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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION of SWIFTLET SPECIES (COLLOCALIA SP.): BEAK, NEST and SALIVA by NORAZLIN BINTI ABDUL AZIZ Disserta

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION of SWIFTLET SPECIES (COLLOCALIA SP.): BEAK, NEST and SALIVA by NORAZLIN BINTI ABDUL AZIZ Disserta MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SWIFTLET SPECIES (COLLOCALIA SP.): BEAK, NEST AND SALIVA by NORAZLIN BINTI ABDUL AZIZ Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Health Sciences (Biomedicine) March 2005 CERTiFICATE This is to certify that this dissertation entitled "MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SWIFTLET SPECIES CCOLLOCALIA SP.): BEAK, NEST & SALIVA" is the bonafide record of research work done by Norazlin Binti Abdul Aziz During the period from August 2004 to March 2005 under our supervision: Signature of Supervisor : ~ 7 Name & Address of Prof. Syed Mohsin Syed Sahil Jamalullail Supervisor Deputy Dean School of He Signature of Co-Supervisor Name & Address of . Farid Che Ghazali Co-Supervisor Senior Lecturer School of Health Sciences Date It ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express deepest gratitude to a number of individuals who have been very helpful in assisting the author to conduct the study as well accomplishing the thesis. First and foremost, the author would like to thank the supervisor, Prof. Syed Mohsin Sahil Jamalullail for all the advices and assistances to the author. Next, the author wishes to thank the co­ supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farid Che Ghazali for his decisive dedication to the research. To Assoc. Prof. Nasimul Islam, thank you for the financial support. Apart from that, the author would also like to thank her father, Mr. Abdul Aziz B. Yeop and her mother, Mrs. Normas Bt. Harun as well as her siblings: Miss Noraishah, Mr. Abdul Hakim and Mr. Abdul Rahman Fahmi for supporting and helping out the author by any means. Not to forget the laboratory staff of PPSK, Mr. Jamaruddin, Mr. Anizan and Mr. Nik for technical support. The author would also like to acknowledge the staff members of Electron Microscope Unit, School of Life Science USM, Penang campus especially to Miss Jamilah for willing to dedicate her time and effort towards the project. Most importantly, the author wishes to pay greatest appreciation to these people: Mr. Tengku Maidin B. Ku Ismail, RIF 59857 and his team of Balai Polis Kuala Besut for putting so much effort and help in obtaining the birds (swiftlets), Mr. Engku Malik B. Engku Hassan, RIF 64897 of Pondok Polis Fikri, Setiu, 111 Terengganu for providing the bird's nest sample, Mr. Mohd. Sabri B. Mohd Zain RIF 116395 of Transportation Unit, IPD Setiu for his contribution in delivering the samples to the author. Without the help of these people, it is impossible for the study to be successful. Lastly, the author wishes to show her appreciation towards all the moral support and assistances of her research colleagues, Miss Murni, Miss Siti Fatihah and Miss Siti Salwa including others Biomedical students of School of Health Sciences, Health Campus USM, K. Kenan, Kelantan. Thank you all. IV LIST OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................ ii ACKN"OWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. iii LIST OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... v GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... X LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. xiv 1.0 JNmODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF EDffiLE BIRD'S NEST................ 3 1.2 TAXONOMICAL LINEAGE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SWIFTS: SWIFTLETS ................................................................................................. 8 1.3 MEDICAL AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SWIFTLETS SPECIES TO HUMAN KIND ............................................. l2 1.4 SELECTED SWIFTLET'S SPECIES WITH EDIBLE BIRO'S NEST POTENTIALS ............................................................................................ 14 1.4 .1 Collocalia fuciphaga Species.................................................................. 14 2.0 OBJECTIVES: GENERAL AND SPECIFIC .......................................................... 17 3.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (PRERESEARCH) ........................................... 18 4.0 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF THE STUDY .............................................. 19 v 5.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................. 20 5.1 BEAK ......................................................................................................... 21 5.2 VPSEM OBSERVATION OF THE NEST ................................................ 23 5.3 SALIVA SMEAR ....................................................................................... 23 6.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 24 6.1 THE BIRD (Collocalia sp.) AND THE EDffiLE BlRD'S NEST ............. 25 6.2 NAKED EYE OBSERVATION OF THE CUT BEAK ............................ 27 6.3 IDSTOLOGY SECTIONS OF THE CUT BEAK ..................................... 30 6.4 VPSEM IMAGES ....................................................................................... 37 6.4.1 NEST ...................................................................................................... 37 6.4.2 SALIVA .................................................................................................. 49 6.5 EDX ANALYSIS ..................................................... , ................................. 53 6.5.1 NEST .......................................... , ........................................................... 53 6.5.1 SALIVA .................................................................................................. 59 7.0 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 62 7.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................. 62 7.2 BEAK ......................................................................................................... 67 7.3 TONGUE DORSAL SURFACE FEATURES ........................................... 70 7.4 LINGUAL EPITHELIUM ......................................................................... 72 7.5 MUSCLE AND BONY CARTILAGENOUS FEATURES (CHONDROID BON£) .............................................................................. 73 7.6 MINOR SALIVARY GLAND ANDTASTEBUD .................................. 74 7.7 S~IVA ...................................................................................................... 79 7.8 NEST .......................................................................................................... 83 8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 85 VI 9.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (POSTRESEARCH) ......................................... 86 10.0 SUGGESTIONS /RECONllvlENDATIONS AND FUTURE STUDY................. 87 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 8 8 Vll GLOSSARY APERTURE An opening APHRODISIAC An agent that stimulate sexual excitement EBN Edible Bird's Nest EDX Energy Dispersion X-ray Scanning H&E Haematoxylin and Eosin LM Light Microscope VERT AX Highest point of the head VPSEM Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope NokAen Thai terminology Kin Rang Thai terminology Walet Indonesian terminology Sarang Malay, Indonesian terminology Burung layang - layang Malay terminology Yanwo Chinese terminology Tsubame no su Japanese terminology Liur mahal Borneo terminology Hngetthike Myanmar terminology Hnget kyi un butt Myanmar terminology Vlll Na Natrium (Sodium) Si Silica Ca Calcium c Carbon 0 Oxygen Mg Magnesium CJ Chlorin IX LIST OF FIGURES 1.4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF WlllTE NEST SWIFTLET .............................................. 16 5.1 FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 20 5.1.1 LONGITUDINAL SECTIONING OF SWIFTLET'S BEAK ............................ 22 6.2.1 UPPER & LOWER JAW .................................................................................... 29 6.2.2 TONGUE ............................................................................................................. 29 6.5.1.1EDX ANALYSIS OF BIRO'S NEST ................................................................. 53 6.5.1.2EDX ANALYSIS OF BIRD'S NEST 2 .............................................................. 54 6.5.1.3EDX ANALYSIS OF AREA 1 CAVE NEST .................................................... 55 6.5.1.4EDX ANALYSIS OF SPOT 2 CAVE NEST ..................................................... 56 6.5.1.5EDX ANALYSIS OF AREA 1 HOUSE NEST .................................................. 51 6.5.1.6EDX ANALYSIS OF SPOT 2 HOUSE NEST ................................................... 58 6.5.2.1EDX ANALYSIS OF SPOT 1 SALIVA ............................................................
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