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Early Detection and Intervention in Audiology an African Perspective

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Early Detection and Intervention in Audiology an African Perspective Early Detection and Intervention in Audiology An African Perspective Early Detection and Intervention in Audiology An African Perspective Edited by Katijah Khoza-Shangase and Amisha Kanji Published in South Africa by: Wits University Press 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Johannesburg 2001 www.witspress.co.za Compilation © Editors 2021 Chapters © Individual contributors 2021 Published edition © Wits University Press 2021 Images and figures © Copyright holders First published 2021 http://dx.doi.org.10.18772/22021026567 978-1-77614-656-7 (Paperback) 978-1-77614-661-1 (Hardback) 978-1-77614-657-4 (Web PDF) 978-1-77614-658-1 (EPUB) 978-1-77614-660-4 (Open Access PDF) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978. All images remain the property of the copyright holders. The publishers gratefully acknowledge the publishers, institutions and individuals referenced in captions for the use of images. Every effort has been made to locate the original copyright holders of the images reproduced here; please contact Wits University Press in case of any omissions or errors. This book is freely available through the OAPEN library (www.oapen.org) under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 Creative Commons License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Project manager: Catherine Damerell Copy editor: Lee Smith Proofreader: Tessa Botha Indexer: Sanet le Roux Cover design: Hothouse Typeset in 9 point Stone Serif Std fm.indd 4 30-11-2020 21:11:23 Contents List of illustrations vii Abbreviations and acronyms viii Acknowledgements x Section One: Early Detection of Hearing Impairment 1 A Paradigm Shift in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention in South Africa 3 Amisha Kanji and Katijah Khoza-Shangase 2 Exploring Early Detection of Hearing Impairment in Sub-Saharan Africa 15 Amisha Kanji 3 Approaches to Early Detection of Hearing Impairment in Low and Middle-Income Countries 33 Amisha Kanji 4 Implementing Early Hearing Detection in the South African Health Care Context 42 Luisa Petrocchi-Bartal, Katijah Khoza-Shangase and Amisha Kanji 5 Confronting Realities to Early Hearing Detection in South Africa 66 Katijah Khoza-Shangase 6 Contextualisation of Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment 89 Jane Fitzgibbons, Rachael Beswick and Carlie J. Driscoll Section Two: Early Intervention for Hearing Impairment 7 Approaches to Early Intervention for Hearing Impairment 117 Amisha Kanji and Aisha Casoojee 8 Models of Care in Early Intervention for Children with Hearing Impairment 137 Amisha Kanji 9 Continuity of Care at School for the Hearing-Impaired Child 155 Katijah Khoza-Shangase Section Three: Complexities of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 10 Sensory Impairments in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 177 Nomfundo F. Moroe 11 Family-Centred Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 196 Ntsako Precious Maluleke, Rudo Chiwutsi and Katijah Khoza-Shangase 12 HIV/AIDS and the Burden of Disease in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 219 Katijah Khoza-Shangase 13 Ethical Considerations and Tele-Audiology in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 243 Alida Naudé and Juan Bornman 14 Best Practice in South Africa for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 264 Katijah Khoza-Shangase and Amisha Kanji Contributors 279 Index 283 vii List of illustrations Tables Table 2.1 Summary of findings from studies related to early hearing detection in South Africa 25 Table 3.1 Factors to consider when weighing up the approach to NHS 38 Table 4.1 Audiology services at all levels of health care in South Africa 46 Table 4.2 Practicability and efficiency of NHS in various South African health care contexts 50 Table 4.3 Assets facilitating the efficiency of hearing screening at PHC immunisation clinics 56 Table 4.4 Barriers influencing the practicability of hearing screening at PHC immunisation clinics 56 Table 5.1 SLH professionals registered with the HPCSA in January 2020 by province 70 Table 12.1 Overview of otological and audiological manifestations in paediatric HIV/AIDS 225 Figures Figure 5.1 SLH professionals registered with the HPCSA nationally, January 2020 70 Figure 8.1 The influence of factors and their interaction on children with hearing impairment 148 Figure 12.1 Audiological presentation in the general HIV/AIDS paediatric population 233 Figure 13.1 General and specific ethical guidelines and rules for tele-audiology 248 Figure 13.2 Checklist for ethical decision-making in tele-audiology service delivery 252 Figure 13.3 Example of informed consent documentation related to telemedicine practice 256 Figure 14.1 Quadruple influence on risk 272 viii Abbreviations and acronyms AAA American Academy of Audiology AABR Automated Auditory Brainstem Response ABR Auditory Brainstem Response ANSD Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder ART Antiretroviral Treatment ARV Antiretroviral ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder ASHA American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ASSR Auditory Steady State Response AVT Auditory Verbal Therapy BMI Body Mass Index cCMV Congenital Cytomegalovirus CHC Community Health Care Centre/Clinic CHW Community Health Worker CMV Cytomegalovirus CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CSTL Care and Support for Teaching and Learning DBE Department of Basic Education dBHL Decibels Hearing Level DCST District-Based Clinical Specialist Team DoH Department of Health DPOAE Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission DPSA Department of Public Service and Administration EAR Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation ECD Early Childhood Development ECI Early Childhood Intervention EHDI Early Hearing Detection and Intervention EI Early Intervention ENT Ear, Nose and Throat FCEI Family-Centred Early Intervention FDC Fixed-Dose Combination HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HEU HIV-exposed uninfected HI HOPES Home intervention: Hearing and language opportunities parent education services HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HPCSA Health Professions Council of South Africa HSV Herpes Simplex Virus HTA Health Technology Assessment HUU HIV-unexposed and uninfected ix ICT Information and Communication Technologies ILO International Labour Organization JCIH Joint Committee on Infant Hearing LAMI Low and Middle Income LOCHI Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment LSL Listening and Spoken Language LSLSA Listening and Spoken Language South Africa MDG Millennium Development Goal MOU Midwife Obstetric Unit NCD Non-Communicable Disease NHI National Health Insurance NHS Newborn Hearing Screening NICU Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NID National Institute for the Deaf NIH National Institutes of Health OAE Otoacoustic Emissions PCHL Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss PHC Primary Health Care PHIV Perinatally HIV-Infected PREM Patient-Reported Experience Measure PROM Patient-Reported Outcome Measure SAAA South African Association of Audiology SASL South African Sign Language SASLHA South African Speech-Language-Hearing Association SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLH Speech-Language and Hearing SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats TB Tuberculosis TEOAE Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission TNHS Targeted Newborn Hearing Screening TOWS Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, and Strengths UHC Universal Health Coverage UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNHS Universal Newborn Hearing Screening UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund VLBW Very Low Birth Weight WHO World Health Organization x Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the chapter authors for their significant contributions to this book. We wish to also acknowledge our precious fam- ilies for their unending and unconditional support during the journey of putting this book together. We are also greatly indebted to the following scholars and academics who generously agreed to serve as reviewers for chapters, contributing significantly to the quality assurance of this valu- able output: Dr S. Moodley (Centre for Deafness Studies, University of the Witwatersrand [Wits]); L. Petrocchi-Bartal (Wits); Dr J. Fitzgibbons (Healthy Hearing, Queensland Health); Dr R. Beswick (Healthy Hearing, Queensland Health); Prof. C. Driscoll (The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences); A. Casoojee (Wits); Dr N. Moroe (Wits); N. P. Maluleke (Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University); R. Chiwutsi (Wits); Dr A. Naude (University of Pretoria); Prof. J. Bornman (University of Pretoria); N. B. Khan (University of KwaZulu-Natal); S. N. Adams (Wits); K. Masuku (Wits); Dr K. Coutts (Wits); T. Cloete (University of Cape Town); Dr S. Besharati (Wits); Dr L. Joseph (University of KwaZulu-Natal). This publication was made possible through a grant received from the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS). Section One Early Detection of Hearing Impairment A Paradigm Shift in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention in 1 South Africa Amisha Kanji and Katijah Khoza-Shangase Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) has been extensively researched internationally, with a significant focus on the efficacy of imple- menting early identification through universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) programmes (Kanji, 2016). However, most of this research has been conducted in high-income countries, and is not easily
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