Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Global Water Partnership Mediterranean Athens, Greece Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Rev. 0 Description Draft Issue Prepared by R.Pedone / D.Uzunov / A. Panov Controlled by M. Monetti Approved by A. Aliotta Date 07/02/2020 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan The Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan and this report are prepared by: PROJECT TEAM Team Leader (ITA): Massimiliano Deputy Team Leader: Danco Uzunov Team Leader Monetti (MKD) Integrated River Basin Deputy Key Expert: Angel Panov Lead Expert (AL): Genci Xhillari Management (MKD) Water Quality Monitoring Deputy Key Expert: Zlatko Levkov Lead Expert (ITA): Roberto Pedone and Management (MKD), Radmila Bojkovska (MKD) Fisheries Expert: Zoran Spirkovski, Biology/Ecology Lead Expert (MKD): Zlatko Levkov (MKD) Marco Donato (ITA) Hydrology, Hydrogelogy, Lead Expert (MKD): Angel Panov Expert: Aleksandar Todorovski (MKD) Hydraulic Engineering Land-Use Lead Expert (MKD): Dusko Mukaetov Expert: Genci Xhillari (AL) Experts: Simon Avramovski (MKD), Economics Lead Expert (MKD): Danco Uzunov Elena Cerisola (ITA) Lead Expert (MKD): Tijana Sekuloska – Database and GIS Expert: Roberta Piana (ITA) Simonovik Lead Expert (MKD): Biljana Puleska Institutional Development Expert: Cristina Migliaro(ITA) Lead Expert (AL): Halit Kamberi Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Rev. Description Prepared by Controlled by Approved by Date R.Pedone / D.Uzunov / A. 0 Draft Issue M. Monetti A. Aliotta 07/02/2020 Panov All rights, including translation, reserved. No part of this document may be disclosed to any third party, for purposes other than the original, without written consent of RINA Consulting S.p.A. Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 8 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 11 1.2 SCOPE OF WORK 12 1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION 13 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LAKE OHRID WATERSHED 14 2.1 NATURAL CONDITIONS 14 2.1.1 Topography and Geology 14 2.1.2 Climate, Hydrology and Hydrography 14 2.1.3 Land Cover 17 2.1.4 Protected Areas 18 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 19 2.2.1 Administrative Division and Governance 19 2.2.2 Demography and Housing 19 2.2.3 GDP and Employment 20 2.2.4 Tourism and Local Economic Development 20 2.2.5 Economic infrastructure 22 2.2.6 Cultural Heritage 22 2.3 TYPOLOGY AND DELINEATION OF WATER BODIES 23 2.3.1 Surface waters 23 2.3.2 Groundwater 27 2.4 LAKE OHRID SHOREZONE FUNCTIONALITY 29 2.4.1 Overview 29 2.4.2 Hydromorphological Areas and Main Shorezone Typologies 30 2.4.3 Lake Ohrid Shorezone Functionality Index 31 3 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ALBANIA AND NORTH MACEDONIA 32 3.1 OVERVIEW OF STAKEHOLDERS – ALBANIA 32 3.2 OVERVIEW OF STAKEHOLDERS – NORTH MACEDONIA 35 4 DRIVERS AND PRESSURES ON WATER BODIES IN THE LOW 38 4.1 URBAN DEVELOPMENT, TOURISM AND RECREATION 38 4.1.1 Abstraction for Public Water Supply (Households, Public Sector and Tourism) 38 4.1.2 Wastewater discharge (Households, Public Sector and Tourism, Point Source) 39 4.1.3 Waste Management 41 4.2 INDUSTRY 42 4.2.1 Abstraction for industrial water supply and waste water discharge from industry 43 4.2.2 Contaminated/Abandoned Industrial/Mining Sites 43 4.3 AGRICULTURE 43 4.3.1 Diffuse pollution – fertilizer and pesticide use 45 4.3.2 Abstraction/hydrological Alteration of Surface and Ground Water for Irrigation 46 4.3.3 Animal Husbandry – Farming 47 4.4 FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE 48 4.4.1 Exploitation – commercial and recreational fishing 48 4.4.2 Introduced Species and Diseases 50 4.4.3 Abstraction of surface water and diffuse pollution from aquaculture 50 Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Page 4 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan 4.5 COMMERCIAL AND LEISURE BOATING, ANGLING 51 4.6 FLOOD PROTECTION 52 4.6.1 Physical/Hydromorphological Alteration of Water Bodies 52 4.7 ENERGY - HYDROPOWER 52 4.7.1 Hydrological/Physical Alteration of River Bed (Sateska River) 53 4.8 WATER BALANCE 54 4.8.1 Water Budget 55 4.8.2 Long-term Water Balance and Lake Ohrid Water-Level Fluctuations 55 4.9 SUMMARY OF PRESSURE TYPES IN LOW 58 5 ECOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STATUS/POTENTIAL OF WATER BODIES IN THE LOW 60 5.1 WFD REQUIREMENTS 60 5.2 EXISTING MONITORING NETWORKS 60 5.3 ECOLOGICAL STATUS/POTENTIAL OF WBS IN THE LOW 61 5.4 PLAN FOR FUTURE MONITORING IN THE LOW IN LINE WITH FWD 63 6 ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE LOWMP 65 6.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 65 6.2 LAKE OHRID WMP OBJECTIVES 65 6.2.1 Restore Good Status of Surface and Ground Water Bodies 65 6.2.2 Prevent Deterioration 65 6.2.3 Reduce Chemical Pollution 65 6.2.4 Achieve Water Related Protected Areas Objectives 65 6.3 TIME FRAME 66 6.4 ALTERNATIVE OBJECTIVES 66 6.4.1 Extended Deadlines 66 6.5 EXPECTED RESULTS 66 7 PROGRAMME OF MEASURES 67 7.1 POLICY, REGULATORY AND KNOWLEDGE BASE INCREASE MEASURES 67 7.2 CONTROL OF URBAN WASTEWATER DISCHARGES 67 7.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT 68 7.4 CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION 68 7.5 CONTROL OF WATER WITHDRAWALS 68 7.6 FISHERY AND BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT MEASURES 68 7.7 OTHER MEASURES 69 8 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 87 8.1 PURPOSE OF THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 87 8.2 OVERVIEW OF APPLIED ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 87 8.3 TARIFFS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 88 8.3.1 Tariff Setting and Operating Cost Recovery of Water Services 88 8.3.2 Affordability of Water Service Tariffs 90 8.4 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 92 8.4.1 Investment Costs of the Proposed Programme of Measures 92 8.4.2 Expected benefits from Protection of Water Resources in the LOW 93 9 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 95 REFERENCES 96 Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Page 5 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan MAPS Map 1: Hydrology of LOW Map 2: Land Cover Map 3: Soil Map Map 4: Protected Areas Map 5: Settlements Map 6: Tourism sites Map 7: Infrastructure Map 8: Surface Water Bodies Map 9: Groundwater Bodies Map 10: WWM and BOD Load Map 11: Industry/IPPC and Landfills Map 12: Fertilizer use Map 13: Pesticide use Map 14: Small Hydro Power Plants Map 15: Ecological Status/Potential of Surface Water Bodies SUPPLEMENTS Supplement I: Institutional and Legal Settings for Water Resource Management: Albania, North Macedonia Supplement II: Valuation of Ecosystem Services of the Lake Ohrid Watershed Supplement III: Agriculture in the Lake Ohrid Watershed Supplement IV: Biodiversity Aspects Supplement V: Fishery and aquaculture APPENDIX A: Population in the LOW APPENDIX B: Population water supply coverage APPENDIX C: Wastewater management in the LOW APPENDIX D: Key Type Measures APPENDIX E: Overview of Water Resource Management Charges in Albania and North Macedonia Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Page 6 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: LOW: Protected Areas 18 Table 2.2: LOW: Population Statistics 19 Table 2.3: LOW: Tourism statistics 21 Table 2.4: LOW: Typology and Delineation of Lake Water Bodies 24 Table 2.5: LOW: Typology and Delineation of River Water Bodies 25 Table 2.6: LOW: Typology and Delineation of Groundwater Bodies 27 Table 2.7: LOW: Groundwater Reserves 28 Table 2.8: LOW: Shorezone Typology (in relation to SFI 30 Table 4.1: LOW: Water abstraction for Domestic, Public, Industry and Tourism Use by Municipalities 38 Table 4.2: LOW: Status of Waste Management 42 Table 4.3: LOW: Land Use 44 Table 4.4: LOW: Animal Husbandry 47 Table 4.5: LOW: Commercial Fish Catch 2010 - 2016 49 Table 4.6: LOW: Registered Alien Species 50 Table 4.7: Commercial Boat Transport in Lake Ohrid (North Macedonia) 51 Table 4.8: LOW: Flood Protection Infrastructure 52 Table 4.9: LOW: Water Budget 55 Table 4.10: LOW: Summary of Pressures on Water Resources 58 Table 5.1: LOW: Ecological Status/Potential of River WBs 62 Table 5.2: LOW: Trophic Status of Lake WBs 63 Table 7.1: Programme of Measures 70 Table 8.1: Overview of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Albania and North Macedonia 88 Table 8.2: Water service tariffs for households and industry in LOW municipalities 89 Table 8.3: Operational and Financial Indicators of the Water Service Providers in the LOW 89 Table 8.4: Water Service affordability Threshold Values 90 Table 8.5: Share of Water Service Expenditures by Categories of Household income in the LOW 91 Table 8.6: Allocation of PoM Costs 92 Table 8.7: Total Economic Value of LOW Ecosystem Services 94 Table 8.8: Summary Results of the Cost-Benefit Analysis 94 Doc. No. P0006769-1-H6 Rev. 0 - February 2020 Page 7 Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan Phase 5 – Lake Ohrid Watershed Management Plan LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. The Extended Drin River Basin and Lake Ohrid Watershed 14 Figure 2.2: Key Characteristics of the Lake Ohrid Watershed 15 Figure 2.3: LOW: Average (Av. Min and Av. Max) Temperature (MS Ohrid, 1961 – 2016) 15 Figure 2.4: LOW: Average Monthly Precipitation (MS Ohrid, 1961 – 2016) 15 Figure 2.5: Annual Precipitation and Lake Water Level Changes (MS Ohrid, 2014) 16 Figure 2.6: LOW: Precipitation and Lake Water Level, Monthly Cumulative Anomalies 16 Figure 2.7: LOW: Tributaries and Bathymetric Map of Lake Ohrid 17 Figure 2.8 LOW: Land cover (CORINE Level 2 LUC) 18 Figure 2.9: LOW: Area and Settlements Distribution by Municipalities 19 Figure 2.10.