DOCSLIB.ORG

Attenuation Correction of C-Band Weather Radars

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Attenuation Correction of C-Band Weather Radars / APPLICATION NOTE Attenuation Correction of C-Band Weather Radars For decades, Doppler weather radar has been the tool for meteorologists to obtain high resolution observations of precipitation. Quantitative estimates of precipitation (QPE) allow meteorologists to gather the cumulative rainfall measurements that aid authorities in everything from aviation safety to hydropower optimization. However, there remain challenges in obtaining sufficient accuracy – one of them being attenuation of radar signals in heavy precipitation. Attenuation is the gradual loss of power as the radar energy travels through rainfall. This causes errors when converting the amount of received energy to rainfall rates. Historically, different measures have been attempted to correct this. Vaisala Dual Polarization worse estimation on gates further more expensive S-band weather radar. C-Band Weather Radar down the range. Given that X-band With the advent of dual polarization Surpasses S-Band and C-band wavelengths both technology, Vaisala has been able to experience attenuation, regions of successfully correct for the attenuation Classical gate-to-gate algorithms for the world with heavy precipitation in the C-band radar echoes, resulting attenuation correction were tried on were previously left with only the in quantitative precipitation estimates conventional radars with fairly poor limited option of deploying the that rival S-band in accuracy in actual results. An overestimation on the larger, more energy-intensive, and field testing. closer range gates resulted in an even Weather radar is designed to observe hydrometeors and other atmospheric scatterers by emitting and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals. These signals are first transmitted from the antenna as collimated pulses, propagated through the atmosphere, and scattered back from the hydrometeors to the radar receiver. Technically, the choice of radar frequency (the wavelength) is a compromise between optimizing the sensitivity of the radar for identifying the atmospheric targets and limiting the degree of attenuation (the loss of sensitivity) along the signal path. Radars utilizing shorter wavelengths Figure 1. A single ray comparison of C-band reflectivities (observed and corrected have a clear advantage in terms for attenuation) versus S-band reflectivity, towards the intense rain at 40 degrees of signal sensitivity. Conversely, azimuth. these same wavelengths experience significant attenuation effects generated by the hydrometeors whenever the conventional measure received signals in horizontal and along their signal trajectory. The of radar reflectivity factor (echo vertical channels. The measured Φ level of attenuation increases sharply dp power, Z ) is applied. In the past, contains a component which evolves as the wavelength shortens. For a h there was only one practical solution smoothly in range. The evolution given intensity of rainfall, signals to mitigate this specific issue – of Φ is a reference measure of at the X-band (3.2 cm) attenuate dp invest in longer-wavelength, more attenuation. In this approach, the 30 times more than signals at the expensive S-band weather radar quantitative rainfall information largely unattenuated S-band systems. delivered by the smooth phase (10 cm). The phenomenon remains measurements are combined with relatively moderate at the C-band Today however, advances in the reflectivity data. As a result, (5.4 cm) with an attenuation factor of polarimetric weather radar the observations are corrected for less than four compared to S-band technology can provide attenuation bias while their highest (Doviak and Zrnic 1993). For a meteorologists with greater spatial resolution is conserved. given wavelength, the strength of sensitivity at significantly lower attenuation grows proportionally to cost using C-band weather radar A significant precipitation event at the rainfall intensity. with attenuation correction. By mid-latitudes (34° 38.8’N, 86° 46.3’W) calculating the differential phase was analyzed using the observations In practice, intense rain often leads shift between the vertical and from the ARMOR polarimetric to a complete loss of the X-band horizontal orthogonal signal planes, C-band radar in Huntsville, Alabama, signal, severely limiting the range of we can precisely estimate the USA (PETERSEN et al., 2007). The radar usability, while the moderately attenuation of the returning independent observations made attenuated C-band radar signals C-band echoes. at the proximate NEXRAD S-band can still penetrate through even radar (NEXRAD 2007) were used the most intense rain. However, for comparison as an unattenuated the measurement of C-band echo An Operational Solution reference. The weather event was a power is strongly biased. Clearly, Put to the Test prefrontal squall line approaching attenuation has been one of the The polarimetric method is based Huntsville from the northwest. The major mechanisms responsible for on the differential phase (Φ ) which dp extended line structure was clearly deteriorating quantitative estimates is the power weighted average visible in the S-band data, while the of rainfall intensity (R) in heavy rain phase difference between the maximum reflectivities exceeded 58 In the sweep display, the quality attenuation with dual polarimetric dBZ. The fields of differential phase and high spatial resolution of the algorithms. This shorter wavelength were observed at the polarimetric reflectivity fields are found to be weather radar performs on par with radar and evolved significantly preserved within all the radar S-band in the same condition testing along the rays passing through the ranges, including significant regions at a fraction of the CAPEX (Capital intense regions of precipitation. The of non-meteorological echoes from Expenditure) and with significant effects of attenuation in the C-band the southwest to southeast. savings on annual OPEX (Operational were evident in the reflectivity fields Expenditure). beyond the intense precipitation The Vaisala Weather Launched in 2007 with the market- to the northeast and west when Radar Advantage leading Sigmet signal processing compared with the corresponding As a market leader with over 70 software, the Vaisala C-band Weather S-band observations. years experience in meteorology, Radar has been an instant success, The impact of the attenuation Vaisala was eager to take up the securing over half the market correction on the reflectivity fields challenge of providing high quality share in new C-band weather radar of the case study is quantified in weather data at a more competitive deployments. The first commercial Figure 1. Attenuation effects up to price. Vaisala has successfully installation was in Estonia in 2008, 20 dB are resolved in the C-band accomplished this by developing an with over 30 installations now in reflectivity data, rendering them advanced dual polarization C-band place all around the world. comparable to S-band observations. Weather Radar that corrects the Figure 2. Left panel, corrected reflectivity fields at C-band, and right panel, S-band measurement at the same time. The arrow is pointing to the C-band radar location versus S-band radar location. Similarly, there are considerable C-Band Outperforms in Reference Cost and Reliability OPEX savings to be achieved with several key design features. DOVIAK, R.J., ZRNIC’ D.S. 1993: Vaisala C-band Weather Radar Self-calibration, remote real-time Doppler Radar and Weather operates on a shorter wavelength, Observations, 562p. 2nd ed., monitoring, and detailed fault 5.5–5.7 GHz, which means it has Academic, San Diego, CA. reporting will result in fewer service several intrinsic advantages over visits over the lifetime of operation. NEXRAD 2007: Data inventory S-band. The radar uses a 250 kW The magnetron tube also has a http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ magnetron transmitter, which is longer lifecycle in the C-band due to nexradinv/ significantly smaller in size, weight, its lower energy usage. Since many and energy usage. The difference in PETERSEN, W.A., KNUPP K.R., radar stations are located in remote antenna weight can be as much as CECIL D.J., MECIKALSKI J.R., areas for coverage optimization, half that of S-band. In real financial The University of Alabama, service and maintenance visits terms, the CAPEX investment for Huntsville THOR Center incur sizeable costs – hence, greater Instrumentation: Research and C-band is 33–50% less compared to reliability results in significant operational collaboration, the standard S-band weather radar. savings in the total lifetime cost. 2007, AMS 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology, Cairns, Australia For more information, visit Ref. B211010EN-B ©Vaisala 2010 www.vaisala.com or contact This material is subject to copyright protection, with all copyrights retained by Vaisala and its individual partners. All us at [email protected] rights reserved. Any logos and/or product names are trademarks of Vaisala or its individual partners. The reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of information contained in this brochure in any form without the prior written consent of Vaisala is strictly prohibited. All specifications — technical included — are subject to change without notice..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Advances in Satellite Technologies- ISRO Initiatives
    Advances in Satellite Technologies- ISRO Initiatives Sumitesh Sarkar Space Applications Centre (ISRO) March 27, 2019 National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 Advance Technology : Key Areas Migration from Broadcast/VSAT centric to Data-centric Payload design - HTS . Multi-beam coverage in Ku and Ka-band ensuring Frequency Reuse and enhanced Payload performance . Increased Payload Hardware – need for miniaturization . Addressing new applications like Mobile backhauling, In-Flight Connectivity etc. Special focus on unserved/underserved regions within India Use of Higher frequency bands – Ku to Ka to Q/V band . Migration to higher frequency bands – ‘User ‘ as well as ‘Feeder’ links . More interference free Spectrum . Constraints of available technologies Redefining MSS with enhanced capabilities . Multi-beam High power transponders in S-band - enabling SDMB services National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 2 Evolution in On-board Antenna Technology Single Circular beam Shaped Beam Multibeam(HTS) (Dual Gridded Reflector) National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 Technology Trends – Active Low power RF Circuits MMIC SOC 9mm X 6mm Ka-band (In test) 100mmx40mm 70mmx60mm x25mm x22mm based based MMIC die in pac. pac. MMIC Chip MMIC LTCC pac. Qualified (In BB test) 100mmx100mm x25mm Gen In production by industry nd MIC based MIC 2 RF Technologies RF 170mmx100mmx35mm MIC MIC based 200mmx180mmx100mm (2RF sec.) 1stgen. INSAT-2A to INSAT-2D INSAT-3 and 4 Series GSAT-5 GSAT-7/11 Future technologies Payload Generation National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 High Throughput Satellite : GSAT-11 Features: .
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
    Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • L-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Modified Partial Ground Plane for Multiband Operation
    International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-10, August 2019 L-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Modified Partial Ground Plane for Multiband Operation Prachi Pandey, Neelesh Agrawal, Mukesh Kumar, Navendu Nitin, Anil Kumar Abstract- In this paper a design of L-shaped monopole In [4] a meandered T-shaped monopole is proposed for antenna (LMA) with modified partial ground plane for multiband 2.45/5.2/5.8 GHz LAN operations with a long and a short operation is presented. The `dimension of proposed antenna is arm strip extended from the feedline. A compact improved 40× 47 mm2 with 1.6 height using Teflon substrate having T-Form monopole antenna [5] using two asymmetric dielectric constant 2.1. The ground plane is amended by inserting horizontal strips has been designed to achieve multiband an anti-symmetric horizontal L-slots. Single band to multiband behaviour is accomplished by applying two horizontal L-slots on operation. In [6] a C-shaped monopole antenna is designed partial ground plane of LMA. Both the slots are antisymmetric to having a shorted parasitic strip to obtain two separate Y-axis. The parametric study has also been done which is impedance bandwidth. Frequency agility, improved gain and responsible for antenna behaviour. The operating frequency beam forming can be attained by applying additional bands of designed antenna are 2.35-2.91GHz,3.24-3.51GHz dielectric layers. But additional layers increase the weight of ,4.31-5.30GHz and 5.90-6.31GHz which is suitable for Bluetooth the antenna which is again undesirable in wireless (2.4GHZ),WLAN (2.4GHz,5.2GHz), WiMAX (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, environment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic
    A Layman’s Interpretation Guide to L-band and C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data Version 2.0 15 November, 2018 Table of Contents 1 About this guide .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Briefly about Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 The radar wavelength .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Polarisation ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Radar backscatter ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Sigma-nought .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Gamma-nought ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Backscatter mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Direct backscatter ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.2 Forward scattering ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Communications
    Satellite Communications Ashaad Rambharos CSE, Intelsat 1 Satellite Example IS904 • General Satellite Information • Spacecraft Type: Three-Axis Stabilized • Orbital Location: 60.0 ° East Longitude • Orbital Control: +/- 0.05 ° • Launch: 23 February 2002 2 IS904 Coverage maps 3 General Satellite Information cont • Payload: Up to 34 x 72 MHz C-Band transponders * • Up to 11 x 36 MHz C-Band transponders * • 2 x 41 MHz C-Band transponders • Up to 2 x 77 MHz Ku-Band transponders • Up to 6 x 72 MHz Ku-Band transponders • Up to 8 x 36 MHz Ku-Band transponders • Frequency Bands: • C-Band: Uplink 5850 – 6425 MHz • Downlink 3625 – 4200 MHz • Ku-Band: Uplink 14.00 – 14.50 GHz • Downlink 10.95 – 11.20 GHz (Band A) and • Downlink 11.45 – 11.70 GHz (Band B) • Beacons: • 3947.5 or 3948 MHz 3952 or 3952.5 MHz • 11198 MHz 11452 MHz 4 Intelsat 904 C-Band Payload • Number of Transponders: • Up to 34 x 72 MHz * • Up to 11 x 36 MHz * • 2 x 41 MHz • Transponder Bandwidth: • 72 MHz with 8 MHz Guard Bands • 36 MHz with 4 MHz Guard Bands • 41 MHz with 4 MHz Guard Bands • Polarization: Circular: LHCP and RHCP • SFD (at Beam Reference Contour): -67.0 to -89.0 dBW/m² • Input Attenuators: 22 dB in 2 dB steps • 5 Intelsat 904 C-Band Payload cont • G/T: > -11.2 dB/K typical for GA, GB > -7.4 dB/K typical for WH > -5.1 dB/K typical for EH > 0.0 dB/K typical for NWZ > -1.5 dB/K typical for NEZ, SEZ > -3.5 dB/K typical for MEZ > -5.0 dB/K typical for SWZ > -4.5 dB/K typical for CEZ (combined NEZ/SEZ) • EIRP: > 31.0 dBW typical for GA, GB > 40.1 dBW typical for Ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Considerations and Strategies for Maximizing C-Band Deployment
    Considerations and Strategies for Maximizing C-band Deployment Solutions and Best Practices Contents Abstract . 3 Introduction . 3 Beamforming. 4 Site Architecture ............................................................. 6 Coexistence with FSS. 7 Supply Power ................................................................ 8 Small Cells. 8 Fronthaul and Backhaul ...................................................... 10 Summary. 11 2 Considerations and Strategies for Maximizing C-band Deployment - Solutions and Best Practices Abstract The recently concluded C-band auction has created new opportunities to help mobile operators address the ever- growing need for network capacity, spectral efficiency and a migration path to 5G and beyond. As with all mobile technology innovations, the benefits the new C-band spectrum provides will depend on how operators plan for and implement it into their existing legacy networks. There are a number of key challenges, including the integration of advanced beamforming technologies, the rise of massive and multi-user MIMO, site architecture issues, potential interference with fixed satellite services and use with small cells, to name a few. This white paper provides a wide- angle perspective of some of the major challenges facing operators as they consider the strategies for deploying new C-band capabilities. It also shines a light on some of the innovative developments from leading network OEMs like CommScope. Introduction As we begin 2021, the first commercial 5G networks are well in 46 major markets in late 2021. The remaining 180 MHz over a year into operation. During the past year, 5G activities (3.8–3.98 GHz) will be added nationwide in a second phase on a have accelerated and now outpace the growth rate of all past timeline to be agreed upon by the parties in each market.
    [Show full text]
  • An Elementary Approach Towards Satellite Communication
    AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WRITERS Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co. Publications: 06/2021 APRIL-2021 Publisher Certificate No: 36934 E-ISBN: 978-605-7594-89-1 Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co. Publications All kinds of publication rights of this scientific book belong to GÜVEN PLUS GROUP CONSULTANCY INC. CO. PUBLICATIONS. Without the written permission of the publisher, the whole or part of the book cannot be printed, broadcast, reproduced or distributed electronically, mechanically or by photocopying. The responsibility for all information and content in this Book, visuals, graphics, direct quotations and responsibility for ethics / institutional permission belongs to the respective authors. In case of any legal negativity, the institutions that support the preparation of the book, especially GÜVEN PLUS GROUP CONSULTANCY INC. CO. PUBLISHING, the institution (s) responsible for the editing and design of the book, and the book editors and other person (s) do not accept any “material and moral” liability and legal responsibility and cannot be taken under legal obligation. We reserve our rights in this respect as GÜVEN GROUP CONSULTANCY “PUBLISHING” INC. CO. in material and moral aspects. In any legal problem/situation TURKEY/ISTANBUL courts are authorized. This work, prepared and published by Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co., has ISO: 10002: 2014- 14001: 2004-9001: 2008-18001: 2007 certificates. This work is a branded work by the TPI “Turkish Patent Institute” with the registration number “Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Raytheon Missile Systems Application to Renew WF2XLI File No: 0036-EX-CR-2017
    Raytheon Missile Systems Application to Renew WF2XLI File No: 0036-EX-CR-2017 Explanation of Experiments and Need for Experimental License for use of Several Frequency Bands for Lab and Factory Missile Communications Testing Overview: Raytheon Missile Systems builds and sells missiles to the US military. As a part of the engineering development and production process, RMS tests communications systems in its products to make sure they meet customer specifications. Currently, RMS holds a license for operations in Tucson, Arizona and Camden, Arkansas, WF2XLI, for the ongoing operations it is requesting to renew. The ongoing experimental operations are for testing command and control systems in the lab and for factory missile communications testing. The four radio systems are used in the field by Raytheon’s customers for Range Safety. The four radio systems used for testing are the Flight Terminate Receiver (UHF), the L- band telemetry transmitter, the S-Band telemetry transmitter, and the C-Band transponder. These systems must be tested and retested as part of the production process for the Range Flight Safety System. This license uses the systems installed on missiles that will be tested at government ranges. Prior to delivery of the product to the customer, the product must be tested as part of engineering development and production testing. The actual missile flight testing is conducted at government test and training ranges using federal frequency assignments. Since the lab and production testing is ongoing at Raytheon’s facilities, and because some of the work being done is actually internal to Raytheon as part of independent research and development, it is necessary to renew this experimental authorization to allow for the proper, licensed operation of the missile during development and production testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite and Terrestrial Hybrid Networks
    RTT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC July 2007 Satellite and terrestrial hybrid networks In this month's Technology Topic we analyze how the dynamics of the satellite business are changing and what this means for the global cellular operator and terrestrial broadcasting community. In particular we study the impact of hybrid satellite terrestrial systems on present cellular and terrestrial broadcast business models. Dual mode networks that combine satellite and GSM cellular services already exist. Thuraya, a network operator servicing the United Arab Emirates and ACeS servicing Asia are two present examples. Hybrid satellite/terrestrial systems are different in that they use terrestrial repeaters to combine the wide area coverage capabilities of satellites with the urban coverage and in building capabilities provided from terrestrial networks. These may or may not be associated with existing cellular or terrestrial broadcast networks. The terrestrial repeaters are described in the US as Ancillary Terrestrial Components (ATC) and in Europe and Asia as Ground Based Components. In China the networks are described as Satellite and Terrestrial Interactive Multi Service Infrastructure (STiMI). Hybrid networks are already used in the US to deliver audio broadcasting for in car and more recently in flight entertainment. Widespread deployments of these systems are planned both for audio and TV broadcasting and for two way cellular service provision. These deployments exploit already allocated L Band and S Band spectrum in US and rest of the world markets. Some of this spectrum has been gifted to the operators. Typically these allocations are not owned by traditional terrestrial cellular or terrestrial broadcast service providers. As such they represent a competitive threat and by implication a collaborative opportunity for the cellular network operator and traditional terrestrial broadcast community.
    [Show full text]
  • Airborne Radio Frequency Interference Studies at C-Band Using a Digital Receiver
    Airborne Radio Frequency Interference Studies at C-band using a Digital Receiver J. T. Johnson, A. J. Gasiewski∗, G. A. Hampson, S. W. Ellingson†, R. Krishnamachari, and M. Klein∗ Dept. of Electrical Engineering and ElectroScience Laboratory The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210, USA Email: [email protected] ∗ NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory R/ET1, Room 3B-157, 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA Email: [email protected] †Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech 340 Whittemore Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA Email: [email protected] Abstract— An airborne system for observing radio frequency this digital receiver is capable of providing highly detailed interference at C-band is described. The digital receiver included information on RFI properties as well as implementing some has the capability of providing high temporal and spectral reso- simple RFI mitigation strategies. lution of interference, as well as implementing simple mitigation strategies. Plans for observations with the system are discussed. The next section of the paper provides a brief discussion of RFI issues for traditional microwave radiometers, while I. INTRODUCTION Section III describes a basic block diagram of the system The absence of a protected portion of the spectrum at C- developed. Section IV then provides more information on the band [1] makes radio frequency interference (RFI) a major digital receiver, and Section V describes preliminary plans for concern for C-band microwave radiometry. The C-band chan- flights and experiments. nel of the AMSR-E radiometer on the AQUA satellite has already shown a major corruption of data over a large percent- II.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Paper on Interference with Satellite Communications
    Position Paper on Interference in C-band by Terrestrial Wireless Applications to Satellite Applications Adopted by International Associations of the Satellite Communications Industry Position Statement: National administrations should recognize the potential for massive disruptions to C band satellite communications, radar systems and domestic microwave links, if spectrum is inappropriately allocated to, and frequencies inappropriately assigned for, terrestrial wireless applications in the C- band (specifically 3.4 – 4.2 GHz). Executive summary: Satellite communications technology in the C band is used for broadcasting television signals, Internet delivery, data communication, voice telephony and aviation systems. The satellite systems that operate in the 3.4-4.2 GHz band (C band) are suffering substantial interference, to the point of system failure, in places where national administrations are allowing Broadband Wireless Access systems like wi-fi and wi-max to share the same spectrum bands already being used to provide satellite services. The same will happen if 3G and the planned 4G mobile systems (also referred to as IMT systems) are allowed to use the frequencies used in the C band for satellite downlink services as is being contemplated by some administrations in the context of WRC-07 agenda item 1.4. To eliminate this harmful interference, operators of satellite earth stations and users of satellite communications services have united to communicate their positions and technical requirements to national and international telecommunications regulators. Regulators and radio frequency managers need to allocate spectrum in ways that recognize the reality of harmful interference and validate the right of incumbent operators to operate, and their customers to enjoy their services, without disruption by new users.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization
    hv photonics Article Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization Stanisław Kozdrowski 1,* , Mateusz Zotkiewicz˙ 1 and Sławomir Sujecki 2,3 1 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 George Green Institute, the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; [email protected] 3 Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Abstract: Ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks enable operators to use more effectively the bandwidth offered by a single fiber pair and thus make significant savings, both in operational and capital expenditures. The main objective of this study is to minimize optical node resources, such as transponders, multiplexers and wavelength selective switches, needed to provide and maintain high quality of network services, in ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks, at low cost. A model based on integer programming is proposed, which includes a detailed description of optical network nodal resources. The developed optimization tools are used to study the ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed network performance when compared with the traditional C-band wavelength division multiplexed networks. The analysis is carried out for realistic networks of different dimensions and traffic demand sets. Keywords: ultra-Wideband WDM system design; optical network optimization; CDC-F technology; optical node model; network congestion; Linear Programming (LP); Integer Programming (IP) 1. Introduction Optical networks based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that operate within the C-band are near the limit of their capacity.
    [Show full text]