“The Best Way to Have a Good Idea Is to Have Lots of Ideas.” John Kirwan Emeritus Professor of Rheumatic Diseases

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

“The Best Way to Have a Good Idea Is to Have Lots of Ideas.” John Kirwan Emeritus Professor of Rheumatic Diseases Putting Linus Pauling's dictum into practice: “The best way to have a good idea is to have lots of ideas.” John Kirwan Emeritus Professor of Rheumatic Diseases [email protected] Linus Pauling (1901-1994) • American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. • One of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. • Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. • Only two people have been awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Physics 1903, Chemistry 1911). Linus Pauling (1901-1994) The Pauling Principle: • The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas and throw away the bad ones. This implies at least two things: • one must be willing to generate many ideas • one must be willing to generate bad ideas John’s ideas • Since late 1994 I have made a separate folder in my computer storage for each idea I started on • I found 186! John’s ideas • I went back through every folder and discovered • The date of the first file entry • How much work I did on that idea/project • What came out of it How much work? • From the number of files stored, and from memory, I estimated this on a 1 to 10 scale 1 – Just an initial proposal or email exchange, no follow up files 10 – Lots and lots of files, emails, notes of meetings, records of draft grant applications, draft papers, hours of soul searching… What came out of it? • I invented a classification scale: Maximum Output O utcomes 1993 1994 Outcomes at Dec 2015 by year project started 1995 1996 1997 (as at Dec 2015) 1998 1999 Year projectstarted Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Outcomes (as at Dec 2015) Cumulative proportion of projects (%) 100 Especially good 90 80 Built on 70 Several publications 60 A publication 50 40 Produced some data 30 Moved forward 20 Started 10 Thought about 0 Outcomes (as at Dec 2015) 74% of projects produced no publications 35 31.9 30 25 21.1 20 17.8 15 11.4 10 9.2 4.3 5 1.6 2.7 Proportion of outcomes (%) of outcomes Proportion 0 Thought Started Moved Produced A publication Several Built on Especially about forward some data publications good Maximum Output O utcomes 1993 R=0.000 1994 Outcomes at Dec 2015 by year project started 1995 1996 1997 (as at Dec 2015) 1998 1999 Year projectstarted Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Work done (as at Dec 2015) 69% of work produced no publications 30 27.9 25 22.4 20 16.6 15 10.6 10 7.7 5.8 6.6 Proportion of workProportion (%) 5 2.4 0 Thought Started Moved Produced A publication Several Built on Especially about forward some data publications good Work and outcome (as at Dec 2015) Work and outcome Especially good Built on Several publications R=0.719 A publication Produced some data Moved forward Started Thought about 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JK's Work (Estimate 0-10; 0.5 = ongoing) Work and outcome (as at Dec 2015) Mean (95% CI) work and publication status 7 Average work for 5 ‘Especially good’ 10) - 6 8.70 P=0.002 5 4 T-test 3 5.26 P <0.00001 2 2.95 1 JK's Work (EstimateJK's Work 0 0 Average work for all Average work for all non-published published Project start (Year) Time firsttopublication 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2011 2009 2008 2007 2006 2004 2003 2000 1998 1994 1993 Started project Time to first publication = 6 years = 6 to first publication Time 1994 1995 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 First publication 2000 Year offirst paper Year 2001 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Time first to publication 35 Mean 3.5 years 30 (95% CI 2.9, 4.0) 25 20 15 10 5 Proportion of projects (%) of projects Proportion 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time to first publication (years) Philip Hench (1896 – 1965) • American physician awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 • Discovery of cortisone and its application for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Glucocorticoid timeline - 1929 to 2009 From Philip Hench’s idea to a treatment recommendation by NHS in 80 years 1929 Jaundice and pregnancy relieve symptoms (1) 1938 Lecithin from adrenals tried 1941 Thought Compound E might help 1984 Specialist Registrars call for proper investigation of glucocorticoid actions 1985 Widespread condemnation of glucocorticoids but also widespread use (9) 1948 Compound E tried (1,2) 1986 ARC Study proposal published (11) 1959, 1960 MRC /Nufield Glucocorticoid study published (3,5) West’s ‘lost’ report (6) 1995 ARC Study results published (7) 1997 COBRA Study (22) 1983 Harris (8) 1998 ARC Follow up (17) 2007 Cochrane meta analysis published (25) 2009 NICE Guidelines (23) 2007 2009 1938 1985 1983 1995 1929 1948 1960 1984 1941 1959 1967 1996 1986 1997 1995 Schaardenburg (26) 2005 Choy (34) 1955 Empire (4) Additional 1995 van Gestel (27) 2005 Wassenberg (33) Studies 2002 van Everdingen (28) 2005 Goekoop (32) 2004 Suponitskaia (29) 2004 Capell (30) 2005 Svensson (31) The key message... • Pauling was right! • Thinking of and testing ideas that do not work out is an integral part of successful academic activity. • These are not failures – they are part of the process! Professor John Kirwan [email protected] Academic Rheumatology Unit.
Recommended publications
  • Honolulu Star-Advertiser
    B CITY EDITOR: David Butts / [email protected] / 529-4310 WEDNESDAY 10/7/20 VANDALS AT WORK A $20,000 digital sign is damaged at Makapu‘u Lighthouse Trail over the weekend >> B2 ——— BIG Q >> B2 COMICS & PUZZLES >> B7-9 KOKUA LINE CHRISTINE DONNELLY Must apply for extended jobless benefits uestion: Are the extended benefits Q automatic once I run out of unemploy- ment? It’s getting close. What do I do? Answer: No, Pan- demic Emergency Unem- ployment Compensation is not automatic. You have to apply for this pro- gram, which adds 13 weeks of benefits for eligi- UCLA VIA AP / 2015 ble claimants, and you must have a zero balance Andrea Ghez, professor of physics and astronomy at UCLA, was one of three scientists who was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in in your Unemployment In- physics for advancing the understanding of black holes. Ghez was photographed on the university’s campus. surance account before you do so, according to the state Department of Labor and Industrial Rela- Nobel winner is Keck Observatory user tions. You would apply through your online UI ac- Astronomer Andrea Ghez has been studying the ry’s telescopes, Lewis said count and answer a series Ghez probably uses them of questions to determine Galactic Center from Hawaii island since 1995 more often than anyone whether you are eligible. else — about a dozen nights For instructions on how Star-Advertiser staff covering a supermassive per year. to apply, see labor.hawaii. and news services black hole at the center of The observatory’s twin gov/ui/.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pedersen Memorial Issue
    springer.com Chemistry : Organic Chemistry The Pedersen Memorial Issue Foreword: Charles J. Pedersen (1904-1989), Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1987) This issue is dedicated to the memory of the late Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of his outstanding contribution to scientific research, culminating in his discovery of crown ethers and their remarkable cation complexing properties and his receipt of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Charlie's origin and early years in Korea did not portend the creative work in chemistry which would characterize his later life. However, we can see in his early years the influence of his Norwegian father and Japanese mother who considered his formal education to be of utmost importance. At the age of eight, he was sent abroad to Japan for schooling, first at a convent school in Nagasaki, and two years later at a French-American preparatory school in Yokohama run by a Marianist order of Catholic priests and brothers. The latter group encouraged him to attend the order's University of Dayton in Ohio where he received a bachelors degree in Springer chemical engineering. Charlie's academic experiences, his employment with du Pont, and the Softcover reprint of the creative spark which he manifested at an early stage of his scientific career are detailed in the 1st original 1st ed. 1992, VI, paper in this issue by Herman Schroeder. Schroeder had a long-time association with Charlie at edition 406 p. du Pont as a co-worker, supervisor, and friend. His recollections provide insight into Charlie's creative mind. In addition, they make it clear that a long period of creative work preceded the accidental discovery of the first synthetic crown ether.
    [Show full text]
  • What Use Is Chemistry?
    2 Inspirational chemistry What use is chemistry? Index 1.1 1 sheet This activity is based on a Sunday Times article by Sir Harry Kroto, a Nobel prize winning chemist who discovered a new allotrope of carbon – buckminsterfullerene or ‘bucky balls’. The article appeared on November 28, 2004 and is reproduced overleaf as a background for teachers. The aim is to introduce students to the scope of modern chemistry and the impact that it has on their lives, even in areas that they may not think of as related to chemistry. An alternative exercise for more able students would be to research what was used before chemical scientists had produced a particular new product or material (eg silk or wool stockings before nylon, leather footballs before synthetics, grated carbolic soap before shampoo) and then to write about the difference it would make to their lives if they did not have the modern product. Students will need: ■ Plenty of old magazines and catalogues (Argos catalogues are good as virtually everything in them would not exist without modern chemistry) ■ Large sheets of sugar paper ■ Glue and scissors. It works well if students produce the poster in groups, but then do the written work by themselves. The activity could be set for homework. Inspirational chemistry 3 What use is chemistry? Some years ago I was delighted chemistry-related industries make a to receive an honorary degree £5 billion profit on a £50 billion from Exeter University turnover, the apparent government recognising my contributions to inaction over the looming disaster chemistry – especially the is scarcely credible.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    Pure Appl. Chem. 2016; 88(10-11): 917–918 Editorial Hugh D. Burrows* and Richard M. Hartshorn* The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry DOI 10.1515/pac-2016-2005 Keywords: Ben L. Feringa; Jean-Pierre Sauvage; J. Fraser Stoddart; Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 2016. Pure and Applied Chemistry warmly congratulates Jean-Pierre Sauvage (University of Strasbourg, France), Sir J. Fraser Stoddart (Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA), and Bernard (Ben) L. Feringa (Univer- sity of Groningen, the Netherlands) on their award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The citation from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences states that the award is “for the design and synthesis of molecu- lar machines”. Their work encompasses a broad spectrum of Chemistry, from elegant synthetic studies of catenanes, rotaxanes and other formerly considered exotic molecules, through coordination chemistry, and electron transfer reactions, to molecular switches and rotors driven by light and other external sources. They have all participated actively in IUPAC endorsed meetings and conference series, including the IUPAC World Congress in Chemistry, IUPAC International Conferences on Organic Synthesis (ICOS), Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC), and Coordination Chemistry (ICCC), and IUPAC International Symposia on Macrocyclic Chemistry (ISMC), Organometallic Chemistry Directed Towards Organic Synthesis (OMCOS), Novel Aromatic Compounds (ISNA), Carbohydrate Chemistry (ICS), the Chemistry of Natural Products ISCNP), and Photo- chemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. publishes collections of papers based upon authoritative lectures presented at such IUPAC endorsed events, in addition to IUPAC Recommendations, and Technical Reports. We are very pleased to highlight the following publications from these three Nobel Laureates that have been published in Pure and Applied Chemistry as a result of their involvement in these conferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Chartered Status Charteredeverything You Need Tostatus Know Everything You Need to Know
    Chartered Status CharteredEverything you need toStatus know Everything you need to know www.rsc.org/cchem www.rsc.org/cchem ‘The best of any profession is always chartered’ The RSC would like to thank its members (pictured top to bottom) Ben Greener, Pfizer, Elaine Baxter, Procter & Gamble, and Richard Sleeman, Mass Spec Analytical Ltd, for their participation and support . Chartered Status | 1 Contents About chartered status 3 Why become chartered? 3 What skills and experience do I need? 3 The professional attributes for a Chartered Chemist 5 Supporting you throughout the programme yThe Professional Development Programme 5 yThe Direct Programme 7 How to apply 7 Achieving Chartered Scientist status 8 Revalidation 8 The next step 8 Application form 9 2 | Chartered Status ‘Having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility’ Elaine Baxter BSc PhD MRSC Procter & Gamble Elaine Baxter is a Senior Scientist at Procter & Gamble (P&G). Since joining the company, she has had roles in formulation, process and technology development in skin and shaving science. She graduated in 2001, before completing a PhD on synthetic inorganic chemistry of platinum dyes with applications in solar cells. Elaine is currently working towards Chartered Chemist status through the Professional Development Programme. Why do you want to achieve Chartered Chemist status? My role involves science communication with people such as dermatologists, academics and the media; having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility with these professionals. How do you feel the programme has worked for you? Working towards achieving the attributes required for the CChem award has presented me with opportunities to share my industry knowledge and help others.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nobel Peace Prize
    TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Nov. 17,1983 LECH WALESA—1983 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPI- [S
    97 STAT. 1532 CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS—NOV. 15, 1983 (4) support international efforts through the United Nations Border Relief Operation to relieve the suffering of the more than two hundred thousand Khmer civilians who have sought refuge along the Thai border from the Vietnamese occupation; and (5) give humanitarian and political support to the non-Com­ munist Khmer nationalist forces that represent the legitimate aspirations of the Khmer people. Agreed to November 15, 1983. Nov 15,1983 JOHN F. KENNEDY—COMMEMORATION OF HIS [H. Con. Res. 214] DEATH Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That the Rotunda of the United States Capitol is hereby authorized to be used on November 16, 1983, in such a manner as the Speaker and minority leader of the United States House of Representatives and the majority leader and minority leader of the United States Senate may deem appropriate to commemorate the twentieth anni­ versary of the death of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Physical preparations for the conduct of the ceremony shall be carried out in accordance with such conditions as may be prescribed by the Archi­ tect of the Capitol. Agreed to November 15, 1983. Nov. 17,1983 LECH WALESA—1983 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPI- [s. Con. Res. 76] ENT, U.S. CONGRATULATIONS Whereas a secure and universal peace is a major objective of people of good will throughout the world; Whereas one of the necessary conditions of achieving such peace is universal respect for and realization of internationally recognized human rights and fundamental
    [Show full text]
  • Pauling-Linus.Pdf
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES L I N U S C A R L P A U L I N G 1901—1994 A Biographical Memoir by J A C K D. D UNITZ Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1997 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. LINUS CARL PAULING February 28, 1901–August 19, 1994 BY JACK D. DUNITZ INUS CARL PAULING was born in Portland, Oregon, on LFebruary 28, 1901, and died at his ranch at Big Sur, California, on August 19, 1994. In 1922 he married Ava Helen Miller (died 1981), who bore him four children: Linus Carl, Peter Jeffress, Linda Helen (Kamb), and Edward Crellin. Pauling is widely considered the greatest chemist of this century. Most scientists create a niche for themselves, an area where they feel secure, but Pauling had an enormously wide range of scientific interests: quantum mechanics, crys- tallography, mineralogy, structural chemistry, anesthesia, immunology, medicine, evolution. In all these fields and especially in the border regions between them, he saw where the problems lay, and, backed by his speedy assimilation of the essential facts and by his prodigious memory, he made distinctive and decisive contributions. He is best known, perhaps, for his insights into chemical bonding, for the discovery of the principal elements of protein secondary structure, the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet, and for the first identification of a molecular disease (sickle-cell ane- mia), but there are a multitude of other important contri- This biographical memoir was prepared for publication by both The Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008
    Journal of Visualized Experiments www.jove.com Video Article The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008 Roger Y. Tsien1 1 URL: https://www.jove.com/video/1575 DOI: doi:10.3791/1575 Keywords: Cellular Biology, Issue 35, GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein, IFPs, jellyfish, PKA, Calmodulin Date Published: 1/13/2010 Citation: Tsien, R.Y. The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008. J. Vis. Exp. (35), e1575, doi:10.3791/1575 (2010). Abstract American biochemist Roger Tsien shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Martin Chalfie and Osamu Shimomura for their discovery and development of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Tsien, who was born in New York in 1952 and grew up in Livingston New Jersey, began to experiment in the basement of the family home at a young age. From growing silica gardens of colorful crystallized metal salts to attempting to synthesize aspirin, these early experiments fueled what would become Tsien's lifelong interest in chemistry and colors. Tsien's first official laboratory experience was an NSF-supported summer research program in which he used infrared spectroscopy to examine how metals bind to thiocyanate, for which he was awarded a $10,000 scholarship in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search. Following graduation from Harvard in 1972, Tsien attended Cambridge University in England under a Marshall Scholarship. There he learned organic chemistry --a subject he'd hated as an undergraduate-- and looked for a way to synthesize dyes for imaging neuronal activity, generating BAPTA based optical calcium indicator dyes. Following the completion of his postdoctoral training at Cambridge in 1982, Tsien accepted a faculty position at the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Kissinger and the Dilemmas of American Power Osher Lifelong Learning 2015 Henry A
    Celebrity Diplomat Henry Kissinger and the Dilemmas of American Power Osher Lifelong Learning 2015 Henry A. Kissinger My alternate title: …and were afraid to ask Still controversial in 2015 The arguments of this course 1.) Henry Kissinger is the most famous and controversial American diplomat of the 20th century. 2.) A career intersecting with key aspects of American history 3.) National Security Adviser in 1969 – architect of US policy with Nixon – Ended American involvement in Vietnam, crafting an opening to China, and reaching detente with the Soviet Union. But also interfered in the elected government of Chile, tilted toward Pakistan in its genocidal behavior toward Bangladesh, and fostered relationships with dictatorial regimes like the Shah’s Iran. 4.) Became first “celebrity diplomat” and Nobel Peace Prize winner, Kissinger survived Watergate and advised Gerald Ford 6.) A self-professed “realist” and Cold Warrior 7.) Attack by both Republicans and Democrats in 1976 8.) Kissinger’s legacy has been an emphasis on the limits of American power and the need to recognize the importance of diplomacy in combination with military power in furthering the national interest. Kissinger’s appointment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2- FmWpacHeQ “A man of my origins” 1.) born in Fuerth, Germany, during the Weimar Republic; Orthodox Jewish upbringing; intense love for soccer 2.) Ten years old in 1933 when Hitler and the Nazis came to power What was the impact of this? Weimar Republic Young Henry – growing up in Nazi Germany (1923-1938) The Kissinger saga Louis and Paula Kissinger New York in 1940 Kissinger’s Army Career 1.) Drafted in 1943 – serves in Army Intelligence – first mentor Fritz Kraemer 2.) Serves in occupation of Germany till 1947 – first taste of power as “Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Embargoed Until
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: Ashley Berke Senior Public Relations Manager 215.409.6693 [email protected] MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO RECEIVE 2008 LIBERTY MEDAL AT THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION CENTER Award to be presented by President George H.W. Bush Philadelphia, PA – The National Constitution Center’s 2008 Liberty Medal will be awarded to former Soviet leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev for his courageous role in ending the dangerous, decades-long Cold War and in giving hope and freedom to millions who lived behind the Iron Curtain. The public Liberty Medal ceremony will take place on Thursday, September 18, 2008, at the National Constitution Center on Independence Mall in Historic Philadelphia, and will set the stage for international commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 2009. “This year’s ceremony will be a memorable tribute to a revolutionary thinker with courage and conviction who believed in the power of liberty and openness,” said National Constitution Center President and CEO Joseph M. Torsella. “Mikhail Gorbachev is someone who truly changed the course of history, and we are honored to recognize him.” “During the Cold War, Gorbachev helped replace confrontation with negotiation and established a new climate between East and West,” said Torsella. “He bravely opened the doors of Soviet society to the winds of freedom and change, and he continues to be a voice for an open society today. His vision and strength were central to bringing about a peaceful end to the Cold War, and his remarkable leadership has led to profound and lasting consequences for our nations and for all people who treasure liberty.” This took both vision and courage.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Hahn Otto Hahn
    R.N. 70269/98 Postal Registration No.: DL-SW-1/4082/15-17 ISSN : 0972-169X Date of posting: 26-27 of advance month Date of publication: 24 of advance month May 2017 Vol. 19 No. 8 Rs. 5.00 Otto Hahn Discoverer of Nuclear Fission Editorial: Consolidating 35 science communication activities in our country Otto Hahn: Discoverer of 34 Nuclear Fission Keep Your Eyes Healthy 31 Phenol: A Serious 30 Environmental Threat Accidental Discoveries in 28 Medical Science Cures for haemorrhoids— 24 Simple treatments and Surgeries Recent developments 21 in science and technology 36 Editorial Consolidating science communication activities in our country Dr. R. Gopichandran It is well known that the National Council of Science Museums of India’s leadership in science technology and innovation (STI) across the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, the National Institute the bilateral and multilateral framework also. The news feature service of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) and the portal activity have well defined action plans to reach out to of CSIR, the National Council for Science and Technology fellow institutions and citizens with suitably embellished platform Communication (NCSTC) of the Department of Science and and opportunities for all to deliver together. Technology (DST), Government of India and Vigyan Prasar, also While these are interesting and extremely important, especially of DST, have been carrying out excellent science communication because they respond to the call to upscale and value add science activities over the years. It cannot be denied that the reach has been and technology communication, it is equally important to document quite significant collectively.
    [Show full text]