Masonry and Patterns
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Slide 1 Richest and most varied building material with endless colors, textures, Masonry and patterns. Stone, Brick, Concrete, Terracotta, Adobe, Tabby [Plaster & Stucco] Slide 2 STONE Oldest building material Simplest building technique — stacked stone Most expensive – Traditionally, large public buildings built of stone – Less often used for residential buildings, except for facing or decoration. The high cost of transporting stone meant that it was advisable to use local stone Egypt’s first Slide 3 pyramids ca. 3000 Pyramids: interior stones include low BCE. Built mostly from limestone; grade limestone at the core; fine white other stones used on interior. limestone for the outer casing; pink granite for the interior walls which had to withstand more stress; also basalt and alabaster. The casing stones were Sphinx, ca. 2500 BCE. Carved out of limestone removed about 1300. What you see outcrop. Granite facing applied later. today is about 700 years of weathering in a dry climate. Great Wall of China, 7th- Slide 4 6th Centuries, BCE Sandstone, rammed earth, brick Longest human-made structure, approx. 3,948 miles Slide 5 Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE. Marble and limestone Slide 6 Colosseum, Rome Tufa is a soft, porous CaCO3 limestone Vespasian, 70-82 CE from ambient temperature bodies of water. Do not confuse with tuff—an igneous rock composed of compacted volcanic ash. Travertine is limestone deposited from solution in hot, freshwater springs, aka Concrete and tufa faced with travertine flowstone. There are extensive deposits of travertine at Tivoli, Italy. Slide 7 Taj Mahal Agra, India 1630-1653 Marble Slide 8 http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/commo n/geologicbasics.htm Slide 9 How to Distinguish Rocks Gabbro is a dark, coarse-grained, Lightness / Darkness plutonic igneous rock. It is the Coarseness / Fineness – Are the grains visible? chemical equivalent of basalt—a fine- grained volcanic igneous rock which Rhyolite cools too quickly for large mineral crystals to grow. The vast majority of Gabbro the earth’s surface is underlaid by Basalt Granite gabbro. Granite is a light, coarse-grained, plutonic igneous rock. It is the chemical equivalent of rhyolite, a fine- grained volcanic igneous rock. Slide 10 “Granite” Countertops? Drummond kitchen. Andesite is a volcanic igneous rock, the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Marketing claims aside, these countertops are andesite Slide 11 How not to Distinguish Rocks Not by color: color often comes from impurities in the rock – Greens — chlorites, magnesium – Reds — iron oxides, esp. hematite (iron ore) – Yellows/tans — hydrated iron oxides Chlorite Iron Ore Limonite Slide 12 Igneous — rock deposited in a molten state Plutonic — formed deep beneath earth’s surface, when magma cools & hardens – Granite (light); diorite (dark); gabbro (very dark, mistakenly called black granite) – Granite: “grain”-y, non-porous, light colored (gray to pink), hard, durable, scratch- and chemical-resistant, takes a variety of finishes, low thermal expansion, can be used in contact with the ground or exposed to severe weathering Volcanic — formed close to the earth’s surface when lava cools & hardens – Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, pumice, tuff – Not often used for building in U.S. — few volcanoes Slide 13 Slide 14 Boston Public Library Pink granite; 1888-1895; McKim, Mead & White Slide 15 Rhodes Hall — 1516 Peachtree Street NW; http://archive.rebeccablacktech.com/b Stone Mtn. granite and Lithonia gneiss; 1904; W. F. Denny, II oards/cgl/img/0059/49/133971367861 2.jpg Rhodes Hall in midtown Atlanta, built of both Stone Mountain Granite and Lithonia Gneiss http://georgiarocks.us/gallery/AtlantaQ uarriesCuts/AtlantaQuarriesCuts- Pages/Image4.html Slide 16 http://dbs.galib.uga.edu/cgi- Stone Mountain, GA, ca. 1916 bin/ultimate.cgi?dbs=vanga&ini=vanga _galileo.ini&userid=galileo&_cc=1 Vanishing Georgia DEK-4 Slide 17 Isotropy – identical properties in all Sedimentary — rock deposited on the earth’s surface by the directions action of wind and water Wood is also anisotropic—easier to split along the grain than against it Anisotropic – directionally dependent – Specific bedding planes – Sandstone and limestone are examples Slide 18 Sandstone Crossbeds Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, 17 miles west of Las Vegas strip. About 180 million years ago the area was completely arid, much as the Sahara Desert is today. A giant dune field stretched from this area eastward into Colorado, and windblown sand piled more than half-a-mile deep in some spots. As the wind shifted the sands back and forth, old dunes were leveled and new ones built up leaving a record of curving, angled lines in the sand known as "crossbeds". These shifting sands were buried by other sediments, and eventually cemented into sandstone by iron oxide with some calcium carbonate. This formation, known locally as the Aztec Sandstone, is quite hard and forms the prominent cliffs of the Red Rock escarpment. In some areas the iron minerals in the rocks have been altered and concentrated giving the rock it's red color. http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/fo/lvfo/b lm_programs/blm_special_areas/red_r ock_nca/red_rock_s_unique/red_rock_ geology.html Slide 19 Sandstone Checkerboard Mesa is a mass of Crossbedding slickrock with crossbedding etched into and Jointing the north face of the rock. The imperfect vertical and horizontal fissures are a result of jointing and crossbedding. The checkerboard design has been created by weathering and erosion in the upper portion of the Navajo Formation. Weathering by rainwash and freeze-and-thaw cycles brings these grooves out in relief. Slide 20 There are two types of sedimentary 1st Sedimentary Rock Type rocks: carbonates and silicates. We’ll Carbonates: CaCO3 and Mg(CO3)2 look at carbonates first. – Composed of carbonate minerals which precipitate out of supersaturated waters, or Chemical sedimentary rock forms when are formed when the water evaporates – Limestone, travertine, tufa are precipitates mineral constituents in – Oolitic limestone, gypsum are evaporates solution become supersaturated and – Porous; will not accept a high polish; soluble in acid; very absorbent and susceptible to inorganically precipitate. Common staining not usually in contact with soil chemical sedimentary rocks include oolitic limestone and rocks composed of evaporite minerals such as halite (rock salt), and gypsum. Most other limestone, and travertine and tufa are evaporates. Oolitic limestone is also found in Indiana in the United States. The town of Oolitic, Indiana, was founded for the trade of limestone and bears its name. Quarries in Oolitic, Bedford, and Bloomington contributed the materials for such iconic U.S. landmarks as the Empire State Building in New York and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. Many of the buildings on the Indiana University campus in Bloomington are built with native oolitic limestone material, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, is built mainly of grey oolitic limestone. The 1979 movie Breaking Away centers around the sons of quarry workers in Bloomington. Oolitic refers to the ooids from which the rock is formed— spherical grains made of concentric layers. Comes from the Greek word for “egg”. Pronounced Ho-olitic (long o’s). Slide 21 Getty Centre in Brentwood, LA; Richard Meier & Partners, architects (1984- 1997); concrete and steel with either Tufa — Ostia, 1st travertine or aluminum cladding; 1.2 century BCE million square feet of travertine used to build the centre. Travertine — LA, 1984-1997 Image from: http://www.archdaily.com/103964/ad- classics-getty-center-richard-meier- partners-architects/96sf20-163/ Tufa stone work (NOT bricks) from the Ostia Synagogue (1st European synagogue discovered; dates between 1st century BCE and 1st century CE), in the city of Ostia, the harbor of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber River. Image from: http://www.utexas.edu/research/isac/ web/OSMAP/OSMAP_Masonry2.html Slide 22 The most iconic visual feature of Lake Tufa Towers, Mono are tufa towers formed by Mono underwater springs rich in ionized Lake, CA calcium; these calcium rich waters mix with high carbonate lake waters, producing deposition of calcium “Tufa” – a carbonate. Since the formation only sedimentary rock... occurs underwater, the emergent towers testify to the decline in surface level since 1941, the date when massive water diversions to the rapidly expanding human population of Southern California commenced. Top image from: http://www.oceanlight.com/spotlight.p hp?img=09931 Bottom right image from: http://www.grahamowengallery.com/p hotography/landscape_CA_inland.html Slide 23 Not to be Two tuff buildings in Kirkland, AZ: confused with “Tuff” – an http://walkingprescott.blogspot.com/2 igneous rock 010/03/back-in-outback2-kirkland.html Tuff columns along the forum in Pompeii: Tuff buildings, Kirkland, AZ, ca. early 1900s http://www.flickr.com/photos/roger_ul rich/6057894758/ (Note modern Tuff columns, Pompeii forum, pre-79 CE concrete bases) Slide 24 Georgia Capitol — Atlanta; Indiana oolitic limestone; 1889; Edbrooke & Burnham Slide 25 http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/t ext/pageviewer- idx?c=manu;cc=manu;rgn=full%20text;i dno=manu0019-11;didno=manu0019- 11;view=image;seq=0258;node=manu0 019-11%3A37 Manufacturer and Builder, XIX, 11 (Nov. 1887), 253. Slide 26 Georgia Capitol, West Exterior Stairs Bottom step is granite; other stairs are limestone. Limestone is porous, will not accept a high polish, soluble in acid, high absorption and