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Role of Imaging in Gynecologic Oncology and Advanced Pelvic Surgery

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Role of Imaging in Gynecologic Oncology and Advanced Pelvic Surgery Role of imaging in gynecologic oncology and advanced pelvic surgery Poster No.: C-1033 Congress: ECR 2012 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: E. Alvarez Moreno1, J. J. Gómez Herrera2, M. Jimenez De La Peña3, R. Sainz de la Cuesta1, R. Cano Alonso4, L. Herraiz Hidalgo5; 1Pozuelo de Alarcón/ES, 2POZUELO DE ALARCON. MADRID, Spain/ES, 3Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid/ES, 4POZUELO de ALARCON, MADRID/ES, 5POZUELO DE ALARCON, MADRID/ ES Keywords: Genital / Reproductive system female, Pelvis, Oncology, MR, MR-Diffusion/Perfusion, PET-CT, Surgery, Radiation therapy / Oncology, Neoplasia DOI: 10.1594/ecr2012/C-1033 Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material submitted to EPOS by third parties in the form of scientific presentations. 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Page 1 of 44 Please note: Links to movies, ppt slideshows and any other multimedia files are not available in the pdf version of presentations. www.myESR.org Page 2 of 44 Learning objectives 1. To provide a pictorial essay of common and advanced gynecologic surgical montages and their clinical indications. 2. To illustrate these techniques with CT and MRI, not only describing normal post-operative appearances but also the radiological appearances of potential complications and early recurrence. Background In this work, we sum up our case-based experience concerning common and advanced gynecologic surgical procedures in oncologic patients, such as exenteration, trachelectomy, omental transposition flap, neovagina or neobladder reconstruction, apart from more classic techniques as hysterectomy, omentectomy, lymphadenectomy… Both diagrams and CT and MR cross-sectional imaging are also provided. Imaging findings OR Procedure details CYTOREDUCTIVE (DEBULKING) SURGERY Standard therapy against advanced ovarian cancers consists of a thorough primary surgical cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy. Debulking procedures only improve survival when optimal cytoreduction can be achieved. Women with optimally resected tumor have, on average, a 20-month improvement in median survival compared to those with suboptimal resection (1). Because of this, an extreme effort should be made to achieve maximal tumor cytoreduction, to the point of no macroscopically visible disease if possible (ideal), or to less than 1 cm of residual disease (optimal cytoreduction). The rates of achievement of such optimal cytoreduction vary from institution to institution. Results are affected by the surgical team's experience, technique, effort, enthusiasm, and by their institutional policies concerning the need and use .Expert surgeons achieve optimal cytoreduction in at least 75 percent of cases of radical aggressive surgery (1) Page 3 of 44 SURGICAL PROCEDURE Extreme surgical procedures that may be considered for optimal surgical cytoreduction include a radical pelvic dissection, omentectomy, bowel resection, diaphragm stripping and /or hepatic resection and splenectomy Fig. 1 on page 13 , Fig. 2 on page 13 , Fig. 3 on page 14 ) In the absence of obvious stage IV disease, a full staging procedure is performed. Biopsies are taken from all suspicious areas or if suspicious areas are not apparent, multiple random biopsies are performed.The most difficult areas should be assessed and approached first: if they cannot be resected to a diameter of 1 cm or less, further surgery, other than resecting the ovaries to prove the origin of tumor, is not indicated(1) Fig. 4 on page 15 • OMENTECTOMY The omentum is resected rather than biopsied. Resection of the omentum, especially when replaced by densely packed metastases (omental cake), is performed even when optimal cytoreduction is not possible in order to decrease tumor bulk and postoperative ascites formation( Fig. 5 on page 15 ). • BOWEL RESECTION A thorough assessment of the intraabdominal findings should be performed prior to attempted resection. Bowel surgery is of little value if there are other areas of grossly unresectable disease, except to relieve gastrointestinal obstruction. If theprocedure provides an opportunity for maximal cytoreduction rectosigmoid colon resection should be attempted in women with bulky abdominal disease, to prevent recurrence (frequent sanctuary) .The technique usually performed for dealing with a "frozen" pelvis obliterated by ovarian cancer is modified posterior exenteration .This operation is an en bloc resection of the pelvic peritoneum, uterus, tubes, ovaries, and a segment of rectosigmoid( Fig. 6 on page 15 ). • LYMPH NODE SAMPLING Pelvic and paraaortic node sampling is always performed even in early stage disease. ( Fig. 7 on page 16 , Fig. 8 on page 17 ). There is controversy about performing systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy or resection of bulky nodes only .Two large randomized trials have evaluated this issue and neither showed a statistically Page 4 of 44 significant survival advantage with systematic lymphadenectomy, which have more morbility (1) • SPLENECTOMY If tumor nodules extend into the splenic hilum, splenectomy can be justified if optimal cytoreduction is then possible ( Fig. 9 on page 17 ) • DIAPHRAGMATIC AND HEPATIC DISEASE Parenchymal hepatic metastases are not necessarily a contraindication to initial cytoreductive surgery ( Fig. 10 on page 17 , Fig. 11 on page 18 ). Aggressive cytoreductive surgery includes removal of diaphragmatic disease. Diaphragmatic disease can be approached by stripping or scraping the peritoneal surface. Alternatively, the liver can be partially retracted, the hepatic ligament divided, and the affected portion of the membranous diaphragm resected using ultrasonic dissection, electrocautery, or argon beam laser. Most complications are due to breaching the pleural cavity and can be managed by chest tube or thoracentesis. PRESURGICAL ROLE OF IMAGING There are reports of the effectiveness, for some advanced ovarian cancer patients, of first administering a neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by an interval cytoreduction(1) ; reportedly, these patients showed equal or better prognosis compared with those who underwent the primary cytoreductive surgery first. One potential advantage of this approach is the avoidance of aggressive surgery in women with chemoresistant disease, who have a poor outcome regardless of treatment. If the patient then has a response to therapy, and becomes a more appropriate surgical candidate, tumor debulking may be considered after chemotherapy. Especially in these cases is where the image plays a key role predicting suboptimal cytoreduction(2). The criteria for neoadjuvant chemotherapy are: • large volume ascites (>1000 mL)( Fig. 12 on page 18 ) • large mesenteric involvement( Fig. 13 on page 19 ) • bulky (>1 cm to 2 cm) in the upper abdomen( Fig. 14 on page 19 ) • extrabominal disease( Fig. 15 on page 19 ) • suprarenal adenopathy, • large parenchymal liver disease or diaphragmatic disease Page 5 of 44 POSTSURGICAL ROLE OF IMAGING Clinical experience and aggressiveness of the surgeon are key determinants of optimal surgical resection. The intraoperative quantification of residual disease diameter is estimated by the surgeon, and has a subjective component(1). Prospective clinical trials often require a postoperative CT or MRI before initiating chemotherapy; however, the accuracy of imaging for assessing residual disease has not been validated either. Poor correlation between the surgeon's estimate of residual disease and postoperative imaging could be due to the surgeon's underestimation of residual disease, rapid regrowth of the tumor following surgery, or postoperative changes and inflammation following surgery. Patients treated for ovarian cancers are followed-up with serial measurements of CA-125 and either CT scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis. The incorporation of functional imaging techniques ( PET-TC and DWI) has allowed to leave second-look laparotomy ,detecting recurrences measuring 5 mm or less(3)( Fig. 16 on page 20 ). The exact magnitude of the clinical impact of detection of microscopic disease has yet to be properly studied. The majority of ovarian cancer recurrences are within the abdomen and thus potentially amenable to cytoreductive surgery. However, the benefit of secondary cytoreduction in women with a documented or suspected recurrence of EOC is unclear because of the lack of large, randomized trials examining this issue. Based upon available data, secondary surgical cytoreduction is best considered only for those patients who have all of the following characteristics (4) • An extended progression-free interval of at least 12 months • Potentially can be rendered free of all gross residual disease • Response to first-line therapy
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