Wind Energy For Future

Presented by: Email id: 1)[email protected]

V.ARAVIND 2) [email protected]

C.VENKATESHWARAN Mobile no: 1).7401128404

Department Of Mechanical Engineering 2).9942203321

Velammal Engineering College

Chennai.

It doesn’t matter how many resources you have…….

If you don’t know how to use them…they will never be enough…….!!!

the RE sources started to appear in the Abstract agenda and hence the wind energy gained significant interest. As a result of extensive Towards the end of 20th and beginning of studies on this topic, wind energy has the 21st centuries, interest has risen in new recently been applied in various industries, and renewable energy(RE) sources and it started to compete with other energy especially windenergy for electricity resources. In this paper, wind energy is generation. The scientists and researchers reviewed and opened for further discussion. attempted to accelerate solutions for Wind energy history, wind-power windenergy generation design parameters. meteorology, the energy–climate relations, Our life is directly related to energy and its wind-turbine technology, wind economy, consumption, and the issues of energy wind–hybrid applications and the current research are extremely important and highly status of installed wind energy capacity all sensitive. over the world reviewed critically with

further enhancements and new research trend direction suggestions. In a short time, wind energy is welcomed by society, industry and politics as a clean, practical, economical and environmentally friendly alternative. After the 1973 oil crisis,

Keywords: on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power , wind mill, offshore sources. As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial windfarms, microgenerators basis. As of 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of worldwide power, growing at more Wind Energy than 25% per annum. The monetary cost per unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new Wind power is the conversion of wind coal and natural gas installations. Although wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as power is a popular form of energy generation, using: wind turbines to make electricity, the construction of wind farms is not universally for mechanical power, windpumps for welcomed due to aesthetics. water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. Although very consistent from year to year, wind power has significant variation over shorter timescales. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when used to supply up to 20% of total electricity demand, but as the proportion increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess capacity storage, dispatchable backing supplies (usually natural gas), storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems.[5] A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission Ways to use Wind Energy network. Offshore wind farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds than are available Mechanical Power to land-based installations and have less visual Sailboats and sailing ships have been impact on the landscape but construction costs using wind power for thousands of years, and are considerably higher. Small onshore wind architects have used wind-driven natural facilities are used to provide electricity to ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient isolated locations and utility companies times. The use of wind to provide mechanical increasingly buy back surplus electricity power came somewhat later in antiquity. The produced by small domestic wind turbines. wind wheel of the Greek engineer Heron of Wind power, as an alternative to fossil Alexandria in the 1st century AD is the earliest fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, known instance of using a wind-driven wheel to clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions power a machine. during operation and uses little land. Any effects

Marykirk and used the electricity it produced to charge accumulators which he used to power the lights in his cottage. His experiments culminated in a UK patent in 1891. In the winter of 1887/8 US inventor Charles F. Brush produced electricity using a wind powered generator which powered his home and laboratory until about 1900. In the 1890s, the Danish scientist and inventor Poul la Cour constructed wind turbines to generate electricity, which was used to produce hydrogen and Oxygen by electrolysis and a mixture of the two gases was stored for use as a fuel. La Cour was the first to discover

that fast rotating wind turbines with fewer rotor The first practical windmills were in use blades were the most efficient in generating in Iran at least by the 9th century and possibly as electricity and in 1904 he founded the Society of early as the 7th century. The use of windmills Wind Electricians. became widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India. By 1000 AD, windmills were used to pump seawater for salt-making in China and Sicily. Windmills were used extensively in Northwestern Europe to grind flour from the 1180s, and wind pumps were used to drain land for agriculture and for building. Early immigrants to the New World brought the technology with them from Europe.

In the US, the development of the "water-pumping " was the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. Wind pumps contributed to the expansion of rail transport systems throughout the world, By the mid-1920s, 1 to 3-kilowatt wind by pumping water from water wells for steam generators developed by companies such as locomotives. The multi-bladed atop Parris-Dunn and Jacobs Wind-electric found a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for widespread use in the rural areas of the many years, a fixture of the landscape midwestern Great Plains of the US but by the throughout rural America. 1940s the demand for more power and the coming of the electrical grid throughout those Electrical power areas made these small generators obsolete.

In July 1887, a Scottish academic, During the 1920s the first vertical axis Professor James Blyth, built a cloth-sailed wind wind turbine was built by Frenchman George turbine in the garden of his holiday cottage in

Darrieus and in 1931 a 100 kW precursor to the modern horizontal wind generator was used in Yalta, in the USSR. In 1956 Johannes Juul, a former student of la Cour, built a 200 kW, three- bladed turbine at Gedser in Denmark, which influenced the design of many later turbines.

In 1975 the United States Department of Energy funded a project to develop utility-scale Wind Farm: wind turbines. The NASA wind turbines project A wind farm is a group of wind turbines built thirteen experimental turbines which paved in the same location used for production of the way for much of the technology used today. electricity. A large wind farm may consist of Since then, turbines have increased greatly in several hundred individual wind turbines, and size with the Enercon E-126 capable of cover an extended area of hundreds of square delivering up to 7 MW. Wind turbine production miles, but the land between the turbines may be has expanded to many countries and wind power used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind is expected to grow worldwide in the twenty- farm may also be located offshore. first century.

Distribution of Wind Speed: Almost all large wind turbines have the same design — a horizontal axis wind turbine The strength of wind varies, and an having an upwind rotor with three blades, average value for a given location does not alone attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine tower. In a wind farm, individual turbines are could produce there. To assess the frequency of interconnected with a medium voltage (often wind speeds at a particular location, a 34.5 kV), power collection system and probability distribution function is often fit to communications network. At a substation, this the observed data. Different locations will have medium-voltage electric current is increased in different wind speed distributions. The Weibull voltage with a transformer for connection to the model closely mirrors the actual distribution of high voltage electric power transmission system. hourly wind speeds at many locations. The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Feeding into grid Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less Induction generators, often used for wind accurate, but simpler model. power, require reactive power for excitation so substations used in wind-power collection with the total available generation capacity. systems include substantial capacitor banks for There is no generally accepted maximum level power factor correction. Different types of wind of wind penetration. The limit for a particular turbine generators behave differently during grid will depend on the existing generating transmission grid disturbances, so extensive plants, pricing mechanisms, capacity for storage modelling of the dynamic electromechanical or demand management and other factors. An characteristics of a new wind farm is required by interconnected electricity grid will already transmission system operators to ensure include reserve generating and transmission predictable stable behaviour during system faults capacity to allow for equipment failures. This (see: Low voltage ride through). In particular, reserve capacity can also serve to compensate induction generators cannot support the system for the varying power generation produced by voltage during faults, unlike steam or hydro wind plants. Studies have indicated that 20% of turbine-driven synchronous generators. Doubly the total annual electrical energy consumption fed machines generally have more desirable may be incorporated with minimal difficulty. properties for grid interconnection. Transmission These studies have been for locations with systems operators will supply a wind farm geographically dispersed wind farms, some developer with a grid code to specify the degree of dispatchable energy or hydropower requirements for interconnection to the with storage capacity, demand management, and transmission grid. This will include power interconnected to a large grid area enabling the factor, constancy of frequency and dynamic export of electricity when needed. Beyond the behavior of the wind farm turbines during a 20 percent level, there are few technical limits, system fault.[1][2] but the economic implications become more significant. Electrical utilities continue to study Capacity factor the effects of large (20% or more) scale penetration of wind generation on system Since wind speed is not constant, a stability and economics. wind farm's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator Offshore wind power nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual Offshore wind power refers to the productivity in a year to this theoretical construction of wind farms in large bodies of maximum is called the capacity factor. water to generate electricity. These installations Typical capacity factors are 20–40%, with can utilise the more frequent and powerful winds values at the upper end of the range in that are available in these locations and have less particularly favourable sites. Online data is aesthetic impact on the landscape than land available for some locations and the capacity based projects. However, the construction and factor can be calculated from the yearly the maintenance costs are considerably higher. output.[4] Currently, offshore wind farms are at least 3 times more expensive than onshore wind farms of the same nominal power but these costs are expected to fall as the industry matures. Penetration Siemens and are the leading Wind energy penetration refers to the turbine suppliers for offshore wind power. fraction of energy produced by wind compared DONG Energy, Vattenfall and E.ON are the leading offshore operators. As of October 2010, otherwise rely on diesel generators, may use 3.16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was wind turbines as an alternative. Individuals may operational, mainly in Northern Europe. purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate According to BTM Consult, more than 16 GW their dependence on grid electricity for of additional capacity will be installed before the economic reasons, or to reduce their carbon end of 2014 and the UK and Germany will footprint. Wind turbines have been used for become the two leading markets. Offshore wind household electricity generation in conjunction power capacity is expected to reach a total of 75 with battery storage over many decades in GW worldwide by 2020, with significant remote areas.[3] contributions from China and the US.

Grid-connected domestic wind turbines may use grid energy storage, thus replacing purchased electricity with locally produced power when available. The surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can, in Worldwide there are now many some jurisdictions, be fed into the network and thousands of wind turbines operating, with a sold to the utility company, producing a retail total nameplate capacity of 238,351 MW as of credit for the microgenerators' owners to offset end 2011. World wind generation capacity more their energy costs. than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling about every three years. The United Off-grid system users can either adapt to States pioneered wind farms and led the world in intermittent power or use batteries, photovoltaic installed capacity in the 1980s and into the or diesel systems to supplement the wind 1990s. In 1997 German installed capacity turbine. Equipment such as parking meters, surpassed the U.S. and led until once again traffic warning signs, street lighting, or wireless overtaken by the U.S. in 2008. China has been Internet gateways may be powered by a small rapidly expanding its wind installations in the wind turbine, possibly combined with a late 2000s and passed the U.S. in 2010 to photovoltaic system, which charges a small become the world leader. battery replacing the need for a connection to the power grid. Small Scale Wind power In locations near or around a group of Small-scale wind power is the name high-rise buildings, wind shear generates areas given to wind generation systems with the of intense turbulence, especially at street-level. capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical The risks associated with mechanical or power. Isolated communities, which may catastrophic failure have thus plagued urban wind development in densely populated areas, There are reports of bird and bat rendering the costs of insuring urban wind mortality at wind turbines as there are around systems prohibitive. Moreover, quantifying the other artificial structures. The scale of the amount of wind in urban areas has been difficult, ecological impact may or may not be significant, as little is known about the actual wind depending on specific circumstances. Prevention resources of towns and cities. and mitigation of wildlife fatalities, and protection of peat bogs, affect the siting and Distributed generation from renewable operation of wind turbines. resources is increasing as a consequence of the increased awareness of climate change. The There are anecdotal reports of negative electronic interfaces required to connect effects from noise on people who live very close renewable generation units with the utility to wind turbines. Peer-reviewed research has system can include additional functions, such as generally not supported these statements. the active filtering to enhance the power quality.

Let our future nurture……

Environmental effects

Livestock ignore wind turbines, and continue to graze as they did before wind turbines were installed

Compared to the environmental impact of traditional energy sources, the environmental impact of wind power is relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. While a wind farm may cover a large area of land, many land uses such as agriculture are compatible, with only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure made unavailable for use.

References:

1. Demeo, E.A.; Grant, W.; Milligan, M.R.; Schuerger, M.J. (2005). "Wind plant integration". Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE 3 (6): 38–46. doi:10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619

2. Zavadil, R.; Miller, N.; Ellis, A.; Muljadi, E. (2005). "Making connections". Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE 3 (6): 26–37. doi:10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618

3. Dodge, Darrell M.. "Part 2 – 20th Century Developments". Illustrated development. TelosNet Web Development.

4. WindpoweringAmerica.gov, 46. U.S. Department of Energy; Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy "20% Wind Energy by 2030"

5. Hannele Holttinen, et al. (September 2006). ""Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power", IEA Wind Summary Paper" (PDF). Global Wind Power Conference 18–21 September 2006, Adelaide, Australia.