Russisk Strategisk Kultur Under Putin

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Russisk Strategisk Kultur Under Putin Rapprt FEBRUAR 2018 Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin Af Jørgen Staun, Ph.d, Lektor i international politik, Institut for Strategi, Forsvarsakademiet, e-mail: [email protected] FORSVARSAKADEMIET Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin Af Jørgen Staun, Ph.d, Lektor i international politik, Institut for Strategi, Forsvarsakademiet E-mail: [email protected] © Forsvarsakademiet Alle rettigheder forbeholdes. Mekanisk, fotografisk eller anden gengivelse af eller kopiering fra denne publikation eller dele heraf er kun tilladt i overensstemmelse med aftaler mellem Forsvaret og Copy- Dan. Enhver anden udnyttelse uden Forsvarsakademiets skriftlige samtykke er forbudt i følge gældende lov om ophavsret. Undtaget herfra er korte uddrag til brug ved anmeldelser København februar 2018 Forsvarsakademiet Svanemøllens Kaserne Ryvangs Allé 1 2100 København Ø Tlf.: +45 728 17000 Ansvarshavende redaktør: Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen, Chef for Institut for Strategi Layout: FAK ISBN: 978-87-7147-225-7 Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE Abstract .................................................................................................... 4 Indledning ................................................................................................. 5 Strategisk kultur-teori ................................................................................. 6 Indledende drøftelser: Ruslands strategiske kultur under Putin ........................ 8 Internationalt niveau: Rusland som stormagt .............................................. 11 Realisme og balanceringstænkning: fokus på relativ magt ............................14 Stormagtskoncert og anerkendelse .........................................................15 Antivestlig strømning og frygt for containment ..........................................16 Geografisk størrelse ...........................................................................18 Regionalt niveau: Rusland som eurasisk magt ............................................. 18 Den klassiske eurasianisme ..................................................................19 Neoeurasianismen .............................................................................20 Det neoeurasiske nye højre ..................................................................22 Den officielle neoeurasianisme ..............................................................23 Novorossija ......................................................................................27 Russkii Mir .......................................................................................29 Statsniveau: Rusland som suverænt demokrati ............................................ 30 Konklusion: Ruslands strategiske kultur under Putin ..................................... 33 Bibliografi ................................................................................................ 36 3 Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin Abstract Ruslands strategiske kultur under Putin tegnes af tre overordnede diskurser – eller udenrigs- og sik- kerhedspolitiske verdensbilleder, om man vil – på henholdsvis internationalt, regionalt og statsniveau: ”Rusland som stormagt”, ”Rusland som eurasisk magt” og ”Rusland som suverænt demokrati”. ”Rus- land som stormagt” er en diskurs, hvor der i hovedsagen tænkes i magtbalance, stormagtsrum og nulsumstermer. Her søger man at fremme en verden, hvor Rusland igen indtager det, der anses som dets historisk retmæssige plads som en stormagt i egen ret med en (noget nær) global rolle. ”Rusland som eurasisk magt” handler i hovedsagen om, at Rusland er en selvstændig kultur eller civilisation, adskilt fra og uafhængig af Europa, med egne historisk fremkomne værdier og normer, hvor euro- pæiske samfundsmodeller som eksempelvis demokrati og liberal markedsøkonomi ikke nødvendigvis hører hjemme. Et centralt element i denne diskurs er forestillingen om Ruslands ”nære udland” som en russisk privilegeret interessesfære, hvor de mindre stater fører tilpasningspolitik, og hvor Vesten skal holde sig væk. Diskursen ”Rusland som suverænt demokrati” er en gennemført autoritær idé, som efter (tysk) radikalkonservativt mønster søger at modstille den ophøjede, levende og organiske russiske kultur med den overfladiske, materialistiske og mekaniske vestlige civilisation. Kombinatio- nen af de tre diskurser – hvor stormagtsrollen dog klart har en privilegeret position i forhold til de andre – giver et idékompleks, hvor der lades hånt om idéen om en snarlig russisk identitetsmæssig tilbagevenden til Europa og til en mere vestvenlig udenrigspolitisk kurs. Nøgleord: Rusland som stormagt, Eurasien, neoeurasianisme, Novorosija, Russkii Mir, suverænt demokrati 4 Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin ”Rusland var og vil forblive en stormagt. Det er forudbestemt af de uadskillelige ka- rakteristika ved dets geopolitiske, økonomiske og kulturelle eksistens. Disse bestemte russernes mentalitet og regeringernes politik gennem hele Ruslands historie, og de kan ikke andet end også at gøre det i dag.” (Putin 1999) Indledning Invasionen og annekteringen af Krimhalvøen i 2014 og den efterfølgende russiske støtte til, igang- sættelse og styring af oprøret i det østlige Ukraine kom som et chok for store dele af den vestlige offentlighed. Her havde man, som i Danmark, i stor stil vænnet sig til at betragte Rusland som en mindre relevant stat, som man enten ikke skulle tage synderlig alvorligt eller blot anså som en stat, vi kunne handle med, og som på et eller andet tidspunkt ville blive ”ligesom os”, bare lidt mindre demokratisk måske. Lige pludselig var man konfronteret med en stat, som for første gang i årtier havde invaderet og siden annekteret territorium fra et naboland i Europa, på trods af alle internatio- nale aftaler og traktater. En europæisk stat, som tydeligt agerer som en stormagt, der er villig til at sætte militær magt bag sine nationale interesser, også selvom den derved kommer på kollisionskurs med USA og NATO – hvilket blev desto tydeligere efter det militære engagement i Syrien i 2015, hvis det da ikke allerede var klart efter krigen i Georgien i 2008. Men hvorfor agerer Rusland som en stormagt, når det, som eksempelvis Bertel Heurlin udtrykker det, efter gængse pejlemærker blot er en ”begrænset regionalmagt”? Således betegner Heurlin Rusland som en ”regional magt med en enorm rigdom på ressourcer, men et i høj grad uudnyttet og, på grund af klimatisk placering, på nogle områder ressourcemæssigt uudnytteligt territorium. Befolkningen er stor, men stagnerende. Økonomien er svag og skrøbelig. Militæret er stærkt prioriteret, men lider af mangler. Stabilitet og kompetence er udfordret” (Heurlin i (Jensen 2016, p. 144)). Set gennem traditionelle international politik-teorier kan det således være svært at forstå, hvorfor Rusland agerer, som det gør. Målt på bruttonationalprodukt (nominelt i amerikanske dollars) havner Rusland på en 12. plads efter Syd- korea og Canada. Målt på bruttonationalprodukt pr. indbygger er Rusland endog længere nede og generelt placeret på en plads under de 60 rigeste lande ifølge forskellige internationale institutioners opgørelser (IMF, Verdensbanken, FN).1 Sammenholdes dette med et lavt fødselstal, en stagnerende eller i al fald kun svagt stigende folkesundhed og en industri, der i overvejende grad er baseret på olie og gasprodukter – som er afhængige af international samhandel og stabile, høje råvarepriser – tegner der sig ikke just et billede af en typisk internationalt agerende og betydende stormagt, snarere tværtimod. Men hvorfor søger Rusland så at agere som en? Et svar er, at stater, hvis magt er for nedadgående, historisk set har været langsomme til at accep- tere den mindre rolle i verden, de er blevet pålagt af de nye omstændigheder – se bare de briter, som hvert år mødes til The Last Night of the Proms i Royal Albert Hall i London og afsynger den rituelle ”Rule Britannia”, her mere end et hundrede år efter at Storbritannien begyndte at miste sit 1) Hvis man måler på nominelt BNP, lander Rusland med 1.283.162 millioner dollars på en 12. plads efter Sydkorea (Bank, 2017). I FN’s opgørelse for 2015 ligger Rusland på en 68. plads med et BNP pr. indbygger på 9.243 dollars. I samme opgørelse er verdensgennemsnittet på 10.095 dollars (National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, 2016).et verdensbil- lede, der tatsniveauminerende af de tre udvalgte diskurser med, da den med al tydelighed tegner styrets autoritære 5 Russisk strategisk kultur under Putin verdensomspændende imperium. På den anden side har stater, hvis magt forøges, ”ikke sjældent undladt at udvide deres eksterne engagementer i takt med stigningen i den relative nationale magt” (Duffield 1999, p. 768) – se eksempelvis Tyskland, der målt på bruttonationalprodukt er mere end to og en halv gange så rigt som Rusland, men som stadig, nu snart 28 år efter genforeningen, agerer stærkt tilbageholdende, især på det sikkerhedspolitiske område. Hvordan kan denne inerti forklares? I årenes løb har forskere i udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik indført en overflod af interne variabler, der søger efter forklaringer på, hvad der ellers ville blive betragtet som ”anomalier” hos neorealismen eller den strukturelle realisme. Denne rapport forsøger at føje sig til gruppen af sikkerhedsstudier, der fokuserer på interne faktorer i den udenrigspolitiske beslutningsproces, og fremdrager her begrebet ”strategisk kultur” som en mulig forklaringsfaktor.2 Strategisk kultur-teori Tilgangen i nærværende rapport er, at stater ikke kun forholder sig til presset fra det internationale systems politiske
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