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The Vestibular Sense

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The Vestibular Sense The Vestibular Sense The Vestibular Sense David Brown continues with his series of articles highlighting some of the less well-known senses Function ur other sensory the Vestibular system is not Most importantly, Ayres systems provide working then these other declared that the Vestibular Oinformation about two senses (vision and sense plays a key role in ourselves or about the proprioception) can, with helping us to develop environment around us, great conscious effort, be effective self-regulation but the Vestibular system made to compensate to some of our arousal level, our is unique in providing extent and provide a degree ability to maintain a calm a continuous flow of of postural control and but alert state. So this is a information about the ‘fit’ security. sensory system that plays between the two, the person Two writers give interesting an extremely important role and the environment; it broader perspectives on this in enabling us to do almost tells a person how they sensory system that really everything that we do in our are interacting in the emphasize the great extent daily lives, and yet very few environment and it enables of its contribution to all of people know about it. In the individual to remain our functioning: sensory terms, this is the big oriented in space and in time. “In the final analysis, one one. This is the sense that tells may have a well-developed us about the position of our sensory map of the external So this is a sensory system that heads in relation to the pull world and a well-developed “ of gravity, it tells us which motor map of movement plays an extremely important way is ‘up’, and it detects from one place to another, motion. As a consequence of but if one does not know role in enabling us to do almost this it monitors and directs where they are with respect muscular activity and body to that map, they are virtually everything that we do in our position to maintain secure incapable of using that and functional postures spatial mapping information. daily lives, and yet very few whatever we are doing, And the Vestibular system people know about it. working very closely with the appears to be the system that ” touch and proprioceptive gives information about the senses. It also has very close individual’s location in the links with the visual sense, overall spatial map” Structure in particular stabilizing the (neurologist S.J. Cool in The Vestibular apparatus fixation point of the eyes 1987). shares space in the inner ear when the head moves which Jean Ayres, an occupational with the cochlea, which is enables us to maintain a therapist and the creator of part of the auditory system. stable visual image of the Sensory Integration Theory The Vestibular apparatus world as we move. Since and Therapy, is more concise is divided into two sets the Vestibular system only and states simply that: of receptors to monitor provides information about “The Vestibular system the two different kinds of the position and movement is the unifying system. All head movement, angular of the head it relies on well- other types of sensation are acceleration (which happens integrated links with the processed in reference to this when we shake or nod senses of proprioception and basic Vestibular information. our heads, bend over, or vision to facilitate postural The activity in the Vestibular roll over in bed) and linear adjustments in the rest of system provides a framework acceleration (which is what the body. If, for any reason, for the other aspects of our happens when we are in an experiences.” JANUARY – JUNE 2007t%C*3FWJFXt The Vestibular Sense elevator moving up or down sent by the semicircular activated by your head or in a car moving forwards). canals on the other side of movements. But if you keep Let’s look at these two sets of the head, then the brain your head absolutely still and receptors. gets confused about what somebody else keeps moving the head is doing and the the book around in front of The semi circular resulting conflict will lead you it is impossible to read canals to feelings of vertigo and along the lines of print since nausea. your semicircular canals are First the semicircular canals. not being activated by any There are three of these in head movements, and your each inner ear, arranged at The vestibulo-ocular voluntary eye movements are right angles to each other so reflex (VOR) totally incapable of keeping that they meet up in just the As they monitor all pace with the movements of same configuration that two movements of the head, the lines of print in the book. walls and the floor meet in the semicircular canals also This gives you a small idea the corner of a room. These organize compensatory of what it must be like to angles correspond to the movements of the muscles try to use your vision when three planes in which we that control eye movements, the semicircular canals are so that the fixation point of damaged in some way. the eyes remains on a stable For many children with base rather than moving “ The utricles and the deafblindness, especially about the same as the head; specific head movements saccules children with CHARGE trigger specific semicircular The other set of receptors canals to activate specific in the Vestibular system are syndrome, all three of these pairs of eye muscles in two sack-like structures called specific ways that enable the utricles and the saccules. sensory systems are likely this. This is a remarkably The utricles lie horizontal complicated but quick when the head is upright and to be missing, impaired, or acting reflex sequence. they detect linear motion in malfunctioning. The amazing thing is that the horizontal plane, while ” although it stabilizes our the saccules lie vertical in visual fixation for us, we can the upright head and they move (horizontal, vertical, then superimpose voluntary detect movement up and and on the diagonal), so eye movements upon this down and forward and back. each of the three semicircular stable base whenever we These two pairs of organs canals is designed to detect wish to. This compensatory keep us vertically oriented motion in a single plane. reflex, complex and smooth with respect to gravity, Their job is to detect angular and rapid, yet something and any movement away acceleration of the head that we don’t need to think from upright triggers the and by acting together as about at all, is called the head-righting reflex, which two matching sets, one left vestibulo-ocular reflex. You leads to correcting postural and one right, they tell our can identify the reflex at work adjustments. When we think brains exactly what position with a simple experiment. we are standing quite still our head is in at all times, If you hold a book very still and vertical we are, in fact, and what direction it is and try to read part of it as rocking very slightly back and moving. The matching sets of you move your head side to forth or side to side in order Vestibular apparatus on each side and up and down and to trigger this reflex to help side of the head are designed round in circles, it might not us to maintain correct vertical to work together, of course. be particularly comfortable, posture. If infection or damage causes but it is perfectly possible to the semicircular canals on keep your eyes reading and The Equilibrium Triad one side of the head to send following the lines of print, Postural and gravitational the brain information that thanks to your semicircular security, and a good disagrees with information canals which are being sense of equilibrium, both t%C*3FWJFXtJANUARY – JUNE 2007 The Vestibular Sense depend upon the effective development and functioning We could see that visual processing problems were of three different but “ interdependent sensory central to learning disorders, but we needed to look TZTUFNT BOi&RVJMJCSJVN beyond vision. Triad”), namely the vision ” sense, the Vestibular sense, and the combined tactile/ proprioceptive senses. which can result in feelings once the child is standing For many children with of nausea and vomiting. and walking independently. deafblindness, especially O Blindness, low-vision Jean Ayres realized a long DIJMESFOXJUI$)"3(& and visual perception time ago that knowledge syndrome, all three of these difficulties. of Vestibular function was sensory systems are likely O Lack of use resulting from crucially important when to be missing, impaired, movement difficulties, from considering a child’s visual or malfunctioning, which feelings of insecurity and difficulties. In 1981 she wrote largely explains the slow fear, or from a generally that as early as the mid-60s: development of large motor low level of motivational “We could see that visual skills and mobility, but also drive due to limited processing problems were makes it remarkable that stimulation, limited sensory central to learning disorders, so many of these children perception, or ill health. but we needed to look do eventually stand up and Like all sensory systems, if beyond vision. If you just look walk. The good news is that the Vestibular sense is not at children from a behavioral any input and experience stimulated, challenged, and standpoint and do behavioral that helps to improve the used it will not develop type research and modeling, functioning of any of the effectively. you’ll never really discover sensory systems in this that a main foundation &RVJMJCSJVN5SJBEDBO The Vestibular sense to visual perception is the therefore, be regarded as Vestibular system, with making a contribution to and deafblindness proprioception and other the development of good When we look at the list senses also contributing.” postural control that might above it is possible to She went on to discover result in independent imagine that many children more about the central standing and walking – it is with deafblindness will importance of this sensory not only about the Vestibular have difficulties with their system that we all need to sense.
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