Coimisiún Na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission Junior

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit

State Examinations Commission

Junior Certificate 2019

Marking Scheme

Classical Studies

Ordinary Level

Note to teachers and students on the use of published marking schemes

Marking schemes published by the State Examinations Commission are not intended to be standalone documents. They are an essential resource for examiners who receive training in the correct interpretation and application of the scheme. This training involves, among other things, marking samples of student work and discussing the marks awarded, so as to clarify the correct application of the scheme. The work of examiners is subsequently monitored by Advising Examiners to ensure consistent and accurate application of the marking scheme. This process is overseen by the Chief Examiner, usually assisted by a Chief Advising Examiner. The Chief Examiner is the final authority regarding whether or not the marking scheme has been correctly applied to any piece of candidate work.

Marking schemes are working documents. While a draft marking scheme is prepared in advance of the examination, the scheme is not finalised until examiners have applied it to candidates’ work and the feedback from all examiners has been collated and considered in light of the full range of responses of candidates, the overall level of difficulty of the examination and the need to maintain consistency in standards from year to year. This published document contains the finalised scheme, as it was applied to all candidates’ work.

In the case of marking schemes that include model solutions or answers, it should be noted that these are not intended to be exhaustive. Variations and alternatives may also be acceptable. Examiners must consider all answers on their merits, and will have consulted with their Advising Examiners when in doubt.

Future Marking Schemes

Assumptions about future marking schemes on the basis of past schemes should be avoided. While the underlying assessment principles remain the same, the details of the marking of a particular type of question may change in the context of the contribution of that question to the overall examination in a given year. The Chief Examiner in any given year has the responsibility to determine how best to ensure the fair and accurate assessment of candidates’ work and to ensure consistency in the standard of the assessment from year to year. Accordingly, aspects of the structure, detail and application of the marking scheme for a particular examination are subject to change from one year to the next without notice.

SECTION A

The Greek World Topic 1 – The Wrath of Achilles (a) (i) Poetry that is spoken. Poetry that is passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. (ii) Priam (iii) Wife of Priam (iv) He was the son of Zeus and was killed by Patroclus. He’s leader of the Lycians. (v) Zeus put the lives of Hector and Achilles on his golden scales. (vi) Either Xanthus (Scamander) or Simois (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) Andromache (8 marks) (ii) Astyanax/Scamandrius (8 marks) (iii) The Death of Hector The Trojans have made it safely inside that gates of Troy but Hector remained outside determined to fight Achilles. Priam and Hecabe pleaded with him to come inside the gates, but he refused to retreat. He thought about his options while Achilles approached. He knew if he went inside he would be seen as cowardly especially by Polydamas because he had not taken his advice and ordered a withdrawal of the Trojans into the town. He thought about returning Helen and all her property to Agamemnon and Menelaus, and dividing up everything else and giving it to the Greeks. But then he realised that Achilles would never accept and resolved to fight Achilles.

Achilles came upon Hector, Hector panicked and fled with Achilles chasing after him. They ran around Troy three times. Athene disguised herself as Hector’s brother Deiphobus and Hector thinking he had his brother to help him approached Achilles. He told Achilles he had made up his mind to kill him. He asked Achilles that the body of the loser be given up for burial to which Achilles refused. Hector hit the centre of Achilles shield but rebounded. He shouted to Deiphobus to give him a spear but Deiphobus had gone and then he realised that Athene had tricked him. Achilles aimed for Hector’s weak spot where the armour did not protect him. He drove his spear through Hector’s neck. As he lay dying Hector asked Achilles to give his body back for burial but Achilles refused again. Achilles then sliced into the tendons of Hector’s feet, inserted straps and tied Hector to the back of his chariot. He then took Hector back to the Greek camp. (10 marks)

(iv) Candidates could focus on Hector’s love of his family, mentioning Andromache Astyanax and kind treatment of Helen ,also his determination to fight and protect the Trojans. He could have gone back inside the walls of Troy when his parents pleaded with him to return but chose to confront Achilles even though he was terrified.

No/ When Hector was confronted by a better figher and he ran away from Achilles in front of his family and people and behaved like a coward. It was his job to protect his people and family. Candidates could also take the middle line. (6 marks)

(c) (i) As Zeus flashes lightning to herald a hail storm. (6 marks) (ii) The simile highlights the depth of Agamemnon’s anxiety about the course of the war and the impact on his army. The use of forceful weather images such as hail storm is effective. (6 marks) (iii) Candidates will most likely focus on the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles and make a judgement on that. He could be seen as a bad leader and lacking judgement for arrogantly demanding that Briseis be taken from Achilles to make up for his loss of status in losing Chryseis, thereby alienating Achilles who withdraws from the war. Candidates could argue the reverse that he was being a strong leader by showing who was in charge. (8 marks) (iv) Menelaus. (4 marks)

Topic 2: Greece and Persia (a) (i) The Spartans threw them down a well and told them to get earth and water for the King from there.

(ii) He advised him not to go to war with the king of the Persians. The best plan was to make sure they had command of the sea. (iii) Pheidippides, an Athenian, was sent by the Athenian generals to Sparta. When he reached Sparta the next day he told the Spartans that the Athenians needed their help at Marathon. (iv) The best of Xerxes troops, 10,000 (v) Build war ships. (vi) Whenever Xerxes, saw one of his own men achieve some feat in the battle, he inquired who did it, and his scribes wrote down the captain's name with his father and city of residence. (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) The narrow stretch of water that separates Asia from Europe. The Persians crossed it to invade Greece. (8 marks)

(ii) Combing their hair and exercising. (8 marks)

(iii) Leonidas (8 marks)

(iv) Apollo (8 marks)

(c)

(i) Ionia had to be organised, Persian Europe had to be controlled, and those free Greek states which had made war on Persia had to be punished. (6 marks) (ii) Ionian cities should be measured and surveyed, regulate tributes accordingly and cities should submit quarrels for arbitration and not make war upon one another. (6 marks) (iii) To abolish despots and set up democratic governments . (6 marks)

(iv) That the Persians favoured the institution of democracy. (6 marks)

Topic 3: The Life and Death of Socrates (a) (i) A professional teacher of Rhetoric. (ii) He bribed the guards. (iii) 70 (iv) Meletus or Anytus or Lycon (v) They promised Apollo that if Theseus and the seven youths and seven maidens were saved they would send a solemn mission to Delos every year. (vi) Xanthippe, his wife. (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) Failing to acknowledge the city gods, introducing new divinities and corrupting the youth. (8 marks) (ii) Socrates denies that he is a professional teacher, unlike Evenus of Paros he does not accept a fee. Socrates has been accused of failing to acknowledge the city gods, introducing new divinities and corrupting the youth. Socrates defends himself by saying that he is carrying out his activities on behalf of the god Apollo. Chaerephon had said that the oracle of Delphi said that Socrates was the wisest man and Socrates decided to check out the truth of this. That is why he went around questioning those deemed wise, poets, politicians, craftsmen, but he could not find a man wiser than he. (8 marks) (iii) Free dining in the Prytaneum or a fine. (8 marks) (iv) Admire/ His determination to search for the meaning of Apollo’s oracle, even though it made him extremely unpopular and led to his death. He could have escaped from Athens but chose not to, his courage in facing death, his poverty. Not Admire. His tendency to annoy people, his arrogance, perhaps his refusal to escape and save his life? (8 marks)

(c)

(i) Holiness is what is agreeable to the gods. (6 marks) (ii) He likes the definition but doesn’t know yet if Euthyphro is right. (6 marks) (iii) Elenchus, Socratic method or Dialectic. (6 marks) (iv) Clever / calculating – obviously leading Euthyphro on a particular course/annoying, sounds like he already knows the answers/ tone might be commented on as arrogant. (6 marks)

Topic 4: Mycenae and Troy. (a) (i) The Lion Dagger (Lion’s Hunt Dagger) (ii) Odysseus was away for 10 years, he was from Ithaca. (iii) Helmet, Body armour, greaves (iv) Shaft graves were generally three to four meters deep with a layer of pebbles at the bottom. The sides were lined with low rubble walls with ledges for a wooden roof. Once the roof was in place, the pit was filled in with earth. Sometimes a slab marked the spot. (v) Vessel used for Libations (vi) Orestes. (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) He read and loved Homer’s Iliad. (8 marks) (ii) Turkey (8 marks) (iii) Sophie (8 marks) (iv) He dug too fast through all 9 layers destroying much evidence / He wrongly identified Treasure of Priam etc. (8 marks)

(c) (i) A is the Lion Gate, B Grave Circle A (6 marks) (ii) Cyclopean Walls (6 marks) (iii) He deciphered the Linear B tablets (6 marks)

(iv) Clytaemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon (6 marks)

Topic 5: The Athenian Acropolis (a) (i) Pericles (ii) Bottom step of peristyle (iii) Erechtheum (iv) Walls that connected the city of Athens with the port of Piraeaus (v) Kallikrates was one of the architects of the Parthenon and architect of Temple of Athene Nike (vi) It was attacked and destroyed by the Persians. (3 × 8 marks)

(b) (i) The Panathenaic festival was held to celebrate Athene’s birthday. (8 marks) (ii) It was held every 4 years. (8 marks) (iii) Poetry and music contests. The two main musical instruments were the double flute (diaulos) and the lyre. The athletic events included – running, the pentathlon, boxing, wrestling and Pancration. Long jump, equestrian events, ship races. (8 marks) (iv) Every year specially chosen women and girls of Athens made a new peplos for Athene as a birthday present. (8 marks)

(c) (i) Ionic (6 marks) (ii) Stereobate, stylobate, column, capital architrave, frieze (3 + 3 marks) (iii) The theatre below the Acropolis was called the Theatre of Dionysus. (6 marks) (iv) Mnesicles was an architect / The Propylaea and Temple of Athene Nike. (6 marks)

SECTION B Topic 6: The Quest of Aeneas. (a) (i) To praise Rome and Augustus (ii) He was promised a beautiful nymph Deiopia by the goddess Juno. (iii) She persuaded Dido that she could give her love to Aeneas. Dido had said she would never love again after her husband Sychaeus died. (iv) Juno sends Iris down to cut a lock of Dido’s hair as an offering to Proserpina, queen of the Underworld. (v) His mother Venus sent 2 doves to show him. (vi) The gate of Ivory (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) Hector (8 marks) (ii) Laocoon was a priest of Neptune. He was killed by two sea serpents. (4 + 4 marks) (iii) He wants to kill her. (8 marks) (iv) Creusa is Aeneas’ wife, she gets lost while fleeing Troy and is killed by the Greeks. (4 + 4 marks)

(ii) Candidates should comment on the description, glaring eyes lit with fire, foul cloak, green old age... and express an opinion (4 + 4 marks)

(iii) Comment on the description, Mothers, men boys and girls, young men laid on the pyre before their parents. (8 marks)

(v) They did not get a proper burial, therefore Charon could not take them in his boat. (4 marks)

Topic 7: The Roman Theatre – Comedy: The Swaggering Soldier (a) (i) Advantage; play more than one part, men could play women’s roles, disadvantage, lack of facial expression, uncomfortable to wear (ii) Ephesus (iii) Lurcio (iv) Pyrgopolynices (v) Acroteleutium’s maid (vi) The semi-circular space between the stage and the first row of seats. (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) ARTOTROGUS: He pretends to be a friend of Pyrgopolynices but is really hanging around him to get free food. When Pyrgopolynices calls for Artotrogus, Artotrogus answers by calling him his hero, his brave, his blessed, his royal, his doughty warrior whose valour Mars himself could hardly challenge or outshine. When Pyrgopolynices mentions fighting against Bumbomachides Clytomestoridsyarchides, Artotrogus tells him that he scattered his legions with a puff of one breath. Artotrogus reminds Pyrgopolynices about how he broke the elephant’s ulna and when Pyrgopolynices prompts him he says that it was the elephant’s femur that had been broken. He tells Pyrgopolynices that he had killed thousands in Cilicia. In addition Artotrogus also flatters Pyrgopolynices about his handsome appearance and the women who are all at his feet. He tells Pyrgopolynices that the women ask if he is Achilles, they say he is so good- looking and so charming and that he has lovely hair and envy the girls who go to bed with him. Pyrgopolynices laps all this up and is oblivious to how ridiculous Artotrogus is making him appear. Artotrogus does all this to get free food, he is particularly fond of olive salad. (4 +6 +6 marks) (ii) Philocomasium and Palaestrio were living in Athens. Philocomasium was the girl of Pleusicles and Palaestrio was his loyal slave. When Pleusicles was away on business in Naupactus, Pyrgopolynices wormed his way into the household, giving gifts to Philocomasium’s mother. Then he kidnapped Philocomasium when her mother was not looking and took her back to Ephesus. Palaestrio, the loyal slave then set out to tell his master what had happened. On the way he was captured by pirates and given to Pyrgopolynices as a present so he too ended up in Pyrgopolynices house in Ephesus. (16 marks) (c)

(i) Sceledrus (6 marks) (ii) He was chasing a monkey (6 marks)

(iii) He saw Philocomasium and Pleusicles kissing (6 marks) (iv) He was a slave/someone’s property and in Roman society a slave understood that he could be killed for not doing his job properly. (6 marks)

Topic 8: The Life and Times of Julius Caesar. (a) (i) Aurelia was Caesar’s mother. (ii) He went into hiding to avoid recapture by Sulla. He had been captured by Sulla’s soldiers and after offering their leader a bribe went to stay with Nicomedes for a short time. (iii) Crassus (iv) She rolled herself up in a Persian carpet and was given to him. (v) He refused to look at him, but he took Pompey’s signet ring and cried. (vi) Battle of Zela (3 × 8 marks)

(b)

(i) Caesar’s daughter Julia was married to Pompey. (8 marks) (ii) He crucified them. (8 marks) (iii) Vercengetorix (8 marks) (iv) Candidates can include negative points if they dislike Caesar. Caesar’s abilities in leading his army, tactics in battle, his relationship with the army, ability to suffer hardship, his bravery, his ambition, his generous gift of money to the Romans in his will. (8 marks)

(c) (i) Role of Soothsayer was that of seer or prophet. He could foretell the future. A soothsayer was often consulted before political or military events. (6 marks) (ii) Spurinna, the soothsayer, had conducted sacrifices which indicated that Caesar’s life was in danger and that he would be killed on the Ides of March. (6 marks) (iii) Brutus and/or Cassius committed suicide. Technically Brutus ordered a slave to run him through with a sword thereby assisting his suicide. Cassius killed himself with the dagger he had used to kill Caesar. (6 marks) (iv) Lights in the sky, crashing sounds at night, birds landing in the forum, a group of men on fire (presumably in a dream), the hand of a slave went on fire but he was unharmed, the heart of an animal sacrificed by Caesar was missing, Calpurnia (his wife) had a dream about his death. (6 marks)

Topic 9: A Roman City - Pompeii. (a) (i) There was an earthquake. (ii) A mosaic (iii) It’s the town’s most important public building, used for a range of public functions including courthouse. (iv) Small theatre for music recitals. (v) The household gods (vi) Dining Room (3 × 8 marks) (b) (i) Central, Stabian,& Forum Baths (8 marks)

(ii) Caldarium is the hot room, frigidarium is the cold room. (4 + 4 marks)

(iii) A hypocaust was the heating system. A furnace that would heat the air. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars that were called pilae, so that hot air could circulate under it and up through ducts in the walls. (8 marks)

(iv) The Temple of Apollo, Jupiter, Augustus, Isis, the Lares. (8 marks)

(c) (i) Fulling (4 marks) (ii) Building of Eumachia, the Forum. Eumachia’s Guildhall is also acceptable. (3 + 3 marks) (iii) A brief description of the following: Raw wool was washed, stretched and dyed and dirty garments were cleaned. There were small vats in which the wool or cloth was cleaned by workers who trod it in a mixture of fuller’s earth, potash, carbonate of soda and urine. This also tightened the fibres. Urine was collected outside the door in a pot which passers-by were asked to make a donation in. After this treatment the cloth was rinsed in larger vats and then hung over canes or lines to dry in the sun. Once it was dry, the cloth was combed to bring up the nap. White woollens were whitened by bleaching. The cloth was spread across a cage over burning sulphur. The wool was dyed with a mineral or vegetable dye. The colours were made fast by soaking the cloth in vinegar, or something similar, heated in stove. (6 marks) (iv) A Bakery, he is turning the mill to grind the flour. (4 + 4 marks)

Topic 10: The Roman Army.

(a) (i) To guard the corn supply. (ii) The Arch of Titus. (iii) Road building, using a groma, surveying a site. 1/ (iv) A cohort consisted of 480 men. It was 10 of the strength of a Roman legion (or 10%). (v) An Eastern god worshipped by many Roman soldiers. (vi) He wore little sandals like those of legionary soldiers as a boy. (3 × 8 marks)

(b) (i) Uniform & Weapons – Linen undervest, short leather trousers, tunica, thick hobnailed sandals, helmet with cheek flaps and plate at the back to protect the neck, armour to protect his upper body called lorica segmentata. He also wore a cingulum a belt with straps hanging down. He protected himself with his shield which was made from laminated plywood, bound round with an iron or bronze rim and covered in leather. The sword was two edged and was held in a scabbard, it was short for stabbing rather than thrusting. The soldier had two throwing spears and when the spear struck an enemy shield the point of the spear bent and the enemy was unable to remove it and had to discard his shield. The soldier also had a dagger. (4 + 4 marks) (ii) Decimation was a form of punishment in the Roman Army where one in every ten was stoned to death. (8 marks) (iii) Barracks, latrines, principia, hospital, granary, stable. (8 marks) (iv) A corona civica was a crown awarded for bravery. (8 marks)

(c)

(i) A testudo (6 marks) (ii) A Roman emperor (6 marks) (iii) It gives first hand / primary visual evidence of life in the Roman army. (6 marks) (iv) Marius was a general who in order to toughen up his men got them to carry their equipment on their backs instead of mules who did much of this work. (6 marks)