prince Philip 7th Pilot Aptitude Testing RAF Cranwell Duke of Edinburgh KG KT 8th General Purposes & Finance Committee Dowgate Hill House 20th Luncheon Club RAF Club GRAND MASTER: His Royal Highness The Prince Andrew Duke of York KG GCVO MASTER: VISITS PROGRAMME Captain C J Spurrier Please see the flyers accompanying this issue of Air Pilot or contact Liveryman David Curgenven at [email protected]. CLERK: These flyers can also be downloaded from the Company's website. Paul J Tacon BA FCIS Please check on the Company website for visits that are to be confirmed. Incorporated by Royal Charter. A Livery Company of the City of London. PUBLISHED BY: GOLF CLUB EVENTS The Honourable Company of Air Pilots, Please check on Company website for latest information Cobham House, 9 Warwick Court, Gray’s Inn, London WC1R 5DJ. EDITOR: Paul Smiddy BA (Eco n), FCA EMAIL: [email protected] FUNCTION PHOTOGRAPHY: Gerald Sharp Photography View images and order prints on-line. TELEPHONE: 020 8599 5070 EMAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: www.sharpphoto.co.uk PRINTED BY: Printed Solutions Ltd 01494 478870 Except where specifically stated, none of the material in this issue is to be taken as expressing the opinion of the Court of the Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Naval Aviation Museum Are Tangible Examples of Your Continuing Interest and Support
    The Quarterly Journal of the Fleet Air Arm Association of Australia Volume 7 Number 2 April 1996 Published by the Fleet Air Ann Association of Australia Inc. - Print Post Approved - PP201494/00022 Editor: John Arnold-PO Box 662, NOWRA NSW 2541, Australia - Phone (044) 232014 - Fax (044) 232412 Slipstream - April 1996 - Page 2 FOREWORD by Rear Admiral Murray B Forrest AM RAN Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Personnel) Although I have never really been closely associated with the Fleet Air Arm, I do remember a rather daunting day or two at sea in MELBOURNE as a Cadet and several great Gunroom and Wardroom parties; looking through back numbers of your very spirited and entertaining magazine also reminds me of some wonderful people of my youth; and I do have many friends among your number . But that said, we are all a part of the same very fine Service and as Navy's current 'people' person, I am delighted to come to the party. Professionally, my early dealings with Naval Aviation were confined to the not so glamorous world of logistics where I was amazed by the staggering quantities of bits and pieces demanded by Air Engineers to keep those airframes flying and also gained an understanding of their commitment to air worthiness. The ROE [role of effort] has not diminished! Now, I have to man the aircraft and provide the technicians; not always an easy task but, as ever, there are many fine people in the Naval Personnel Division and the wider community to assist. In that role, the excellent contribution of the Fleet Air Arm Association in maintaining the esprit de corp is invaluable.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Assessing the British Carrier Debate and the Role of Maritime Strategy Bosbotinis, James Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Assessing the British Carrier Debate and the Role of Maritime Strategy James Bosbotinis PhD in Defence Studies 2014 1 Abstract This thesis explores the connection between seapower, maritime strategy and national policy, and assesses the utility of a potential Maritime Strategy for Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • NRA Journal 7
    National Rifle Association Journal Winter 2004 Volume LXXXIII Number 3 NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION CONTENTS JOURNAL 2 Notes from the Secretary General 5 Notes from the Director of Shooting WINTER 2004 11 Notes from the Managing Director of Bisley VOLUME LXXXIII NUMBER 3 14 Forthcoming Tours 17 Shooting Discipline Matters Published three times a year by the 21 Regional Matters National Rifle Association 26 NRA Council and General Council Bisley, National Shooting Centre Committee Members Brookwood, Surrey GU24 0PB 31 Central Skill-at-Arms Meeting Telephone: 01483 797777 34 Civilian Service Rifle 0845 1307620 (local rate) 36 Schools Meeting Fax: 01483 797285 38 Match Rifle Range Office: 01483 797777 Ext 152 41 Target Rifle Clay Range Office: 01483 797666 49 F Class E-mail: [email protected] 50 My First Imperial 51 Physiotherapy at the Imperial Meeting Website: http://www.nra.org.uk 52 T Rex - Back with a Vengeance Chairman: John Jackman FCA 53 Gun Designer visits Bisley Secretary General: Glynn Alger 54 Serge Bissonnette - Talking with Tony de Membership Secretary: Heather Webb Launay Managing Director NSC: Jeremy Staples MRICS 55 Ron Matthews - Talking with Tony de Director of Shooting: Martin Farnan MBE TD Launay 56 NRA Team to the Channel Islands Financial Manager: Michael Blythe FCA LLB 60 Chairman’s Speech to the BGM Commercial Director: Sarah Bunch 64 Speech by the Lord Moynihan Estate Secretary: Sherril Dixon 65 Bisley Camp Cookbook Editor: Karen Robertson 66 Chief National Coach (TR) Editorial Advisory Panel: 69 Future Plans for the
    [Show full text]
  • Knights Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
    WESTMINSTER ABBEY ORDER OF SERVICE AND CEREMONY OF THE OATH AND INSTALLATION OF KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH IN THE LADY CHAPEL OF KING HENRY VII THE CHAPEL OF THE ORDER IN THE ORDER’S 293 rd YEAR 11.15 am THURS DAY 24 th MAY 2018 THE INSTALLATION CEREMONY Although the Order of the Bath as we Even this fell into abeyance after know it today was created by Letters 1812, because of the enlargement of Patent passed under the Great Seal on the Order in 1815, and the installation 18 th May 1725, the origins of the ceremony was formally abolished in ceremony, which takes place in the 1847. It was revived in 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel, can be traced back modified form which continues in use to the 14 th century. A pamphlet of that to the present. Today the Knights are time refers to Knights receiving ‘a installed as a group and do not Degree of Knighthood by the Bath’ actually occupy their own stalls and describes part of the knighting during the installation. ceremony thus: The offering of gold and silver ‘The Knight shall be led into the represents partly a surrendering of Chapel with melody and there he worldly treasure and partly a shall un-girt him and shall offer his recognition by the new Knight of his sword to God and Holy Church to be duty to provide for the maintenance laid upon the Altar by the Bishop’. of Christ’s Church on earth. In today’s ceremony, the gold is represented by The original installation ceremony two sovereigns: 1895 with the head of was based largely on that used at the Queen Victoria and 1967 with the Coronation of Henry V on 9 th April head of Queen Elizabeth II.
    [Show full text]
  • The True Story of Gulf War Syndrome Transcript
    Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: The true story of Gulf War Syndrome Transcript Date: Wednesday, 25 January 2006 - 12:00AM Location: Barnard's Inn Hall Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: The true story of Gulf War Syndrome Professor Simon Wessely Lord Sutherland of Houndwood KT FBA Provost of Gresham College Good evening, and welcome to Gresham College. I think some of you know us very well, and some of you are probably guests for the first time. Gresham College is a foundation that is committed to free public education – not many of them about now. We are wholly privately funded through the will of Sir Thomas Gresham, an enlightened man, who was Lord Mayor of the City of London and who, in his will, left provision for the education of those who live and work in the City of London. As a result of that, here we are today. We have many series of lectures, and I hope if you haven’t seen it before you will have a look at our programme. The lectures cover a very wide range indeed, but we are particularly pleased that, because of our links with the Institute of Psychiatry, we have a series that focuses on that area. Just one thing: I know from the demonstration outside that people feel strongly about some of the issues. Our business is to make sure that we discuss and we hear in rational and temperate terms and we naturally assume everyone here will respect that. It is my great pleasure now to hand over to Professor Raj Persaud, who has been coordinating this series of lectures, and will introduce tonight’s speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Defense at the Forward Edge of the Battle Or Rather in the Depth? Different Approaches to Implement NATO’S Operation Plans by the Alliance Partners, 1955-1988
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3, 2014 Studies Defense at the Forward Edge of the Battle or rather in the Depth? Different approaches to implement NATO’s operation plans by the alliance partners, 1955-1988 LTC Helmut R. Hammerich Military historians love studying battles. For this purpose, they evaluate operation plans and analyze how these plans were executed on the battlefield. The battle history of the Cold War focuses first and foremost on the planning for the nuclear clash between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Although between 1945 and 1989-90 the world saw countless hot wars on the periphery of the Cold War, the “Cold World War,” as the German historian Jost Dülffer termed it, is best examined through the operational plans of the military alliances for what would have been World War Three. To conduct such an analysis we must consider Total War under nuclear conditions. Analyzing the war planning, however, is far from easy. The main difficulty lies in access to the files. The records of both the Warsaw Pact and NATO are still largely classified and therefore relatively inaccessible. Nor is access to the archives in Moscow two decades after glasnost and perestroika at all encouraging. At the request of historians, NATO has begun to declassify some of its key documents. Nonetheless, the specific details of the nuclear operational planning will continue to remain inaccessible to historians for the foreseeable future. As an alternative, historians then are forced to rely on collateral documents in the various national archives or on the compilations of ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2014 ISSN : 1488-559X VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3, 2014 diverse oral history projects.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction 1
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. A debate exists whether a ‘Second Cold War’ did in fact break out or whether this merely a changing phase of the ongoing Cold War. This changing situation in East-West relations from the late 1970s onwards will henceforth, be referred to as the Second Cold War. See, for example, Fred Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso Editions and NLB, second edition, 1986). 2. Private discussions. In 1979 only 2 per cent of the electorate thought defence was a major issue in the election. By 1983 this had risen to 38 per cent. Michael Heseltine, ‘The United Kingdom’s Strategic Interests and Priorities’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 3–5, p. 3. The 1983 election campaign was noteworthy for the action of the previous Labour Prime Minister, James Callaghan, who took the unprecedented step of repudiating his own party’s defence policy; Ian Aitken, ‘Callaghan Wrecks Polaris Repairs’, Guardian, 26 May 1983; Peter M. Jones, ‘British Defence Policy: the Breakdown of the Inter-party Consensus’, Review of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1987, pp. 111–31; Bruce George and Curt Pawlisch, ‘Defence and 1983 Election’, ADIU Report, vol. 5, no. 4, July/August 1983, p. 2; Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2000), p. 250. 3. Peter Calvocoressi, ‘Deterrence, the Costs, the Issues, the Choices’, Sunday Times, 6 April 1980. 4. Nicholas J. Wheeler, ‘Perceptions of the Soviet Threat’, in British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War, edited by Stuart Croft (London: HarperCollins Academic, 1991), p.
    [Show full text]