Parceiros No Clipe: a Atuação E Os Estilos Autorais De Diretores E Artistas Musicais No Campo Do Videoclipe a Partir Das Colaborações Mondino/Madonna E Gondry/Björk

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Parceiros No Clipe: a Atuação E Os Estilos Autorais De Diretores E Artistas Musicais No Campo Do Videoclipe a Partir Das Colaborações Mondino/Madonna E Gondry/Björk UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA CONTEMPORÂNEAS PARCEIROS NO CLIPE: A ATUAÇÃO E OS ESTILOS AUTORAIS DE DIRETORES E ARTISTAS MUSICAIS NO CAMPO DO VIDEOCLIPE A PARTIR DAS COLABORAÇÕES MONDINO/MADONNA E GONDRY/BJÖRK RODRIGO RIBEIRO BARRETO Salvador 2009 2 RODRIGO RIBEIRO BARRETO PARCEIROS NO CLIPE: A ATUAÇÃO E OS ESTILOS AUTORAIS DE DIRETORES E ARTISTAS MUSICAIS NO CAMPO DO VIDEOCLIPE A PARTIR DAS COLABORAÇÕES MONDINO/MADONNA E GONDRY/BJÖRK Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura Contemporâneas, Faculdade de Comunicação, Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura Contemporâneas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wilson da Silva Gomes Salvador 2009 3 Sistema de Bibliotecas - UFBA Barreto, Rodrigo Ribeiro. Parceiros no clipe : a atuação e os estilos autorais de diretores e artistas musicais no campo do videoclipe a partir das colaborações Mondino/Madonna e Gondry/Björk / Rodrigo Ribeiro Barreto. - 2009. 230 f. : il. Inclui anexo. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wilson da Silva Gomes. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Comunicação, Salvador, 2009. 1. Madonna, 1958- 2. Mondino, Jean-Baptiste, 1949- 3. Björk, 1965- 4. Gondry, Michel, 1963- 5. Gravações de vídeo. 6. Videoarte. 7. Autoria. 8. Crítica. 9. Arte e comunicação. I. Gomes, Wilson da Silva. II. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Comunicação. III. Título. CDD - 791.450232 CDU - 778.534.4 4 Essa tese é dedicada a Neide, que nunca poderia ter imaginado o quanto se prolongaria a ajuda materna com o “dever de casa”, e a Luís Roberto, cujos conselhos são sempre imprescindíveis Agradecimentos Ao professor Wilson Gomes, pelo privilégio da prolongada orientação na vida acadêmica e pelos desafios que me fizeram valorizar cada novo nível alcançado. A Romeu, meu primeiro guia intelectual. A Rosana, a quem agradeço a afinidade e o carinho crescentes. A Gabriela, que se desdobra em tantos papéis importantes na minha vida. A Ludmila e Luiz, por me darem a certeza de que o carinho e a intimidade persistem apesar das distâncias geográficas. A Nívea Bárbara, Greice, Nadja e Rodrigo José, pessoas fantásticas com o estimulante hábito de me acharem melhor do que eu sou. A Profª Carmem, uma das principais inspirações acadêmicas para esse trabalho e uma pessoa com uma doçura genuína. Aos professores José Benjamim e André Lemos, pelo envolvimento com seus objetos de estudo e atenção dispensada aos alunos. A Cristiano, sempre pronto a ajudar. A Thiago Soares, um valioso interlocutor pop nessa jornada videoclípica A Rafael, pela acolhida hospitaleira em momentos-chave. A Cleide, Heide, Aracy, Neusa e Maria José, que – mesmo sem entender inteiramente a serventia dessa tese ou até o que eu andava fazendo esse tempo todo – não paravam de perguntar se tudo estava bem e, principalmente, se eu já tinha terminado. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), que viabilizou minha pesquisa com a oferta de bolsa durante o Doutorado. 5 RESUMO Em cerca de três décadas de desenvolvimento dos videoclipes, a colaboração entre artistas musicais e diretores vem ampliando as possibilidades artístico-expressivas do formato, que foi originalmente concebido para função divulgatória. Parcerias entre realizadores das instâncias performática e diretiva resultaram em clipes com êxito estético, visibilidade e repercussão duradouras, além de reconhecimento advindo de instâncias específicas de consagração. O presente trabalho procura investigar a incidência da atuação de cantores/bandas e diretores no campo de produção do formato sobre a definição de estilos autorais nos vídeos musicais. Com base na contribuição teórica de Pierre Bourdieu, a tese propõe a caracterização do campo do videoclipe, um espaço de disputas no qual determinados realizadores pleiteiam e alcançam o poder de gestão de sua própria criação, mesmo em um contexto de produção coletiva inserido na indústria do entretenimento. Essa habilidade de exercer o controle da elaboração dos clipes é fruto da trajetória social de artistas musicais e diretores, durante a qual esses realizadores incorporam um sistema de estruturas cognitivas, disposições e gostos (habitus ) e acumulam recursos diversos (capitais) necessários e convenientes à atuação no campo específico. Através da retomada histórica do contexto produtivo do formato e de seus principais agentes, foi proposta ainda uma classificação das distintas gerações de diretores de clipes. Buscou-se demonstrar que o domínio de alguns realizadores durante a produção e as relações forjadas no campo do videoclipe entre determinados artistas musicais e diretores possibilitam a conformação de estilos passíveis de serem evidenciados no exercício analítico de conjuntos videográficos. Como a perspectiva autoral desenvolvida foi concebida como uma mediação entre contexto e texto, o trabalho articula a inspiração bourdieusiana com abordagens poéticas voltadas para os modos de construção e programação de efeitos em obras expressivas. A identificação estilística dos videoclipes apresenta-se como uma tarefa abrangente. A começar pela observação da relevância do estilo de um clipe na demarcação de atratividade e singularidade, estímulos indispensáveis para o destaque da obra na concorrida exibição televisiva. São descritos e analisados no formato: 1) os modos de organização interna que diferenciam um recurso, tema ou efeito de um clipe em traço de estilo, 2) a afirmação estilística de realizadores com o passar do tempo e 3) os graus de coexistência, síntese ou concorrência entre artistas musicais e diretores nos clipes. Definiu-se ainda uma tipologia dos estilos de performances videoclípicas, que põe em relevo as contribuições dos artistas musicais no formato. A tese traz a análise da totalidade dos vídeos musicais criados pelas parcerias estabelecidas entre a cantora Madonna e o diretor Jean-Baptiste Mondino – 6 (seis) clipes – e entre a cantora Björk e diretor Michel Gondry – 7 (sete) clipes. No enquadramento proposto, comparam-se tais videoclipes e seus autores com outras obras e realizadores para identificar quais os elementos da trajetória desses profissionais na história do campo do videoclipe permitiriam ao analista reconhecer e interpretar seus estilos textuais. Palavras-chave: Videoclipe; Diretores; Artistas Musicais; Autoria; Madonna; Jean-Baptiste Mondino; Björk; Michel Gondry; Crítica e interpretação; Análise; Campo de Produção, Poética, Estilos; Arte e comunicação. 6 ABSTRACT In close to three decades of the development of music videos, the cooperation between artists and directors has been extending the artistic-expressive possibilities of the format, which was originally conceived for publicity purposes. Partnerships between filmmakers and performers resulted in music videos with high aesthetic standards, long lasting visibility and popularity, as well as respect and recognition from specific instances of consecration. This thesis presents a research on the collective performance of singers/bands and directors and its incidence on the definition of authorial styles in the music video format. Based on the theoretical contributions of Pierre Bourdieu’s work, the thesis proposes a categorization of the field of the music video, a battleground where some directors and artists manage to obtain control over their own creations, even in a context of collective production inserted in the entertainment industry. The ability to exert control over the production of music videos comes as a result of the social trajectory of these artists and directors, along which they have incorporated a system of cognitive structures, of dispositions and tastes (habitus ), as well as acumulated many resources (capitals) necessary to their own participation in the field. Through a historical reconsideration of the productive context of the format and its main agents, it was possible to categorize the distinct generations of directors of music videos. It was also important to demonstrate that the control exerted by some agents, along with the relationships forged in the process between directors and artists were able to produce and consolidate music video styles, something that became evident in the analysis of the body of work of some of these partnerships. Since the authorial perspective was conceived as a possible mediation between text and context, the thesis articulates Bourdieu’s perspective with the poetical approach of interpreting works of art according to their mode of construction and the programming of effects in the viewer. The identification of music video styles is a broad task, which starts with the observation of the impact of the style on characteristics such as visual appeal and singularity, stimulus which are indispensable for the music video to succeed in the highly competitive medium of television. In the format were described and analyzed: 1) the ways in which a particular resource, theme or effect are organized as marks of style; 2) the stylistic affirmation of directors in the course of their careers, and 3) the degrees of coexistence, synthesis or competition between directors and performing artists in the music videos. It was also defined a typology of different performance styles for music videos, which focuses on the contributions made by the music artists in the process. The thesis brings forth an analysis of music videos created by the partnerships between singer Madonna and director Jean-Baptiste Mondino
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