El Videoclip Como Paradigma De La Música Contemporánea, De 1970 a 2015

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El Videoclip Como Paradigma De La Música Contemporánea, De 1970 a 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Y PUBLICIDAD I TESIS DOCTORAL El videoclip como paradigma de la música contemporánea, de 1970 a 2015 MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Lara García Soto DIRECTOR Francisco Reyes Sánchez Madrid, 2017 © Lara García Soto, 2016 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de CC. de la Información Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad I El videoclip como paradigma de la música contemporánea, de 1970 a 2015 Tesis doctoral presentada por: Lara García Soto. Tesis doctoral dirigida por: Francisco Reyes Sánchez. Madrid, 2015 El ejemplo, la fuerza y el esfuerzo, mis padres. La paciencia y apoyo, Adrián. La música, baile y mi inspiración, Michael Jackson. Gracias. ÍNDICE 1. Introducción y Objeto de estudio……………………………………1 2. Objetivos……………………………………………………………….6 3. Metodología………………………………………............................10 4. Orígenes……………………………………………………………….13 4.1. Cine sonoro y experiencias artísticas………………………13 4.2. Cine Musical…………………………………………………..18 4.3. Soundies y Scopitones……………………………………….25 4.4. La llegada de las películas rock, grabaciones de conciertos. Décadas de los 50 y 60……………………………………………29 4.5. El videoarte……………………………….............................38 4.6. La televisión y los programas musicales………………......41 4.6.1. La MTV………………………………………………...........48 4.6.2. Programas musicales en España………………………...57 4.6.3. Los canales temáticos de música y videoclips………….65 5. Historia de la música y relación con los videoclips……………….68 5.1. Los años 70…………………………………………………..69 5.2. Los años 80…………………………………………………..76 5.2.1. La televisión y los videoclips. Desarrollo del rap…..80 5.2.2. El primer muro. El PMRC…………………………….86 5.2.3. Continúa la evolución: música, tecnología y moda..89 5.2.4. Videoclips más representativos de los 80: las superproducciones……………………………………….99 5.2.5. El movimiento Acid House……………………………116 5.2.6. Época de transición. Versionar. Finales de los 80…120 5.2.7. Notas sobre España………………………………….125 5.3. Los años 90………………………………………………….145 5.3.1. Legado de los 80…………………………………….147 5.3.2. El grunge……………………………………………..158 5.3.3. Las boy bands……………………………………….165 5.3.4. Una década de estilos………………………………170 5.3.5. Notas sobre España…………………………………198 5.4. Los años 2000. Cambio de milenio………………………………………………..222 5.4.1. La música, sus artistas y sus videoclips…………..223 5.4.2. La evolución del videoclip en la era de Internet….270 5.4.3. Los vídeos, el cine y la publicidad…………………279 5.4.4. Notas sobre España…………………………………288 6. Conclusiones………………………………………………………….304 7. Resumen de las conclusiones………………………………………319 8. Anexos…………………………………………………………………325 8.1. La maldición del clip musical………………………………..325 8.2. Conversación sobre el videoclip con Roberto Nicieza…...328 8.3. La mesa de mezclas…………………………………………330 8.4. El vocoder. Nueva posibilidad tecnológica………………..333 9. Bibliografía……………………………………………………………336 Creo que todo arte es el último fin de la unión entre lo material y lo espiritual, lo humano y lo divino. Michael Jackson. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETO DE ESTUDIO. “Video killed the radio star”1. Rezaba el estribillo del tema homónimo del grupo Buggles en 1979. Es evidente que vivimos en una sociedad mediatizada por la imagen. Desde la invención del magnetoscopio y desde que la imagen y la música decidieron unirse, ésta ha cambiado para siempre. Ya nada será igual y hoy en día no se concibe un disco o artista sin su videoclip. El mundo de la música es algo complejo. Desde la antigüedad toda cultura, toda civilización ha venido acompañada de una manifestación musical, se trata de una parte de la cultura de cada pueblo. Su evolución está relacionada con la parte creativa de los artistas, que van evolucionando, con el desarrollo de las civilizaciones desde el punto de vista cultural, económico, estético, artístico, sociológico, e incluso es importante la apertura de cada cultura hacia las demás, la evolución, la mezcla de culturas y músicas. Por lo que la música, desde sus inicios ha evolucionado adaptándose y acompañando a todo tipo de cambios, formando parte de las vidas de muchas personas, acompañando al crecimiento cultural de los pueblos. Pero a medida que la sociedad se hace más compleja, la imagen vale más que mil partituras. La música se adapta a este nuevo mandato y va dejando entrar poco a poco en su feudo a la imagen. No hay un punto exacto donde la imagen empieza a ser tan importante, pero sí que hay varios factores que ayudan a que la imagen sea el acompañante perfecto para la música. Comienza el cine sonoro de los años 20, con una de las primeras películas de Hollywood, “El cantante de Jazz” (1927), la llegada de los soundies y los scopitones situados en los lugares de ocio y que permitían disfrutar de pequeños vídeos musicales a cambio de unas monedas, el cine musical americano cuyo esfuerzo es transportar al 1 “Video killed the radio star”: canción original de 1979, escrita por Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes y Bruce Woolley. El primer lanzamiento fue para el álbum Bruce Woolley And The Camera Club y que versionó el grupo The Buggles más tarde en el álbum The Age of Plastic. 1 espectador a un mundo fantástico por medio de la música ya que toda la acción tiene lugar mientras que se canta y se baila, como pasa en “Un día en Nueva York” (1949). Aquí la mente del espectador empieza a comprender y asimilar esta nueva forma de ver cine y música, abre su mente a esta nueva forma de entender la cultura. Los artistas y grupos comienzan a comprobar que este tipo de productos audiovisuales gustan al público y comienzan a realizar grabaciones de conciertos y de películas de artistas que empiezan a formar parte de las parrillas televisivas en muchos hogares como “Jailhouse rock” (1957) con Elvis Presley o “A Hard Day's Night” (1964) con The Beatles. Este tipo de ritmo, escenas, coreografías y técnicas de grabación es lo que heredará el videoclip. El instrumento aliado de los vídeos es la televisión. La llegada de la televisión a los hogares, desde el año 1935 en el que se hicieron las primeras pruebas hasta los años 50 donde se asienta y expande la televisión, hace que se convierta en la primera fuente de información tanto cultural como musical. Las cadenas amplían sus programaciones y se adaptan a las nuevas tecnologías, corrientes culturales y musicales. Además de los programas magazines, infantiles, informativos, etc, aparecen las primeras series protagonizadas por artistas, entre las que destacan los The Monkees. Pero además se empiezan a colar en la programación retransmisiones, grabaciones en directo, programas musicales y los videoclips. Es en este punto donde empezamos a hablar de los videoclips como piezas audiovisuales que se usan para dar a conocer los trabajos de los grupos o artistas. El primero, o que se puede considerar el primer video musical, viene de la mano del grupo Queen, que publica “Bohemian Rapsody” en 1975. Y, dentro de la televisión, el auge y asentamiento del videoclip como herramienta de comunicación, ya con el objetivo claro de comercializar la imagen y el sonido de un grupo o artista, llega con la presentación del primer canal de televisión exclusivo de videoclips. Se presenta la MTV en 1981 con “Video killed the radio star” (1979), del grupo The Buggles. En este punto es donde aparecen algunos de los programas que se han ocupado de los vídeos musicales, tanto nacionales como extranjeros. 2 Esta es la consolidación del videoclip. La industria discográfica, a pesar de las épocas de bonanza y las rachas de crisis, y los artistas y grupos ya no entenderán su carrera sin contar con el apoyo, con el altavoz que supone el videoclip. No hay duda de que en la historia de la música han ido surgiendo nuevos estilos musicales, nuevos artistas y nuevas personas dispuestas a que toda esta cultura musical se expandiese a través de las imágenes, a través de los videoclips. El videoclip es una pieza audiovisual donde se han combinado diferentes herramientas, técnicas audiovisuales y estilos que se mezclan entre sí. Pero va mucho más allá ya que admite y necesita de corrientes artísticas, tendencias de moda, influenciadores y aspectos que sean tendencia en el momento de crear el videoclip, incluso tienen cabida reivindicaciones sociales, económicas, musicales, etc. Ha sido y es la herramienta perfecta para explorar, para investigar y experimentar con diferentes tipos de música, culturas y artes a lo largo de la historia. Y, además del objetivo comercial o de distribución que tiene el vídeo musical, también es una fuente histórica de imagen y música que sirve para conocer la cultura, música, sociedad, moda, tecnología, economía y problemas de toda índole que había en diferentes épocas. Esto sirve también para que los nuevos artistas tengan una referencia de sus antecesores y se tomen referencias o sirvan de inspiración para los nuevos trabajos audiovisuales, como en la moda, todo vuelve, todo es cíclico. A partir de la consolidación del vídeo musical se establece una corriente de investigación desde diferentes puntos de vista, tanto artísticos, como sociales, musicales, desde el punto de vista de la moda. El estudio del videoclip lleva además a hablar de la música en sí misma, de las imágenes y de otros medios de comunicación como el cine, la publicidad, Internet, la televisión, la venta directa del videoclip como reclamo para vender discos, como la carta de presentación para conseguir conciertos…Entre ellos se nutren de formatos, técnicas y estilos narrativos. Se llegan a convertir, incluso, en piezas cinematográficas con la inversión de grandes presupuestos. 3 Por eso he repasado algunos de los momentos, movimientos o artistas y grupos más relevantes para la historia de la música, la sociedad y, más aún, para el desarrollo de los videoclips.
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