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Eksistensi Pura Agung Blambangan Di Banyuwangi

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Eksistensi Pura Agung Blambangan Di Banyuwangi FKIP UNIVERSITAS PGRI BANYUWANGI SEMINAR NASIONAL Pendidikan Budaya dan Sejarah “Dibalik Revitalisasi Budaya” ISBN: 978-602-72362-7-1 EKSISTENSI PURA AGUNG BLAMBANGAN DI BANYUWANGI Sofyan Kriswantoni1, Dhalia Soetopo2 Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstrak Pura Agung Blambangan merupakan pura yang paling sering dikunjungi oleh umat Hindu yang ada di Banyuwangi maupun luar wilayah Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Dikarenakan Pura tersebut mempunyai kaitan sejarah dengan Kerajaan Hindu terakhir (Kerajaan Blambangan). Pura Agung Blambangan selain sebagai tempat peribadatan juga digunakan sebagai wisata religi bagi umat Hindu khususnya. Penulis mencoba untuk meneliti dan mengeksplorasi dengan mengacu pada rumusan masalah antara lain: 1) Bagaimana sejarah Pura Agung Blambangan. 2) Bagaimana eksistensi Pura Agung Blambangan. 3) Bagaimana dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan dari eksistensi Pura Agung Blambangan. Dan 4) Bagaimana relevansi terhadap pendidikan. Penggalian data yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualiatatif dengan sumber utama yang terdiri dari pemangku adat, pengurus pura, pedagang di sekitar pura dan masyarakat sekitar pura. Sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Keywords : Eksistensi, Sosial, Ekonomi, Pura. Abstrak Pura Agung Blambangan is the most frequently visited temple by Hindus in Banyuwangi and outside the Banyuwangi Regency. Because the Temple has historical links with the last Hindu Kingdom (Blambangan Kingdom). Pura Agung Blambangan apart from being a place of worship is also used as a religious tour for Hindus in particular. The author tries to research and explore by referring to the formulation of the problem, among others: 1) What is the history of Pura Agung Blambangan. 2) How is the existence of Pura Agung Blambangan. 3) What are the impacts of the existence of Pura Agung Blambangan. And 4) How is relevance to education. Data extraction used is descriptive qualitative method with the main source consisting of traditional stakeholders, temple administrators, traders around the temple and the community around the temple. While secondary data is obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. Keywords: Existence, Social, Economy, Temple. 112 | P a g e FKIP UNIVERSITAS PGRI BANYUWANGI SEMINAR NASIONAL Pendidikan Budaya dan Sejarah “Dibalik Revitalisasi Budaya” ISBN: 978-602-72362-7-1 1. PENDAHULUAN abad pertama. Ada beberapa teori tentang Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara bagaimana hindu mencapai Nusantara, salah majemuk dimana banyak sekali peninggalan- satunya Mookerjeemenyatakan bahwa peningalan nenek moyang bangsa ini yang tak masuknya pengaruh hindu dari India ke lekang dimakan waktu dan tetap terjaga Indonesia dibawa oleh para pedagang India hingga saat ini. Kita dapat menjumpai banyak dengan armada yang besar. Setelah sampai di peninggalan hindu yang dapat Pulau Jawa (Indonesia) mereka mendirikan digunakansebagai wahana sejarah dan koloni dan membangun kota-kota sebagai pariwisata,salah satu diantaranya adalah tempat untuk memajukan usahanya (ahli – tempat-tempat suci dan dikeramatkan yang India tahun 1912). Dari tempat inilah mereka masih bernuansa agama hindu dan biasanya sering mengadakan hubungan dengan India. tempat-tempat suci tersebut ialah sisa-sisa Kontak yang berlangsung sangat lama ini, peninggalan kerajaan yang dahulunya maka terjadi penyebaran agama hindu di dipercayai sebagai pusat atau tempat-tempat Indonesia. Teori lain yaitu menyatakan bahwa raja untuk bersemedi dan bermeditasi hingga peranan kaum Ksatrya sangat besar digunakan sebagai tempat upacarakeagamaan. pengaruhnya terhadap penyebaran agama Salah satu agama di Indonesia yang tetap hindu dari India ke Indonesia. Demikian pula dianut oleh sebagian masyarakatnya hingga pengaruh kebudayaan hindu yang dibawa oleh sekarang adalah agama hindu. Awal masuknya para rohaniawan hindu India ke Indonesia. agama hindu di Kepulauan Nusantara sejak Pada abad ke 4 Kerajaan Kutai di Kalimantan Masuknya agama hindu di Jawa Timur Timur, Tarumanegara di Jawa Barat, dan tidak lepas dari Kerajaan Majapahit. Pada saat kalingga di Jawa Tengah ialah termasuk pemerintahan raja Hayam Wuruk beliau kerajaan hindu awal yang didirikan di wilayah memiliki putra yang bernama Bhre Wirabumi Nusantara. Beberapa kerajaan hindu kuno yang berasal dari selirnya. Untuk menghindari yang menonjol adalah kerajaan Mataram yang pertikaian raja Hayam Wuruk memberikan membangun Candi Prambanan yang megah, kekuasaan kepada Bhre Wirabumi untuk kemudian diikuti oleh kerajaan Singasari dan memerintah di daerah Blambangan ujung Kediri. Sejak saat itu agama hindu menyebar pulau Jawa. Setelah Hayam Wuruk meninggal, di seluruh Nusantara dan mencapai puncak terjadi perang saudara antara kedua anak pengaruhnya pada abad ke 14, kerajaan yang Hayam Wuruk ini. Pengangkatan terakhir dan terbesar diantara kerajaan hindu Kusumawardhani sebagai penguasa Majapahit di Jawa adalah kerajaan Majapahit yang tidak disenangi Bhre Wirabhumi. Rasa tidak menyebarkan pengaruhnya di Nusantara. senang ini kemudian berkembang menjadi perang saudara yang dikenal dengan Perang 113 | P a g e FKIP UNIVERSITAS PGRI BANYUWANGI SEMINAR NASIONAL Pendidikan Budaya dan Sejarah “Dibalik Revitalisasi Budaya” ISBN: 978-602-72362-7-1 Paregreg (1401-1406). Dalam Perang Paregreg Wasa dengan segala manifestasinya dan roh ini, Bhre Wirabhumi terbunuh. Perang suci leluhur (2003:21). Terdapat banyak pura berkepanjangan ini membuat Majapahit yang digunakan oleh umat Hindu. Di Jawa menjadi semakin lemah. Biaya perang serta Timur sendiri terdapat 443 pura yang masih jumlah korban yang demikian besar membuat aktif dan digunakan. Candi atau pura di Jawa Majapahit tidak bisa mempertahankan Timur mempunyai ciri yang berbeda dengan keutuhan wilayah. Akhirnya yang ada di Jawa tengah dan Yogyakarta. setelahWikramawardhana meninggal, kerajaan Di Jawa Timur tidak didapati candi Majapahit pecah menjadi beberapa kerajaan berukuran besar atau luas, seperti Prambanan kecil. Dengan adanya persoalaan tersebut, atau Sewu di Jawa Tengah (Arifyudi, 2006). kerajaan hindu mulai berkurang eksistensinya Satu-satunya candi yang menempati kompleks dikarenakan bermunculan kerajaan-kerajaan yang agak luas adalah Candi Panataran di islam yang berada di pesisir pulau Jawa. Dan Blitar. Akan tetapi, candi di Jawa Timur sisa-sisa kerajaan Majapahit banyak yang umumnya lebih artistik. Tatakan atau kaki berpindah ke pulau Bali dan ada juga yang candi umumnya lebih tinggi dan berbentuk sebagian bertahan tetap tinggal di Blambangan selasar bertingkat. Untuk sampai ke bangunan atau yang sekarang menjadi Banyuwangi. utama candi, orang harus melintasi selasar- Dalam agama hindu, sarana untuk tempat selasar bertingkat yang dihubungkan dengan peribadatannya disebut pura. Kata pura berasal tangga. dari kata Sanskerta yang berarti kota atau Tubuh bangunan candi atau pura di Jawa benteng, artinya tempat yang dibuat khusus Timur umumnya ramping dengan atap dengan dipagari tembok untuk mengadakan bertingkat mengecil ke atas dan puncak atap kontak dengan kekuatan suci. Tempat khusus berbentuk kubus. Penggunaan makara di sisi ini yang berfungsi sebagai tempat suci untuk pintu masuk digantikan dengan patung atau pemujaan Hyang Widi beserta manifestasinya ukiran naga. Perbedaan yang menco-lok juga dan roh suci leluhur. Suratmini terlihat pada reliefnya. Relief pada candi-candi dalamskripsinya Puspaningsih, I Ketut (2009) Jawa Timur dipahat dengan teknik pahatan menyatakan bahwa Pura atau disebut juga yang dangkal (tipis) dan bergaya simbolis. kahyangan adalah replika ataubentuk Objek digambarkan tampak samping dan tiruandarikahyangansecana sejati Tuhan Yang tokoh yang digambarkan umumnya diambil Maha Esa dengan berbagai manifestasinya di dari cerita wayang. Candi-candi Hindu di Jawa Sorga Loka (Titib, 2003). Di Bali pura Timur umumnya dihiasi dengan relief atau diartikan sebagai tempat khusus yang patung yang berkaitan dengan Trimurti, tiga disucikan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat dewa dalam ajaran Hindu, atau yang berkaitan pemujaan terhadap Ida Sanghyang Widhi dengan Syiwa, misalnya: Durga, Ganesha, dan 114 | P a g e FKIP UNIVERSITAS PGRI BANYUWANGI SEMINAR NASIONAL Pendidikan Budaya dan Sejarah “Dibalik Revitalisasi Budaya” ISBN: 978-602-72362-7-1 Agastya (Soekmono, 1997:86). Dan setiap masyarakat muslim. Melihat tempat Pura Kota atau Kabupaten yang ada di Jawa Timur Agung Blambangan juga berdekatan dengan memiliki peninggalan sejarah kerajaan hindu Masjid dan letak bangunan pura tersebut salah satunya yang terdapat di Banyuwangi. berada dalam kawasan masyarakat muslim. Banyuwangi adalah Kabupaten yang Dengan adanya latar belakang tersebut peneliti terletak di ujung pulau Jawa. Banyuwangi bermaksut untuk meneliti dampak-dampak dulunya ialah letak dari kerajaan Blambangan yang diberikan di balik eksistensi Pura Agung yang dipimpin oleh Bhre Wirabumi. Kerajaan Blambangan yang berada dalam kawasan Blambangan adalah kerajaan yang berpusat di masyarakat muslim menjadi mayoritas namun Ujung paling timur pulau Jawa. Blambangan tetap saling menjaga keharmonisan umat dianggap sebagai kerajaan bercorak Hindu beragama. terakhir di Pulau Jawa (Ningtyas, 2010). Kita bisa melihat dari peninggalan-peninggalan dari 2. METODE PENELITIAN kerajaan Blambangan, candi alas purwo, pura Metode penentuan daerah pene-litian ini luhur giri saloka, pura agung blambangan dan adalah metode yang digunakan untuk pura macan putih. Dari peninggalan- menentukan daerah
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