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Daniel Wilson and the Scottish Enlightenment*

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Daniel Wilson and the Scottish Enlightenment* Proc Soc Aniiq Scot, 122 (1992), 55-75 Daniel ScottisWilsoe th d nan h Enlightenment* Bruce G Triggerf ABSTRACT The career Danielof Wilson (1816-1892), English-speakingthe world's first scientific archaeologist, embraced continentstwo other drewhis and artist,on skills an as antiquarian, anthropologist, universityand teacher. While Wilson's approach archaeologyto basedthe was on Scandinavianworkthe of archaeologists Christian Thomsen Jensand Worsaae, understandinghis of human behaviour was shaped by the popular culture of early 19th-century Edinburgh, especially thinkingthe Scottishof primitivists Commonand Sense philosophers romanticismthe and Sir of Walter Scott. Like 18th-century Enlightenment philosophers, Wilson believed in cultural evolution but retained a creationist view of human origins and regarded human nature as unchanging. He reluctantly accepted biological evolution, but his refusal to adopt an evolutionary view of the origin of the human mind led him to reject the racism that was introduced into studies of cultural evolution Darwiniansby such Johnas Lubbock. advocatingBy integrationthe aboriginalof peoples into what hopedhe would become multiraciala society Northin America, Wilson continued championto concepts the Enlightenment the of timea at when such ideals becomehad unfashionable. INTRODUCTION Comparing Daniel Wilson's Prehistoric Man, publishe 1862n di , with John Lubbock's Pre- historic Times, which appeared three years later, one is struck by their contrasting views of aboriginal peoples. Lubbock portrayed such peoples as dirty, ignorant, and immoral savages, and lifs hi resee fo f considereth ro t d thebiologicalle b mo t y incapabl f adaptineo modero gt n wayd san hence doomed to extinction or permanent subordination as European civilization and settlement spread roun globee dth . Wilsot romanticizno d ndi e aboriginal peoples respectet bu , d the their mfo r many accomplishments and continued to believe that as individuals they had the capacity to develop and flourish within the new societies that were evolving as a result of European expansion. Wilson's opinions seem far more like our own than do Lubbock's repellently racist ones. This paper seeks to examine the context in which such very different views evolved and persisted throug lattee hth 19te r halth hf fo century . Since the days of R G Collingwood (1946), archaeologists have known that the past exists for them onl s theya y imagin t woulheighe I . th e it e f arrogancdb o t claio t e m that, even wite hth most complete evidence, anyon fulln eca y comprehen complee dth xl realitieal e pastt th Ye f . o s reconstruction histore th f f archaeologo sy o f equa o t lno valuee morye ar knoe Th . ew w aboue th t social and cultural contexts in which individual archaeologists worked, the more likely we are to * The Sir Daniel Wilson Lecture 1992 t Dept of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 56 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1992 thesy understanwh e d archaeologistan w dho s interpreted their evidenc thes ea y did. Success also requires that we avoid presentism: imposing our own values on the past. WILSON THE ENIGMA Wilson was born in Edinburgh in 1816, and published The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals f Scotlando s appointe n 1851i wa e h ; d Professo f Historo r Englisd an y h Literaturt ea University College, Toronto n 1853i , , Presiden f thao t t colleg n 1880i e Presidend an ,e th f o t Universit f Torontoyo f whico , h University Colleg a fiery part a t d s ei bu n 1887,ha i , e H . controlled, temper and fought tenaciously for those principles in which he believed. Wilso widels ni y leadine remembereth f o ge figureon s d a highe n i s r educatio Canadn ni n ai the latte e 19tr th hal hf o fcentury e detesteH . e sectarianisdth e encounteremh Ontarin di d oan championed a non-denominational system of higher education, where people from different religious backgrounds could intermingl leard ean co-operate.o nt alse H o supporte Scottise dth h model of higher education, which offered a broad range of subjects including options that would prepare students for particular professions (Berger 1990, 1111-12). In Wilson's approach to education we can observe his deep commitment to the humanistic ideas and values that he had acquire Edinburghn youna i s n da gma . e earlByth y 1860s, Wilso s generallnwa y assume havo dt e settled dowregulaa s a n r Canadian. Yet we know from his diaries and letters that he had not wished to come to Canada and, like many Scottish immigrants s nevewa , r totally reconcile remainino dt g there e accepteH . da teaching post at University College only after it became apparent that no similar position was likely to become available in Scotland, and he never ceased to regret his separation from Edinburgh friends and libraries. He applied unsuccessfully for the Chair of History at St Andrews i nf Englis o 186 d 1an h Literatur Universite th t ea f Edinburgyo n 1863hi said s an d, wa tha e h t prepare mako dt e financial sacrifice returo t s Scotlando nt earle th y n plannins I . 1880wa e sh o gt retire to Scotland, but was persuaded to stay on as President of University College (McCardle 1980, 35, 56-7). The landscapes that Wilson continued to paint into the late 1880s document his growing aesthetic appreciation of the North American continent. This suggests that he gradually came to understand his new home with his heart as well as with his intellect. Yet Wilson's relations with his Canadian colleagues remained difficult. In his final years, he s criticizewa somy db e younge failurs r hi staf r supporo t efo f preferentiae th t l hirin f Canadiago n academics (McCardle 1980, 61; McKillop 1987, 81-2). In 1889, he wrote in his diary: 'The aspect in which I find myself viewed by this pack of self-seekers as a foreign intruder is comical. I am the last of the hated Hyksos kings. If they only had me safe in my sarcophagus the reign of the true native Pharaohs would begin' (McKillop 1987, 91). He esteemed as the greatest honour of his life being grante Freedoe d th Cit e f th Edinburgy o f m o n 1891hi t whica , h tim portraie eth t thaw no t hangs in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery was painted by Sir George Reid. By contrast, he s persuadewa d only with some difficult accepo t y e knighthooth t e receivedh e n 188th di n 8o recommendation of the Ontario and Canadian governments. He regarded it as an insult to all scholars that he should be made a knight bachelor, an honour that was of lower standing than the KCMG which local politicians routinely awarde eaco dt h other. Eve formalld n ha afte e h r y accepted the title, Wilson never used it (McCardle 1980, 70, 165-6); a convention that I shall respec thin i t s paper. Among Wilson's contemporaries, his reputation as a scholar was variable. His archaeology and anthropology books sold well in North America and Europe. The eminent English historian Henry Hallam recognize firse dth t editioArchaeologye Th f no Prehistoricd an Annals of Scotland TRIGGER: DANIE LSCOTTIS E WILSOTH D NHAN ENLIGHTENMEN7 5 T beins a mose gth t scientific treatmen archaeologicae th f o t l evidenc f 'primitiveo e history' written reviea far o s n i , w that greatly assisted Wilso securo nt s positioehi t Universitna y College (Hale 1893, 259; McCardle 1980, 13). Yet, fro late mth e 19th century archaeologicas hi , l work seemo st have been little remembered in Scotland. Joseph Anderson, whose approach to Scottish prehistory was very different from Wilson's, mad reference w s synthese efe andhi m n hi i , o t sf Scottis o s h prehistory, V Gordon Childe appears not to have been aware of him (Clarke 1981, 136-8; Childe 1935, 1946). Wilson's wor alss okwa generally considere f littlo e eb intereso dt 19th-century b t y English palaeolithic archaeologists who were attracted to the ideas of Charles Darwin. The American anthropologist Frederick Starr described Prehistoric Man and The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland as training books for a generation of scholars, and Horatio Hale rankeo wh , d Wilson amon 'beacon-lightse gth ages hi ,f pointeo ' t tha wors dou hi t k had been especially influential among German ethnologists (Starr 1892, 307; Hale 1893, 260, 265). In 1907 Americae th , n archaeologist Arthu ParkerC r (1907, 460) claimed that, wit writinge hth f so Wilson, Lewis Henry Morgan, Ephraim Squier, and Edwin Davis 'a new epoch' had dawned in American anthropology othee th n r O hand. Americae th , n historian Justin Winsor (1889, 377), while generally praising Wilson's work, complained that Prehistoric s 'nowa t weln Ma l fortified with references' posthumoue Th . s pronouncemen universitn t ow fro s tha s mscholarshihi s yhi twa p s 'morwa e diffuse than accurate remainee h thad d an ha t' d primaril yscholaa r rather than na administrator 'the wouln reama l d have been submerged' (Langton 1901, 204-5) e latteTh . r comment tell mors su e abou talent-starvee th t d Canadian societ whicn yi h Wilson lived than about Wilson himself. Wilson's more recent archaeological and anthropological reputation has been similarly mixed s perhapi e H . s most widely remembere e firsth ts da archaeologis e worth de us o t t 'prehistory Englise th n i ' h language, althoug r morhfo e tha bees year0 n3 ha nt si debated whether e actuallh y invented this term (Chippindale 1988; Clermon Smit& t h 1990).
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