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Initial Environmental Examination

Project number: 48409-002 March 2021

Cambodia: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project

Subproject: For the rehabilitation of the rural roads subprojects in Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor, Tboung Khmum Province

Prepared by the loan consulting firms for the Ministry of Rural Development and the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of January 2021)

Currency Unit = Riel/s (KR) KR1.00 = 0.00025 $ 1.00 = KR 4,052

ABBREVIATIONS AC - Agricultural Cooperative ADB - Asian Development Bank CSES - Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey CFAVCP - Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project EA - executing agency DBST - double bitumen surface treatment EIA - environmental impact assessment EMP - environmental management plan ESO - environmental safeguards officer GRM - grievance redress mechanism IA - implementing agency IEE - initial environment examination IEIA - initial environmental impact assessment IPM - integrated pest management IWR - irrigation water requirement MAFF - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF - Ministry of Economy and Finance MOE - Ministry of Environment O&M - operation and maintenance PDAFF - Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries PDWRAM - Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PIC - project implementation consultants PIU - project implementation unit project PPTA preparatory technical assistance SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement ROW - Right of Way TOR - terms of reference WHO - World Health Organization

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

km - kilometer kg - kilogram ha - hectare

NOTE In this report, “$” refers to United States Dollars

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 1 List of Tables ...... 2 List of Figures ...... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 4 A. Background ...... 4 B. Project Output ...... 4 C. Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 5 D. Description of the Project ...... 6 E. Description of the Environment ...... 6 F. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 6 G. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 7 H. Mitigation Measures ...... 7 I. Environmental Management Plan ...... 7 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 8 II. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 9 2.1 ADB Environmental Requirements...... 9 2.2 Cambodian Environmental Management Laws and Guidelines ...... 10 2.2.1 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management ...... 10 2.2.2 Sub-decree Environmental Impact Assessment Process ...... 10 2.2.3 Law on Water Resources Management ...... 11 2.2.4 Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control ...... 11 2.2.5 Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management ...... 13 2.2.6 Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control Sub-decree ...... 13 2.2.7 Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline ...... 14 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 14 3.1 Type and Category of Project ...... 14 3.2 Subprojects Location ...... 14 3.3 Need and Justification for the Investment ...... 16 3.4 Subproject Section and Location ...... 16 3.5 Current Condition of Subproject Roads ...... 18 3.6 Technical Design and Method ...... 23 3.6.1 Climate Change Consideration ...... 23 3.6.2 Typical Cross Section ...... 24 3.6.3 Structural Design ...... 25 3.6.4 Erosion Protection ...... 26 3.6.5 Road Safety Considerations ...... 27 IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 27 4.1 Physical Resources ...... 27 4.1.1 Geography ...... 27 4.1.2 Climatic Condition ...... 27 4.1.3 Climate Change Scenarios ...... 28 4.1.4 Topography and Soils ...... 29 4.1.5 Air Quality and Noise...... 30 4.1.6 Water Quality ...... 30 4.1.7 Land Use ...... 30 4.1.8 Vegetation ...... 30 4.2 Biological Resources ...... 31 4.2.1 Protected Areas, Forests and Wildlife ...... 31 4.2.2 Cultural Resources ...... 32 4.2.3 Unexploded Ordnance ...... 32 4.3 Socio-Economic Resources ...... 33 4.3.1 Demography ...... 33

4.3.2 Livelihoods ...... 33 4.3.3 School and Pagoda ...... 34 4.3.4 Crop Production ...... 34 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 35 5.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits ...... 35 5.2 Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase ...... 36 5.3 Environmental Measures during Construction Phase ...... 37 5.4 Contractor Performance and Site Management ...... 41 5.5 Community and Occupational Health and Safety ...... 41 5.6 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase ...... 42 5.7 Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation...... 43 VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 43 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 44 7.1 Proposed Mechanism ...... 44 7.2 GRM Procedure and Timeframe ...... 45 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 47 8.1 Introduction ...... 47 8.2 Responsibilities for Implementation ...... 47 8.3 Summary of Potential Impacts ...... 47 8.4 Summary of Management and Monitoring Costs ...... 48 8.5 Environmental Monitoring ...... 56 8.6 Reporting...... 57 8.7 Training program and institutional capacity review and needs ...... 57 IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 58 LIST OF ANNEXES ...... 59 Annex 1 – REA Checklists ...... 60 Annex 2 - List of Participant, Photo and Minute of Meetings...... 68

List of Tables Table 1: List of Projects Requiring an IEIA or EIA ...... 11 Table 2: Public Water Quality Standard for Biodiversity Conservation ...... 12 Table 3: Drinking Water Standards ...... 12 Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 13 Table 5: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dBA) ...... 13 Table 6: Analysis of Selection Criteria for Road Subproject in Tboung Khmum Province ...... 17 Table 7: List of Road Subprojects ...... 18 Table 8: The Results of Road Inventory of Project Roads ...... 23 Table 9: overview of climate change and possible impacts on the road infrastructure ...... 24 Table 10: Details of Improvement of Drainage Structures ...... 26 Table 11: Common fishes found in project area ...... 32 Table 12: Total Directly Beneficiaries Households and Female Lead ...... 33 Table 13: Number of Household activities by main group of crop production and season, 2016 and 2017. In Thousand and Percent ...... 35 Table 14: Beneficiary households and populations of the road upgrades ...... 35 Table 15: Assessment areas of project activities ...... 37 Table 16: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance ...... 39 Table 17: Subproject Cost Estimates – EMP and Monitoring ...... 48 Table 18: EMP Abbreviations ...... 48 Table 19: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 49 Table 20: Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 56 Table 21: Reporting Requirements ...... 57 Table 22: Training Requirement ...... 57

List of Figures Figure 1: Subprojects location ...... 15 Figure 2: Project Layout Road Map (TBK5)...... 19 Figure 3: Project Layout Road Map (TBK6-1, TBK6-2 and TBK6-3) ...... 22 Figure 4: Typical Cross Section of Reinforcement Concrete Road - Width 4.5 m ...... 24 Figure 5: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road - Width 6.0 m ...... 25 Figure 6: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Pipe Culvert ...... 25 Figure 7: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Box Culvert ...... 26 Figure 8: Average Maximum and Minimum Temperature in Tboung Khmum province ...... 28 Figure 9: Average Rainfall Distribution in Tboung Khmum Province...... 28 Figure 10: Geological Map of Cambodia ...... 29 Figure 11: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia ...... 30 Figure 12: Overlapping Project Sites and Protected Area ...... 31 Figure 13: Procedure of the Grievance Redress for Subprojects ...... 46

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Background

1. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in coordination with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) and the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) will implement an Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains (CFAVC) sector project aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum, Kampot and Takeo provinces. The project will focus on enhancing the climate resilience of critical agriculture infrastructure and facilitating commercialization of rice, maize, cassava, and mango production.

2. The project aims to increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It also plans to strengthen technical and institutional capacity for climate smart agriculture and create an enabling policy environment for climate-friendly agribusinesses. The above interventions will make a significant contribution to promoting long-term environmental sustainability and enhance profitability for farmers and agribusinesses. The project interventions are expected to address key constraints in the Cambodian agriculture sector and make a significant contribution to improved agricultural productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural household incomes. The expected outcome of the project should result in development of productive and resource efficient agribusiness value chains in the project areas.

3. The project is financed by the ADB and Green Climate Fund, and directly by the Kingdom of Cambodia and beneficiary farmers from the project area. It responds to the government’s strategy to support implementation of the national Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces along the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south coastal economic corridor of Cambodia. Expected project impacts are enhanced productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural household incomes.

B. Project Output

4. The CFAVC project has three key outputs:

(i) Output 1: Critical agribusiness value chain infrastructure improved and made climate resilient. This output bridges gaps in infrastructure to enhance the competitiveness of the value chains of rice, maize, cassava, and mango in target provinces. It involves rehabilitation and modernization of rural infrastructure to increase production and resource efficiency, reduce postharvest losses, and enhance quality and value chain links while reducing green-house gas emissions and increasing climate resilience. (ii) Output 2: Climate-smart agriculture and agribusiness promoted. The project will support the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute to produce, multiply, and distribute climate-resilient varieties of rice and maize and to improve weaning and acclimatization of mango and cassava. (iii) Output 3: Enabling environment for climate-friendly agribusiness enhanced. The project will support MAFF and the Ministry of Commerce in creating a favorable policy environment for agribusiness to mobilize the private sector participation through public-private partnerships and contract farming. The project will provide support for farm product certification, quality, and resilience standards, including Cambodia’s good agricultural practice and organic fertilizer standards. The project will support cooperatives in becoming sustainable agribusiness ventures by linking up with the

private sector and by establishing crop-centric public-private partnership forums. The project will raise financial institutions’ awareness on green finance and the integration of environmental and climate risk screening criteria into credit application and reporting procedures. Using information and communications technology, the project will provide weather, market, and agronomic information to create an environment for more effective climate risk management. 5. Under Output 1, a long list of candidate subprojects was developed during the course of the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA), and a range of selection criteria developed to identify preferred ones before finalizing. The project is expected to be implemented over six years and will work in four provinces supporting 50 cooperatives out of a possible 158 or just under 30%.

C. Legal and Administrative Framework

6. Based on the ADB’s Rapid Environment Assessment Checklist, the project is classified as Category B, requiring the preparation of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The objectives of this IEE are to:

(i) Describe the existing natural and socioeconomic resources in and surrounding the project area; (ii) Identify and assess potential significant impacts based on existing environmental conditions including during project pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance (O&M) stages; (iii) Identify and recommend mitigation measures to minimize any potential impacts caused by project activities; (iv) Undertake public consultation to present subproject environmental issues to project stakeholders and local people of the subproject’s areas and to collect community concerns; and (v) Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and an environmental monitoring plan with cost estimates during construction and operation stages to guide subproject implementation. 7. This IEE focuses directly on the subproject on rural roads upgrading/rehabilitation which are specifically supporting improvements to rice production and reduction of impacts of climate change to rice and community.

8. The IEE was prepared following the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009), the 2003 ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the ADB Environmental Guidelines for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects and relevant environmental policies and guidelines of the Government of Cambodia.

9. The CFAVCP is classified under ADB SPS as Environment Category B. Such projects are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, most of which is occurring during construction phase, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for Category A projects. If the IEE concludes that no significant environmental impacts are likely to occur, then the IEE serves as the final environmental assessment report.

10. Since the subprojects involve with the rehabilitation and improvement of only 21.74 km of existing rural roads they do not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under Government Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK and under Prakas No. 21 on EIA Classification for Development project dated 3 February 2020 which apply where proposed rehabilitation and improvement of national roads equals or exceeds 100 km. For the CFAVC project, MRD as the project’s management unit (PMU) will only submit the IEE to ADB for approval.

D. Description of the Project

11. The project is aims to rehabilitate 2 rural road subprojects which is consisting of 4 routes road as planned for the year 2020 which is locate in 13 villages, four communes and three districts in Tboung Khmum province. The subproject is classified as environment Category B and an initial environmental examination (IEE) was conducted as part of subproject feasibility study in accordance with ADB SPS 2009 requirement. The total length of the proposed target roads for the subproject is approximately 21.74 km. The individual roads vary in length from 0.27 km to 9.74 km. The total length of roads is shared differently between the provinces based on the population and road density of province. They comprise a mix of well-established and frequently trafficked roads links and number of links that have just been improved to laterite road standard.

E. Description of the Environment

12. Tboung Khmum province was formed when Kampong Cham province was spilt in two by a royal decree which signed on 31 December 2013 and was officially launched on June 2014. Subproject areas's climate is tropical and characteristically high temperatures with two main seasons: a monsoon driven rainy or wet season (May‐October) with southwesterly winds ushering in clouds and moisture that accounts for about 80% to 90% of the country’s annual precipitation, and a dry season (November-April), with cooler temperatures, particularly between November and January. Generally, water and air quality, and noise are still good quality, land use in the subproject areas are agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields or abandoned paddy fields. There are also relatively small areas producing sesame, mung bean, soybean, peanut, durian, black pepper cassava and rubber.

13. The road subprojects package 2 in the Tboung Khmum province are not located within any designated protected areas, protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation, biodiversity areas or Ramsar sites and cultural resources. Aquatic ecosystem within the subproject is studied the whole year round. Occasionally, flooded rivers change over the annual cycle, upland streams, marshes, seasonally flooded fields and forests, and ponds and impoundments also vary in water depth and quality over the annual cycle.

14. Most people derive their livelihoods from some type of agriculture, most notably the cultivation of wet season rice (although poorer households rely on common property resources in forestry and fishing to a greater extent than better off households).

15. Based on the CSES 2017, the number of household activities for crop planning both seasons (dry and wet season) in year 2017 is higher than 2016. The crop planning in 2016 was estimated 2,541,000 in wet season and 815,00 in dry season. However, the crop planning in 2017 was estimated 3,627,000 in wet season and 978,00 in dry season. The most common crop production in Cambodia is cereal which was harvested for grain, accounted for 73 percent of all household activities for crop planting in 2016 and the in 2017 the corresponding lower, about 71 percent. The second most important crop production is fruits and nuts, which accounted for about 10 percent in 2016 and 11 percent in 2017.

F. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

16. The improvement of rural road subproject package 2 in Tboung Khmum province will be provided the benefits directly to number beneficiaries within 3 districts, 4 communes and 13 villages which has total households 3,407HH.

17. During pre-construction: Issues related to project location encompass the rehabilitation of existing rural roads and structures while maintaining downstream flow in rivers and streams, and avoiding obstruction of domesticated animals and people living along a road. The identification of environmental impacts was based mainly on the technical information related to project component design and operation, field visits, and information from stakeholders.

18. During construction: The major issue during construction concerns compliance with the project EMP, including, ensuring low-impact site clearing and grubbing, soil excavation and transportation, and embankment raising; and protection of river and stream water quality and existing vegetation. Additionally, occupational and community health and safety needs to be ensured, including appropriate measures to avoid COVID-19 transmission. Concerning the latter, Ministry of Health and WHO guidance on COVID-19 prevention should be followed.

19. If any unanticipated impacts become apparent during the project implementation, there are required to form and seek the advice from ADB in order to assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts, evaluate the options available to address them and update the IEE/EMP.

20. Rapid Environmental Assessment: The initial rapid environmental assessment completed for the project identified a medium climate risk. This PPTA has therefore completed a Climate Change Assessment.

G. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

21. The public consultation and information disclosure were conducted during project preparation based on the SPS requirement for obtain the views and ideas regarding development status, constraints and possible opportunities to resolve those constraints through the subproject and reflect those in EMP to be prepared. This is to improve the design, construction, road safety and to take initiatives accordingly in order to derive a maximum output from the subproject for improving the grassroots livelihood. There are several of meeting were conducted in difference locations within subproject areas with relevant provincial departments and stakeholders such as: PDRD/PIU, MRD/PMU, CS1/PIC (including social safeguard and environmental specialist), CS5 (including engineer, social safeguard and environmental specialist), and with commune chiefs and local farmers.

H. Mitigation Measures

22. During the pre-construction phase, anticipated impacts will be mitigated through good infrastructure design and rigorous application of social safeguards in the form of resettlement plans, which strictly follow ADB and Government of Cambodia policies. 23. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on works contractor adherence to specified mitigation measures intended to minimize noise nuisance, road accidents, air and water pollution, soil erosion, illegal solid waste disposal and waste water discharge, conflict between upstream and downstream water users, and worker safety and sanitation. Compliance monitoring and enforcement by provincial environmental safeguards focal points will be key to ensuring contractor performance.

I. Environmental Management Plan

24. This IEE includes an EMP where identified environmental impacts and mitigation measures are transformed into an implementation action plan. The plan includes methods of mitigation, responsibilities, indicators of progress, and frequency and nature of monitoring activities with cost estimates. The IEE and EMP will be updated to reflect the detailed engineering design. 25. The provisions of the updated EMP will be incorporated into tender documents and construction contracts. 26. Environmental monitoring programs will be carried out and the result will be used to evaluate the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and the performance of the environmental protection measure.

I. INTRODUCTION

27. The CFAVC sector project will support the implementation of the government’s Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces along the GMS southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south-coastal economic corridor. The project will boost the climate resilience of critical agricultural infrastructure and help commercialize rice, maize, cassava, and mango production. It will help increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It will strengthen the technical and institutional capacity for climate-smart agriculture and create an enabling policy environment for climate-friendly agribusinesses. This will in turn promote long term environmental sustainability and enhance the profitability for farmers and agribusinesses.

28. The subproject which comprises the scope of this IEE proposes the upgrading of five existing rural roads for two agriculture cooperatives (AC) in Tboung Khmum Province from gravel standard to double bitumen surface treatment (DBST) pavement standard depending on the existing rural roads condition. The provision of a durable paved road with a structural design life of roughly 15 years will greatly reduce road maintenance costs and road user’s costs. Although it will be more costly to construct the upgrade, the whole life costs of the road will be lower. During the design life road will require resealing to maintain the integrity and waterproofing function of bituminous seal. At the end of the design life, an engineered structural overlay will be required. A typical structural overlay could be an additional road base layer or a structural surfacing. As the project will only upgrade roads within their existing widths, no land or other physical assets need to be acquired and hence no resettlement issues.

29. The existing condition of the project roads is very variable, ranging from those that have been resurfaced with laterite and otherwise maintained to a good standard as recently as 2013 to roads that have not been maintained recently and are in a deteriorated condition with a very high road roughness value, and very little remaining laterite. Generally, project roads that have been recently maintained or improved have a laterite wearing course that is at present about 50-200mm thick.

30. The subproject which is the subject of this IEE has been chosen using a set of selection criteria. Although these criteria did not include specific environmental impact issues, when applied, the criteria had the effect of selecting a relatively straightforward schemes which do not pose significant environmental impacts. These were:

(i) Subproject should not cause involuntary resettlement and should require the least amount of land acquisition possible. Subproject should not be ADB Category A and should be a maximum of Category B for Involuntary Resettlement and Environment, and Category C for Indigenous Peoples. (ii) Should be an existing roads connecting farms to agricultural cooperative or other agricultural market center; (iii) Should complement ADB’s past, ongoing and future interventions and provide the potential for higher economic growth by reducing transport costs for the movement of farm produce to agricultural markets; (iv) Should have a strong political and community commitment to implement adaptation measures and support a realistic and technically viable O&M plan; (v) Should be consistent with MRD’s priorities for rural development and decentralization; (vi) Should achieve the economic threshold limit of 12% for the economic internal rate of return; and (vii) Must have at least 40% female beneficiaries.

31. The road subproject is classified as ADB Environmental Category B as per SPS requiring preparation of an IEE including an EMP.

II. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

32. Environmental Criteria and Standards: This IEE has been prepared for the road subproject package 2 in Tboung Khmum Province. It has been written to satisfy both ADB and relevant Cambodian environmental guidelines and regulations.

2.1 ADB Environmental Requirements 33. Safeguard Policy Statement 2009: On the basis of subproject screening at the feasibility stage, using ADB’s rapid environmental assessment checklist, the subproject was determined to be Environment Category B for which potential adverse environmental impacts can be readily mitigated. This IEE has been prepared in accordance with SPS requirements including prescribed report content consisting of: (i) project level grievance redress mechanism (GRM) (ii) physical cultural resources (PCR); (iii) climate change; (iv) occupational and community health and safety; (v) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (vii) meaningful consultation and participation, and information disclosure; and (viii) an EMP which comprises implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators.

34. Relevant ADB environmental policies and guidelines used in the preparation of this IEE are: (i) SPS (2009), (ii) Operation Manual Bank Policies on SPS (2009), (iii) Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (2016), (iv) Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and (v) Environmental Guidelines for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects. 35. Screening and Categorization: At an early stage of the project, the environmental assessment process screens and categorizes proposed projects based on the significance of potential project impacts and risks. Screening and categorization are undertaken to (i) reflect the significance of potential impacts or risks that a project may present; (ii) identify the level of assessment and institutional resources required to implement safeguard measures; and (iii) determine disclosure requirements. A project’s safeguard category is determined by the category of its most sensitive component. The type of assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental and social impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental and social impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse impacts, requiring preparation of an EIA. (ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. For this type of projects an IEE report is prepared. (iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. (iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

36. The REA checklist for this subproject was completed and verified by international and national environment and climate change specialists during site visits during August 2020. The main purpose of the site visits was:

(i) Assessment of the existing location and the surrounding environment and identify any sensitive areas, archaeological sites and historical sites located in or near the project location; (ii) Identify potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts on the proposed construction of rural road; (iii) Consultation with the officials and staff of Provincial Department of Agriculture, Provincial Department of Environment, Provincial Department of Water Resource and Meteorology, Provincial Department of Rural Development and local authorities (villager chief and commune council) about the project; (iv) Consultation with communities affected by the subproject, including those immediate beneficiaries to determine their levels of involvement and to discuss relevant safeguard issues with them; and (v) Conduct social perception survey through key informant interviews with stakeholders.

2.2 Cambodian Environmental Management Laws and Guidelines

2.2.1 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management 37. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management was enacted by the National Assembly on 24 December 1996 and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS- RKM- 1296/36. This law has the following objectives:

(i) Protect and promote environment quality and public health through prevention, reduction and control of pollution; (ii) Assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the government; (iii) Ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management and use of the natural resources of Cambodia; (iv) Encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in the protection of environment and the management of the natural resources; and (v) Suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment. 38. Under this law the developers or project owners need to prepare an initial EIA or a full EIA report for their proposed or existing development projects.

2.2.2 Sub-decree Environmental Impact Assessment Process 39. The Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK in the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment Process dated 11 August 1999 sets out EIA procedures. The main objectives of this sub-decree are:

(i) Identify the required level of assessment for every private and public project or activity, through review by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), prior to the submission for a decision from the government; (ii) Determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and ongoing activities in both private and public sector prior to undertaking the process of EIA; and (iii) To encourage public participation in the implementation of the EIA process and take into account their input and suggestions for reconsideration prior to the implementation of any project.

40. The Prakas on EIA classification for development project No. 021 PRK.BST. dated 3 February 2020 includes an annex which provides a schedule of developments which require an EIA. An excerpt for relevant industries is provided in Table 1.

Table 1: List of Projects Requiring an IEIA or EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Classification based No. Type of the Projects on the scales of development projects Contract on Environment EIA IEIA Protection Infrastructure Sector 1 Road Constructions > 100km ≥ 30 – 100 km 10 - < 30 km 2 Railroad and road expansion > 100km ≥ 50 – 100 km 10 - < 50 km 3 Road construction in the protected > 30km ≥ 10 – 30 km < 10 km areas 4 Renovation to road widen in the > 50km ≥ 10 – 50 km < 10 km nature protected areas 5 Bridge and Road constructions Support weight ≥ 30 tons Source: Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK on Environment Impact Assessment Process. 1999.

41. Since the subproject involves the refurbishment of existing rural roads of lengths between 130 m to 9500 m, less than the threshold of 100 km, it does not require an EIA under Sub-Decree No 72 ANRK.BK and under Prakas EIA classification for development project which was issued on 3 February 2020 by MoE, which mentioned that the length of road construction less than 100km are not required an EIA.

2.2.3 Law on Water Resources Management 42. The Law on Water Resources Management was adopted by the National Assembly on 22 May 2007. This law provides procedures for the management of water resources within Cambodia. The purpose of the law is to foster the effective management of the water resources of Cambodia to attain socioeconomic development and the welfare of communities. The law shall determine:

(i) Rights and obligations of water users; (ii) Fundamental principles of water resource management; (iii) Institutions in charge of its implementation and enforcement; and (iv) Participation of users and their associations in the sustainable development of water resources. 43. Under this law, MOWRAM may declare any basin, sub-basin or aquifer as a Water Law Implementation Area when within that basin, sub-basin ground water or aquifer there are likely to be conflicts among water users, problems of water pollution or watershed degradation. During the PPTA, at meetings held with the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM), no issues regarding conflict over water users associated with neither the subproject nor the catchment were identified. The EMP details the need for the subproject to confer again with Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and the PDRAM regarding the status of the catchment and basin project at commencement of project implementation.

2.2.4 Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control The Sub-Decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated 6 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce the water pollution of public water so that the protection of human health and the conservation of biodiversity can be ensured.

44. This sub-decree applies to all sources of pollution and all activities causing pollution of public water areas. The sub-decree also provides the pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas. Water quality standards are stipulated in this sub- decree for public water (Table 2). The sub-decree aims to minimize and phase out the various activities which cause pollution in public water areas in order to sustain good water quality that is suitable for human usage by improving wastewater management. Another key point of the sub-decree is to mention the responsibilities and obligation of owner of pollution sources in water environment management. The sub-decree applies to this subproject.

Table 2: Public Water Quality Standard for Biodiversity Conservation No. Parameter Unit Standard Value A. River 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coli-form MPN/100ml < 5000 B. Lakes and Reservoirs 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 COD mg/l 1 – 8 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 – 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05 C. Coastal water 1 pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3 2 COD mg/l 2 – 8 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 – 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 5 Oil content mg/l 0 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.2 – 1.0 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09 l = liter; mg = milligram; ml = milliliter Source: Government of Cambodia. 1999. Annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control.

45. Drinking Water Quality Standards: For well water used for domestic purposes, including drinking, the Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy Drinking Water Quality Standards of January 2004 is the evaluation standard. These are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: Drinking Water Standards WHO Drinking Water Parameter Unit Standard Value Quality Standards pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 - Turbidity NTU 5 - Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0,01 Iron 0.03 - Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 800 - Chlorine mg/l 0.2-0.5 5 Copper mg/l 1 2 Sulphate mg/l 250 500 Nitrite mg/l 3 -

WHO Drinking Water Parameter Unit Standard Value Quality Standards Nitrate mg/l 50 50 Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 Mercury mg/l 0.001 0.001 Coliform CFU/100ml 0 - Source: Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy

2.2.5 Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management 46. The Sub-Decree No. 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in order to ensure the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity.

47. This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste and will be applied to the extraction and management of spoil during construction.

2.2.6 Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control Sub-decree 48. The Sub-Decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance is dated 10 July 2000. Its purpose is to protect the quality of environment and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution (Tables 4 and 5). This sub- decree applies to all movable sources and immovable sources of air and noise pollution.

Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Standards Period 1h Period 8h Period 24h Period 1year Parameters Average Average Average Average mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 Carbon monoxide (CO) 40 20 - - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.3 - 0.1 - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 Ozone (O3) 0.2 - - - Lead (Pb) - - 0.005 - Total Suspended Particulate - - 0.33 0.1 h = hours, m3 = cubic meters, mg = milligram Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance. Note: This standard applied to evaluation of ambient air quality and to monitoring of air pollution status.

Table 5: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dBA) Period Locations 06:00 to 18:00 18:00 to 22:00 22:00 to 06:00 Silence Area 40 40 35 - Hospital - Library - School - Nursery Resident Area 60 50 45 - Hotel - Administration Place - House

Commercial, Services Areas and mix 70 65 50

Period Locations 06:00 to 18:00 18:00 to 22:00 22:00 to 06:00 Small industrial factories intermingling 75 70 50 in residential areas Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance.

2.2.7 Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline 49. ADB SPS applies pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. In accordance with the specific SPS requirement pertaining to the project monitoring, the CFAVC sector project will apply the more stringent of national and international environmental quality standards or guidelines in monitoring subproject air emissions and liquid discharges.

50. Additionally, the national Ministry of Health guideline on Covid-19 and national guideline for Infection prevention and control for healthcare facilities of Cambodia will be applied due to current situation Covid-19 outbreak to reduce the incidence and risk of preventable nosocomial Infection.

51. Occupational and community health and safety, as laid out in the EHS guidelines, will be a cross-cutting assessment for the subprojects.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT

3.1 Type and Category of Project 52. The project is aims to rehabilitate 2 rural road subprojects which is consisting of 4 routes road in Tboung Khmum province planned for the year 2020. The subproject is classified as environment Category B and an initial environmental examination (IEE) was conducted as part of subproject feasibility study in accordance with ADB SPS 2009 requirement.

53. The total length of the proposed target roads for the subproject in Tboung Khmum province is approximately 21.74 km. The individual roads vary in length from 0.27 km to 9.74 km. The total length of roads is shared differently between the provinces based on the population and road density of province. They comprise a mix of well-established and frequently trafficked roads links and number of links that have just been improved to laterite road standard.

3.2 Subprojects Location 54. The package 2 for rural road subprojects is located in 13 villages and four communes (Dambae, Kouk Srok, Roka Po Pram and Toul Snoul), three districts (Dambae, Tboung Khmum and Krouch Chhmar), Tboung Khmum province. The total length of package 2 rural road subprojects is 21.74km (see Figure 1 below).

Figure 1: Subprojects location

3.3 Need and Justification for the Investment 55. The package 2 Road subprojects in Tboung Khmum province is planned to enhance the connectivity from farm to agriculture cooperatives and markets. The road subprojects connect agriculture cooperatives Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor, and the road networks for these two road subprojects under package 2 are located in Dambae, Kouk Srok, Roka Po Pram, Tuol Snuol, communes; and in district base, they are situated in three districts, Dambae, Tboung Khmum and Krouch Chhmar of Tboung Khmum province. Total length of both road subprojects is 21.74 km. The road benefits agriculture cooperatives, Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor, in development of agribusiness with road connectivity from farm to cooperatives and market. The road network connected will ensure the market access in all season including wet season, which will guarantee to agriculture cooperatives to expand its agribusiness to nearby market and city.

3.4 Subproject Section and Location 56. In the beginning stage of the feasibility study in July 2020, MRD initiated the selection of candidate roads with the Provincial Departments of Rural Development (PDRD) to obtain a prioritized list of roads within the provinces. From the list of submitted candidate priority roads from the PDRD and with consideration of objectives for the project, the submitted candidate roads have been screened in accordance with the selection criteria.

57. In consideration of above-mentioned regional development priority and contract management and supervision, in the beginning, the short list of candidate roads has been screened to Tboung Khmum province totaling about 21.744 km for 4 roads. Engineering considerations are that the roads selected for the project should be sufficiently engineered at the outset to enable improving to a reinforcement concrete surface (RC) road standard without widening, so that resettlement of road side communities and others was not required. It was recognized that once upgrading should be considered with due regard to the safety of both road users and roadside communities. It is recognized that a road user and roadside community would require community- based road safety and safeguards program within the project to mitigate this risk.

58. In order to select the priority candidate roads, a list of selection criteria following guidance in the Project Administration Manual were used:

i) Should be an existing road connecting farms to the existing AC or other agricultural market center; ii) Should complement ADB’s past, ongoing and future interventions and provide the potential for higher economic growth by reducing transport costs for the movement of farm produce to agricultural markets; iii) Should have a strong political and community commitment to implement adaptation measures and support a realistic and technically viable O&M plan; iv) Should be consistent with MRD’s priorities for rural development and decentralization; v) Should be Category B or C for environment, involuntary resettlement, and ethnic minority/indigenous people; vi) Should achieve the economic threshold limit of 9% for the economic internal rate of return; and vii) Must have at least 40% female beneficiaries

Table 6: Analysis of Selection Criteria for Road Subproject in Tboung Khmum Province Dambae Rungroeung and Non- Item The selection criteria: Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor Feasible Feasible AC road subproject (i) Should be an existing road connecting farms to the existing 1 Road length of 21.74 km  agricultural cooperative or other agricultural market center; (ii) Should complement ADB’s past, ongoing and future interventions and With the proper design and provide the potential for higher participation of beneficiaries, 2  economic growth by reducing roads will be adapted the climate transport costs for the movement of change farm produce to agricultural markets; (iii) Should have a strong political and With strong participation from community commitment to villagers who live along the road 3 implement adaptation measures and and local authority, the  support a realistic and technically subproject will be long viable O&M plan; sustainability (iv) Should be consistent with MRD’s Roads are consistent with 4 priorities for rural development and  priority list from MRD decentralization; (v) Should be Category B or C for Villager are ready self- involuntary resettlement, ethnic 5 preparedness to establish Road  minority / indigenous people, and Maintenance Committee environment; (vi) Should achieve the economic With the expectation it will 6 threshold limit of 12% for the  increase up to 15% economic internal rate of return; and (vii) Must have at least 40% female Cumulative un-skilled labor of 7  beneficiaries women will be at least 25%

59. The individual roads vary in length from 0.270 km to 9.744 km (See Table 7 below). They comprise a mix of well-established and frequently trafficked roads links and number of links that have just been improved to laterite road standard. Thus, the existing condition of the project roads is very variable, ranging from those that have been resurfaced with laterite and otherwise maintained to a good standard as recently as 2020 to roads that have not been maintained recently and are in a deteriorated condition with many pot holes and very little remaining laterite course. Generally, the project roads that have been recently maintained or improved, have a laterite wearing course that, at present, averages about 150 mm in thickness.

60. Some of these roads may currently carry less traffic than others, however they form important links to new or established centers and are often links that MRD has invested in for widening recently. Collectively, the project roads will provide better access to essential services, reduce remoteness and increase economic opportunities. Most of the project roads link to a national or provincial road and provide access to the road network at large. Currently all national road links connecting the project roads are paved with either asphalt concrete or DBST. While many of the roads carry predominantly motor cycle traffic and light 4-wheeled vehicles, a few are trafficked by heavy vehicles, at least for part or their length.

Table 7: List of Road Subprojects Existing Road Length No. Road Name Road ID (km) Width (m) Condition Pavement 1 TBK5 Khcheay-Chheu Teal Chrum 9.744 4-5 Bad Laterite 2 TBK6-1 Pong Tuek-Ta Pav 2.630 5-7 Fair Laterite 3 TBK6-2 Bei Maetr-Tuol Trach 9.100 5-7 Fair Laterite 4 TBK6-3 Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor 0.270 None Bad Laterite Total 21.744 Source: Feasibility Study Report, 2020

3.5 Current Condition of Subproject Roads 61. The existing condition of the project roads is very variable, ranging from those that have been resurfaced with laterite and otherwise maintained to a good standard as recently as this year (2020) to roads that have not been maintained recently and are in a deteriorated condition with many pot holes, and very little remaining laterite course. Generally, the project roads that have been recently maintained or improved, have a laterite wearing course that is, at present, average about 150 mm in thickness.

(1) Road: Khchaey – Chheu Teal Chhrum, TBK5 (Dambae Rungroeung AC) 62. This road is located in two districts, Dambae and Kouk Srok of Tboung Khmum province. It length is 9.74km starting from the junction of NR 73 at Khcheay village in Dambae Commune and ends at the junction of NR 73 at the Chheu Teal Chrum village in Kouk Srok Commune. The roads traverse open fields with the agricultural land such as rice fields, rubber trees, cashew nuts, cassava, soybean and vegetables. Houses and villages are distributed along the road. The existing road surface is laterite with average width 4-5 m. The existing structures comprise 1 bridge, 3 box culverts and 23 pipe culverts. Along the road, there are 1 pagoda and 2 primary schools. The condition of road and existing structures is bad as expressed in the below pictures.

Existing Surface of Road Existing Box Culvert

Figure 2: Project Layout Road Map (TBK5)

Source: FSDD-CS5 Consultants, 2020

(2) Road: Pong Teuk – Ta Tav, TBK6-1 (Kdey Songkheum Kaksekor AC) 63. This road is located in Tboung Khmum and Krouch Chhmar districts of Tboung Khmum province. It length is 2.678km starting from Pong Tuek village in Roka Po Pram Commune and ends at the Ta Pav village in Tuol Snuol Commune. The road runs along the agricultural land such as rice fields, rubber trees, Cassava, Pepper, Cashew nuts, vegetables and corns. After road improvement, some more agriculture products are expected including bean and soybean. The existing road surface is laterite with average width 5-7 m. The existing structures includes 3 pipe culverts. Along the road, there are only one pagoda. The condition of road and existing structures is bad as shown in the below pictures.

Existing Surface of Road Existing Box Culvert

(3) Road: Ta Tav – Toul Trach, TBK6-2 (Kdey Songkheum Kaksekor AC) 64. This road is located in Krouch Chhma district of Tboung Khmum province. It length is 9.042km starting from Ta Bei Maetr village and ends at the Tuol Trach village in Tuol Snuol Commune. The road runs along the agricultural land such as rice fields, rubber trees, Cassava, Pepper, Cashew nuts, vegetables and corns. After road improvement, some more agriculture products are expected including bean and soybean. Houses and villages are distributed along the road. The existing road surface is laterite with average width 5-7 m. The existing structures consist of 1 bridge, 2 box culverts and 21 pipe culverts. Along the road, there are 5 pagodas and one primary school. The condition of road and existing structures is bad as displayed in the below pictures.

Existing Surface of Road Existing Box Culvert

(4) Road: Kdey Songkheum Kaksekor, TBK6-3 (Kdey Songkheum Kaksekor AC) 65. This road is located in Krouch Chhmar district of Tboung Khmum province. It length is 0.27km and this is dead-end road which connected from AC Storage in Tuol Ta Kao village to main road, TBK6-2 (see Figure 3 below). This connectivity will be smooth so that truck can directly deliver products at AC gate. The existing road is laterite. The road and existing structures’ conditions are pointed out in the below pictures.

Kdey Songkheum Kaksekor Agricultural Cooperative Location

Figure 3: Project Layout Road Map (TBK6-1, TBK6-2 and TBK6-3)

Source: FSDD-CS5 Consultants, 2020

66. Road inventory for all road sections have been carried out commensurate with the accuracy required for a feasibility study. Start and end locations of the project roads have been established by hand-held GPS equipment and the coordinates were recorded. The entire road length provided by the PDRD, which have been obtained by GPS tracks, were used to estimate road length after checking with vehicle odometer during site investigation. All structures were also counted and recorded.

67. The widths of the existing roads were measured frequently including the widths at structures where the road often narrowed. The surface material and conditions were also surveyed. All existing bridges were checked for length, widths, types and current condition etc. Drainage structures such as box culverts and pipe culverts were surveyed for location, widths, lengths, sizes and current conditions.

68. The result of road inventory of project roads in Tboung Khmum province is shown in Table 8 below.

Table 8: The Results of Road Inventory of Project Roads Existing Road Length Box Pipe No. Road Name Road Pavement ID (km) Culvert Culvert Width Condition (m) Khcheay-Chheu 1 TBK5 9.744 4-5 Bad Laterite 3 23 Teal Chrum 2 TBK6-1 Pong Tuek-Ta Pav 2.630 5-7 Fair Laterite - 3 Bei Maetr-Tuol 3 TBK6-2 9.100 5-7 Fair Laterite 2 21 Trach Kdey SongKhuem 4 TBK6-3 0.270 None Bad Laterite - 2 Kaksekor Total 21.744 5 49 Source: CS5 Consultant, 2020.

3.6 Technical Design and Method

3.6.1 Climate Change Consideration 69. Measures for climate proofing design will be measured during detailed engineer design adopted for the road subproject. Durability improvements and resistance to climate change can often be achieved at low cost by adopting measures such as bio-engineering to improve stability under wetter or drier climatic conditions. These measures will be considered among other eco-system based strategies. Other technical means of improving climate resilience include adopting a forward looking approach to road design.

70. Currently, there are many refinements of policies and practices relating to climate change- proofing of roads. Therefore, all responses to climate change are in the context of a wide range of uncertainties, not only with regard to future climate change itself, but the type and extent of its impact, and the reaction of those affected. In order to develop realistic adaptation strategies one needs to understand the potential impacts of climate change on the road sector. Table 10 below gives an overview of climate change and possible impacts on the road infrastructure.

Table 9: overview of climate change and possible impacts on the road infrastructure Climate Change Events Risks to the Road Infrastructure Extreme rainfall events • Flooding of roadways • Road erosion, landslides and mudslides that damage roads • Overloading of drainage systems, causing erosion and flooding • Traffic hindrance and safety Seasonal and annual • Impact on soil moisture levels, affecting the structural integrity of roads, average rainfall bridges and tunnels • Adverse impact of standing water on the road base • Risk of floods from runoff, landslides, slope failures and damage to roads if changes occur in the precipitation pattern Maximum temperature and • Concerns regarding pavement integrity, e.g. softening, traffic-related number of consecutive hot rutting, embrittlement (cracking), migration of liquid asphalt days • Thermal expansion in bridge expansion joints and paved surfaces (heat waves) • Impact on landscaping Drought • Susceptibility to wildfires that threaten the transportation infrastructure (consecutive dry days) directly • Susceptibility to mudslides in areas deforested by wildfires • Consolidation of the substructure with (unequal) settlement as a consequence • More generation of smog • Unavailability of water for compaction work Extreme wind speed • Threat to stability of bridge decks (worst gales) • Damage to signs, lighting fixtures and supports Fog days • Traffic hindrance and safety • More generation of smog Source : Climate Change Adaptation Project, 2016

3.6.2 Typical Cross Section 71. A typical road section for improvement was studied in consideration of resettlement impact and construction costs. The project roads are two types in terms of carriage way road widths, 6.0 m and 5.5 m, although some road sections are not homogeneous in width and many structures are narrower than road width. A part of the road shoulder needs to be paved with aggregate base- course (for DBST and laterite for reinforced concrete) for bicycles or motorcycles as the width of carriageway are not enough to accommodate two-way vehicle movement together with bicycle or pedestrians. Typical cross sections for the improvement in various widths are proposed as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Figure 4: Typical Cross Section of Reinforcement Concrete Road - Width 4.5 m

Figure 5: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road - Width 6.0 m

3.6.3 Structural Design 72. Drainage Structures. Cross drainage structures are very important to mitigate local flooding and stagnation during wet season. Based on the interview with the commune council and local villager, especially, during the wet season, there are occurred the flash food in some road sections were flooded with height 0.2 – 0.3m, length of 100-450m and duration of 1-5 days. Damaged box and pipe culverts have been designated for replacement if the existing structures were not able to function properly. As a lesson learned during the implementation of the previous project, narrow pipe culverts and box culverts will be extended to the design road widths for road safety. Some pipe culverts and box culverts were planned to be newly constructed in consideration of future climate change. In particular, new drainage structures are to be provided where actual flooding had occurred based on interviews and observations and where it was reported that the flood waters were significantly higher on one side of the road than the other, such that the road was acting as a dam. The typical cross sections of concrete pipe culvert and box culvert bridges to be replaced are given in Figure 6 and Figure 7.

Figure 6: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Pipe Culvert

Figure 7: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Box Culvert

73. The improvement of drainage structures has been carefully studied in consideration of road safety, resettlement and construction costs. The details of improvement of drainage structures are given in Table 10.

Table 10: Details of Improvement of Drainage Structures Improvement

Length Bridge (No.) Box Culvert (No.) Pipe Culvert (No.) No. Road ID Road Name (km) Existing To be Existing To be Existing To be Use Replaced Use Replaced Use Replaced Khcheay- 1 TBK5 Chheu Teal 9.744 1 - - 3 - 23 Chrum Pong Tuek- 2 TBK6-1 2.630 - - - - - 3 Ta Pav Bei Maetr- 3 TBK6-2 9.100 - 1 - 2 - 21 Tuol Trach Kdey 4 TBK6-3 SongKhuem 0.270 - - - - - 2 Kaksekor Total 21.744 1 1 - 5 - 49 Source: FSDD-CS5 Consultants, 2020

3.6.4 Erosion Protection 74. Erosion near existing pipe culverts and box culverts is evident on many roads to a greater or lesser extent. Often it is caused by the localized concentration of water because of a particular defect

26 in the existing structures, which can be readily rectified during the upgrading process. Good engineering practice and attention to detail during detailed design will mitigate these effects.

3.6.5 Road Safety Considerations 75. The road accident rates in Cambodia are high and considerably higher than those in neighboring countries. Driver behavior is often poor and the road safety knowledge of the road users is lacking. Paving the project roads will often lead to increases in vehicle speeds. Also, many of the existing road drainage structures or bridges are narrower than the sections of the same road without structures and so the passage of vehicles is restricted. These conditions reduce road safety.

76. The existing project roads are virtually not provided with proper traffic signs or road furniture. Installation of road furniture and safety signage will be undertaken as necessary to reduce traffic accident. Especially, near towns and schools, road humps will be additionally provided to control over-speeded vehicles to improve road safety.

77. Road marking will be provided along the centerlines to guide traffic especially at night. Painting of structure and obstacles shall be included to make them more visible. During the detailed design stage, special consideration should be given to provide proper road furniture to enhance road safety.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Physical Resources

4.1.1 Geography 78. Tboung Khmum province was formed when Kampong Cham province was spilt in two by a royal decree which signed on 31 December 2013 and was officially launched on June 2014. Tboung Khmum province is consisting of six districts and one City with total area of 4,928km2 and the capital is Soung City. Tboung Khmum province is located in the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Cham to the west, Kratié to the north, Prey Veng to the south, and shares an international border with Viet Nam to the east. The total household in Tboung Khmum province is 183,703 of which 13.75 were female headed households

4.1.2 Climatic Condition 79. Including subproject areas, Cambodia's climate is tropical and characteristically high temperatures with two main seasons: a monsoon driven rainy or wet season (May‐October) with southwesterly winds ushering in clouds and moisture that accounts for about 80% to 90% of the country’s annual precipitation, and a dry season (November-April), with cooler temperatures, particularly between November and January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country, and are highest (26°C - 40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins. Temperatures remain at 25°C to 27°C throughout the rest of the year. The wet season arrives with the summer monsoon, in May through November, bringing the heaviest rainfall to the southeast and northwest. Mean monthly rainfall at this time of year can be more than 5,000 mm in some areas in coastal regions. However, the average rainfall data in year 2020, Tboung Khmum province is very high in September and the lowest is in February.

Figure 8: Average Maximum and Minimum Temperature in Tboung Khmum province

Source: FSDD-CS5 Consultants, 2020

Figure 9: Average Rainfall Distribution in Tboung Khmum Province

Source: FSDD-CS5 Consultants, 2020

4.1.3 Climate Change Scenarios 80. The result of modelling studies in the Initial National Communication (INC) and the Second National Communication (SNC) of the Cambodian National Climate Change Committee indicates that Cambodia’s mean surface temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1960, and that it will continue to increase at a rate of between 0.013°C and 0.036°C per year up to 2099. The rate of temperature increase will be higher in low altitude areas such as the subproject site which is approximately 10 m ASL. Under elevated CO2 with low rate of emission scenarios (SRESB1), it is likely that wet season rainfall will continue to increase in future, and then might decrease again after 2050. But under high emission scenarios (SRESA2), the direction of change will reverse.

4.1.4 Topography and Soils 81. Road subprojects, Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor as well as within the subproject areas are located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River which are a fairly level agricultural zones with some interspersed small low hills. Based on the geology map of Cambodia (Figure 10 below), the soil within the proposed road subproject is consisting of basalt, old alluvium and Yung alluvium.

Figure 10: Geological Map of Cambodia

Subproject site

82. Seismology: Cambodia is located on a large stable core of the Sunda Plate and is characterized by low seismicity and strain rates (Figure 11). Therefore, it is of low seismic hazard (DGTVET, 2015).

Figure 11: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia

4.1.5 Air Quality and Noise. 83. Air quality in the subproject areas are generally good. There is no ambient air quality data and noise level data existing for this subproject area. Based on field observations and interviewing with local authority, there are no industrial producing in/nearby the subproject areas, and air quality can be affected by dust emission resulting from the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads and exposed road surfaces, and smoke from rice stubble burning after harvesting. However, it can be expected that the air quality is good and noise levels are low within project areas because the volume of traffic is very low and there are no industry or factory building; the project location is in the rural environment.

84. Noise is also generated by passing vehicles and there is no industrial producing in/nearby the subproject areas, therefore, ambient noise level can be considered very well below the noise standard.

4.1.6 Water Quality 85. There is no data/information on the water quality available within/nearby the subproject areas. However, based on the field investigation and discussions with the AC members and local villagers, the water quality in/nearby the subproject areas are still good for the domestic and agriculture purposes. The source of water for the daily consumption of the local villagers the pond and tube wells. The water extracted from the groundwater sources require boiling prior to drinking.

4.1.7 Land Use 86. Land use in the subproject areas are agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields or abandoned paddy fields. There are also relatively small areas producing sesame, mung bean, soybean, peanut, durian, black pepper cassava and rubber. In both cases, a mixture of natural and plantation-escaped trees and shrubs are scattered along the boundaries of fields, roadsides and canal banks. In abandoned paddies there is adventitious growth of shrubs, weeds and grasses.

4.1.8 Vegetation 87. Based on the field investigation by the environmental team, there is existing vegetation along the proposed subproject roads (Package 2). The existing vegetation is mostly cultivated food trees

30 such as banana, jack fruit, coconut trees, mango trees and cassava, etc.

Photo 1: Existing Vegetation along the Proposed Road subproject

4.2 Biological Resources

4.2.1 Protected Areas, Forests and Wildlife 88. Protected areas in Cambodia are the responsibility of MOE. The road subprojects package 2 in the Tboung Khmum province are not located within any designated protected areas, protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation, biodiversity areas or Ramsar sites.

89. Overlapping the subprojects location and Protected Area Map, the subprojects in the Tboung Khmum province is not located within any designated protected areas, and nor are there any protected areas nor wildlife sanctuaries in there. It is observed that one great difficulty in Cambodia is that governance over protected areas is a challenge, and routinely there is opportunity for flagrant disregard for laws and regulation to go either undetected or unenforced. Capacity and achievement in the area of resource protection has been highly contentious for numerous decades.

Figure 12: Overlapping Project Sites and Protected Area

90. Aquatic ecosystem within the subproject is studied the whole year round. Occasionally, flooded rivers change over the annual cycle, upland streams, marshes, seasonally flooded fields and forests, and ponds and impoundments also vary in water depth and quality over the annual cycle. There are more than 200 fish species that inhabit the inland water of Cambodia and in Mekong Basin. Most of these fishes are well adapted to a widely fluctuated water level and a wide range of tolerance for temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. However, based on the interviewing with the local farmer as well as with local community living nearby the subproject areas, the common fish found in these areas are indicated in below table below:

Table 11: Common fishes found in project area Local Name Scientific Name Common Trei Kranh Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Trei Chhpin Barbodes gonionotus Thai silver barb Trei Kagnchruk Botia modesta Red-finned loach Trei Ros/ Ptuok Channa striata Snakehead murrel Trei Andeng Tun Clarias macrocephalus Broadhead catfish Khnong Veng Dangila lineata Labiobarbus leptocheilus - Sraka Kdam Cyclocheilichthys repasson Barbodes Trei Riel Henicorhynchus siamensis Siamese mud carp Trei Kamphleav Kryptopterus moorei Micronema moorei Dorsal-fin catfish Trei Kes Micronema bleekeri Bleeker's sheatfish Chhlang Mystus filamentus Hemibagrus Planet catfish filamentus Kanh Chos Mystus mysticetus Cat-elog Slat Notopterus notopterus Bronze featherback Ta Aun/ Kramorm Ompok bimaculatus Butter catfish Kros phnom Poropuntius deauratus Yellow tail brook barb Kanh Chanh Chras Pseudambassis notatus Indian glassy fish Kan Trob Pristolepis fasciata Malayan leaffish Trei Kamphleanh Trichogaster trichopterus Three-spot gourami Angkat Prak Cyclocheilichthys microlepis Neobarynotus - microlepis

91. There is no data or information related to the terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic resources, protected forest, fauna and flora, and endangered species in the subproject areas. However, based on the field visit at the project sites, there are existing only the food trees scattered along the proposed subproject road such as: coconuts, mangos, banana and etc.

4.2.2 Cultural Resources 92. Based the field investigation and interviewing with the local villager and local authority, there are not any physical cultural resources existing in or nearby the proposed rural road subproject. There are only pagoda existing nearby the proposed subproject road.

4.2.3 Unexploded Ordnance 93. There are no sites within or around sub-project areas where UXO has been identified to still exist. Interviews and discussions with the local residents also validated the information that there are no known occurrences of UXO in the vicinity of the townships or of knowledge of ground or air strikes from which UXO may remain.

94. There is no data or information related to the terrestrial biodiversity, protected forest, fauna and flora, and endangered species in the subproject areas. However, based on the field visit at the

32 project sites, the road runs along the agricultural land such as rice fields, rubber trees, Cassava, Pepper, Cashew nuts, vegetables and corns.

95. Based the field investigation and interviewing with the local villager and local authority, there are not any physical cultural resources existing in or nearby the proposed rural road subproject. There are only pagoda existing nearby the proposed subproject road.

4.3 Socio-Economic Resources

4.3.1 Demography 96. Most people in the proposed subprojects areas are ethnic Khmer and largely Buddhist. Ethnic Cham are Muslim and are considered to be Cambodians and are very well integrated into the majority ethnic Khmer population.

97. There are 13 villages and four communes will be got directly benefits from road subprojects package 2 in Tboung Khmum province. Total household (HH) within these villages is 3,407HH and total population is 16,006 persons, and among those households, there are 75 families were leaded by female (see Table 12 below for more detail)

Table 12: Total Directly Beneficiaries Households and Female Lead Province Districts Communes Villages HH Pop F F-Head Chrey Phluk 59 247 131 7 Kakaoh 85 359 178 9 Dambae Dambae Trapeang Ruessei 307 1154 592 93 Khcheay 239 1020 549 18 Kouk Srok Trapeang Chhuk 119 540 263 14 Tuol Roka 164 675 353 27 Tboung Ta Kao 94 424 209 10 Khmum Tuol Trach 339 1472 738 33 Krouch Toul Snuol Sangkom Mean Chey 491 2486 1278 52 Chhmar Cheung Chrang 311 1455 711 9 Ta Pav 286 1332 687 63 Thnal Bei Maetr 518 2017 1081 86 Tboung Roka Po Pong Tuek 395 2825 2018 75 Khmum Pram Total 3407 16006 8788 496 Note: HH=Household, Pop=Population, F=Female, F-Head= Female Head Source: Commune Data Based, 2017

4.3.2 Livelihoods 98. Most people derive their livelihoods from some type of agriculture, most notably the cultivation of wet season rice (although poorer households rely on common property resources in forestry and fishing to a greater extent than better off households) but over the past decade a significant number of younger people, especially females from the proposed subproject areas have secured employment in the garment-assembly industry; although as Cambodia faces strong competition from other lower cost producers of garments there may no longer be the same number of off-farm waged employment opportunities available. For households able to derive a portion of their incomes from off-farm or non-farm based income generation opportunities (e.g., owning or managing small grocery shops, tailoring and dress-making, wood-working, vehicle repair, provision of beauty services, managing cultural and religious festivities and producing handicrafts) there are generally greater opportunities to increase incomes and reduce exposure to seasonal vulnerabilities such as food shortages. This has reduced their reliance on natural resources

99. Because of the nature of the project – e.g. lots of mud on the road during rainy season. In contrast, lots of dust in the dry season. Photos below shown about the situation of the road in rainy season.

Photo 2: Existing road situation along the proposed rural road subproject

100. Cambodia has 27 different soil types but the main ones in the Project zone are either soils developed on the old alluvial terraces of the colluvial-alluvial plains. However, the soils in project area respond well for improving agricultural productivities and yields and judicious application of fertilizers if there is also a timely availability of suitable seed varieties, which unfortunately is not always so in Cambodia. However, yields have increased incrementally over the past two decades with wet season yields averaging 2.4 tons per hectare and dry season yields (only 15% of rice produced) averaging almost 3.7 tons per hectare. These are below regional averages but the labor intensive system is currently recording average yields of 3.6 tons per hectare in the wet season. In 2008, Cambodia produced a surplus of 3 million tons although there are still food security problems for rice deficit households.

101. Cambodia’s natural mineral resources include gem stones such as sapphires, ruby and zircon; coal, offshore gas and oil; basalt, granite, limestone, dolomite, quartzite; and phosphate deposits. There are no major mineral resources in the vicinity of the project roads.

4.3.3 School and Pagoda 102. Based on the field investigation of the team, there are existing some primary schools and pagodas along the road subprojects package 2, including road subproject TBK5 existing 1 pagoda and 2 primary schools, road subproject TBK 6-1 has only one pagoda and road subproject TBK6-2 has 5 pagodas and one primary school.

4.3.4 Crop Production 103. Based on the Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey 2017, the number of household activities for crop planning both seasons (dry and wet season) in year 2017 is higher than 2016. The crop planning in 2016 was estimated 2,541,000 in wet season and 815,00 in dry season. However, the crop planning in 2017 was estimated 3,627,000 in wet season and 978,00 in dry season. The most common crop production in Cambodia is cereal which was harvested for grain, accounted for 73 percent of all household activities for crop planting in 2016 and the in 2017 the corresponding lower, about 71 percent. The second most important crop production is fruits and nuts, which accounted for about 10 percent in 2016 and 11 percent in 2017. (see Table 12 below for more detail)

Table 13: Number of Household activities by main group of crop production and season, 2016 and 2017. In Thousand and Percent Main group of crop 2016 2017 production Total Wet season Dry season Total Wet season Dry season Number of activities Cereal harvested for grain 2,447 2,102 346 2,580 2,101 479 Tubers and leguminous plants 241 123 119 296 144 151 Industrial temporary crops 138 58 80 135 60 76 Vegetables 123 65 57 92 66 27 Fruits and nuts 336 159 177 416 203 213 Industrial permanent crops 71 35 36 107 75 32 Other crop not classified elsewhere 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3,356 2,541 815 3,627 2,649 978 Percent Cereal harvested for grain 72.9 82.7 42.4 71.1 79.3 49.0 Tubers and leguminous plants 7.2 4.8 14.6 8.2 5.5 15.5 Industrial temporary crops 4.1 2.3 9.8 3.7 2.3 7.7 Vegetables 3.7 2.6 7.0 2.5 2.5 2.7 Fruits and nuts 10.0 6.2 21.7 11.5 7.6 21.8 Industrial permanent crops 2.1 1.4 4.4 3.0 2.8 3.3 Other crop not classified elsewhere 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Ministry of Planning, Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2017,

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

104. Potential environmental impacts were evaluated in the areas of influence of the subproject sites. At the proposed sites, temporary disruption and nuisance impacts will be experienced, mainly during the construction period. These affected areas may experience direct impacts associated with temporary disturbances from construction activities, for example, localized increases in noise and fugitive dust emissions. The potential environmental impacts were identified based on the project activities that may occur in each component and on the evaluation of the environmental and social baseline situation in the subproject areas. The identification of environmental impacts was based mainly on the technical information related to project component design and operation, field visits, and information from stakeholders.

5.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 105. The improvement of rural road subproject package 2 in Tboung Khmum province will provide benefits to a number of beneficiaries (see Table 14 below) since the improved connectivity will allow more efficient transportation of goods and services between and among farmers and markets. Additionally, road surface improvements also lead to less car damage/maintenance requirement, and provides non-farming beneficiaries improved wet season access (e.g., getting kids to school, access to health care).

Table 14: Beneficiary households and populations of the road upgrades Province Districts Communes Villages HH Pop F F-Head Chrey Phluk 59 247 131 7 Kakaoh 85 359 178 9 Dambae Dambae Trapeang Ruessei 307 1154 592 93 Tboung Khcheay 239 1020 549 18 Khmum Kouk Srok Trapeang Chhuk 119 540 263 14 Tuol Roka 164 675 353 27 Krouch Toul Snuol Ta Kao 94 424 209 10 Chhmar Tuol Trach 339 1472 738 33

Province Districts Communes Villages HH Pop F F-Head Sangkom Mean Chey 491 2486 1278 52 Cheung Chrang 311 1455 711 9 Ta Pav 286 1332 687 63 Thnal Bei Maetr 518 2017 1081 86 Tboung Roka Po Pram Pong Tuek 395 2825 2018 75 Khmum Total 3407 16006 8788 496

Note: HH=Household, Pop=Population, F=Female. Source: Commune Data Based, 2017

5.2 Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase

5.2.1 Site Preparation 106. Loss of roadside vegetation and roadside assets. There will be loss of trees where vegetation has encroached upon the ROW. Road upgrading, including heightening of embankments and new side drain structures will be constructed where actual flooding has occurred, and will require removal of vegetation. Trees and vegetation along the roads in villages provide fruit and other products, and protects adjacent agricultural land from dust and surface water run-off. Loss of mature native trees and productive fruit trees in the road easements should therefore be minimized during detailed design. Temporary and ad-hoc structures which have encroached upon the road right-of- way (ROW) include sign boards, removable timber bridges for agricultural field access, and umbrellas and eaves used in market areas and for shops.

107. Before construction in all areas, the MRD Environmental Safeguards Officer (ESO). Contractors will erect fencing around these trees (extending to the canopy drip line) and convey the requirements to all machinery operators and residents to ensure that valuable trees are not damaged. After construction, removed trees and productive shrubs will be replaced with new plantings which was agreed among the relevant stakeholders.

5.2.2 Features of Design 108. Upgraded roads allowing higher vehicle speeds will require incorporation of enhanced physical road safety features at the detailed design stage to help ensure community safety. Safety measures should encompass road safety (e.g. adjusting corner radii to match anticipated speeds), speed calming, road signs, road markings, and road furniture.

5.2.3 Construction Readiness 109. A number of environmental management measures will also be implemented in the pre- construction phase to ensure that safeguard implementation arrangements are in place and safeguard instruments are updated to reflect the final project design. These include:

(i) Assignment of a PMU safeguards officer. The PMU will assign a permanent staff member as safeguards officer. This officer will be the dedicated point-of-contact for the PMU in EMP implementation in rural road improvement activities and coordination of Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), working with the PIC environment and climate change specialists. (ii) Dedication of staff within MRD (i.e., an ESO) to collaborate in EMP implementation for rural road activities and GRM, working with the PIC environment and climate change specialists. (iii) Updating the EMP following detailed design. Mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impacts. The IEE and EMP will also be updated in response to any significant

changes made during detailed engineering design. This will be the responsibility of the PMU assisted by the PIC. (iv) Contract documents. Preparation of the environment section in the TOR for bid and construction contracts, and environmental contract clauses for contractors, namely the special conditions (referencing the EMP, environmental monitoring plan). Material haulage routes and borrow pit sites, and spoil and waste disposal arrangements will be defined in the construction tender documents as appropriate. This will be the responsibility of the PMU supported by the PIC environment and climate change specialist. (v) Preparation of construction EMP by the successful contractors for major civil works subprojects. Road upgrade construction CEMP will incorporate all relevant measures listed in the project EMP. The CEMPs will include delineation of work areas and clear identification of areas to be protected. It will provide work scheduling and temporary access information as a basis for further consultation with affected communities. The CEMPs will identify sensitive receptors for special mitigation measures against noise and dust (see Construction Impacts below). They will also include a traffic management plan, an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan. CEMPs will be approved by the PMU in consultation with the PIC. (vi) Contractor EHS officer. Contractors will assign an environmental health and safety (EHS) officer who will be responsible for daily and weekly monitoring and reporting on EHS, and provide awareness on Covid-19. This officer will also be the contractor’s contact person for the GRM. (vii) GRM. Establishment of the GRM in the pre-construction phase. (viii) Training. The PIC in conjunction with the PMU and relevant Project Implementation Units (PIUs) will provide environmental protection training covering the implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to PMU staff and contractors. (ix) Checklists and monitoring report templates. The PIC will establish checklists and monitoring report templates for contractor EHS officers and PMU ESO.

5.3 Environmental Measures during Construction Phase 110. Areas of Influence for Impact assessment. The assessment areas of interest for air, noise, water, and ecological impacts are based on the environmental sensitivity of the project areas and surroundings as well as the nature of each output activity. The assessment areas for the civil works are shown in Table 14 below.

Table 15: Assessment areas of project activities Environmental Aspects Area of Influence Air Within 50 m of residences near construction sites (to cover all distances of dust and emissions impacts during construction). Noise Within 150 m in the day and 600 m at night near construction. Surface water Nearest permanent waterbody (canal, reservoir or river). Solid waste Adjoining village, paddy and vegetation areas where waste could be deposited intentionally or accidentally. Vegetation and Biodiversity Construction footprint for direct impacts, and 2 km for induced or indirect impacts Physical cultural resources Construction footprint and project area of influence Occupational health and safety Construction site and adjoining properties. Community health and safety Construction site, adjoining properties and haulage routes.

111. The following impacts and mitigation measures refer to construction impacts which are common to all rural road subprojects. They will require earthworks, soil stabilization, dust and noise control as well as management of the impacts from machinery operation, transport and haulage of building materials and the domestic needs of the work force. Occupational and community health and safety issues are discussed separately.

112. Works area. Temporary land occupation for construction will be planned and approval from the relevant commune council and landowners with appropriate written and signed agreements. Construction easement, including stockpile sites and access ways will be clearly delineated in the plan and marked on the ground to ensure equipment operators stay within these boundaries. Any temporary damage that is not covered in the marked and agreed construction easement will be compensated promptly by the Contractor.

113. Erosion of disturbed surfaces. The area most vulnerable to erosion are temporary construction sites and other places where surface soil will be disturbed. This will include clearing and grubbing work along the length of the road embankments. The most effective erosion control will be interception drainage to protect disturbed surfaces from surface water flows. Construction plans will include erosion control prescriptions for construction work areas, including:

i. Constructing intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff from entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage. ii. Limiting construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds. iii. Stabilizing all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. 114. Construction wastewater. Construction wastewater generated during the maintenance and cleaning of mechanical equipment and vehicles, excess water during mixing and curing concrete, and wastewater runoff and sedimentation during the construction period will contain pollutants. Wastewater can contain physical and chemical contaminants such as suspended solids and hydrocarbons which is improperly discharges can degrade water quality and harm aquatic life.

115. Polluted construction wastewater should not be discharged to surrounding land or into surface water systems. To address this risk, sedimentation traps will be built, and after settling out of solid the waste residue in the traps will be cleared and transported to an approved disposal site. Oil-containing wastewater will require the installation and maintenance of oil-water separators before the sedimentation trap.

116. Gaseous air pollution. Construction machinery on all sites will consume petrol and diesel, releasing air emissions containing SO2, CO, and NOx. Equipment will be maintained to a high standard to ensure efficient running and fuel-burning. High-horsepower equipment will be provided with tail gas purifiers. Vehicles and machinery to be used on site by the contractors will be inspected for clean running condition by the MRD ESO. Additionally, air pollution will be occurred resulting from the transportation of construction materials and construction activities as well.

117. Dust. Construction sites and roadworks will potentially produce fugitive dust from material storage areas, dump sites, concrete mixing, excavation and general site usage – especially under windy conditions. Significant dust can become airborne on roads which are being graded before the final pavement is applied. Material stockpiles and concrete mixing equipment will be equipped with dust covers. The operators will regularly maintain the shrouds to ensure their effective operation. For both construction sites, water spraying for the suppression of dust and maintenance of driving surfaces will be standard site management practice. Vehicles carrying soil, sand, or other fine materials to and from the construction sites will be covered. Dust-producing works in close proximity to sensitive receptors will be provided with additional safeguards (see below at “Sensitive Receptors”).

118. Noise. Noise can be expected during construction due to machinery operation and transport

38 activities. Construction activities will involve haulage vehicles, bulldozers, excavators, concrete- mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Noise intensity from these large machines operating is typically around 80 decibels at the site. The transport of material, aggregate, concrete, and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may also cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment.

119. Noise levels at different distances were gained after calculating the impact extent of equipment noise during construction as in Table 15 below. The EHS noise guidelines for residential areas are used here.

Table 16: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance Level EHS dB (A) guidelines for Distance Impact Range (m) residential areas dB (A)

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 Day Night Day Night Machinery Bulldozer 102 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 55 45 150 600-700

Roller 102 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 55 45 150 600-700

Excavator 95 78.0 72.0 66.0 62.4 60.0 58.0 54.5 55 45 150 300 dB = decibel, m= meter, EHS = Environmental Health and Safety Source: Feasibility Study and DED (CS5 ) Consultant Team using data from Atkins Acoustic, 2013.1

120. The data shows that the impact distance can be 150 m away from the source in daytime. Beyond these distances, the noise levels meet standards for residential areas. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but also may cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment. Although the noise impacts will be transient and temporary, the following mitigation measures are essential for construction activities to meet construction site noise limits in the daytime and to protect sensitive receptors. Construction at night within 600 m of residences shall be strictly prohibited. During daytime construction, the contractor will ensure that:

(i) Equipment with high noise and high vibration are not used in village or town areas and only low noise machinery or equipment with sound insulation is employed; and (ii) Sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 500 m away from sensitive areas such as residences and schools and only operated in daytime. When daytime construction is scheduled to move within 150m of identified sensitive receptors (see below) residents will be notified by the MRD ESO and/or contractors and any site-specific concerns or working arrangements addressed. 121. Solid and liquid Waste from Construction Work. The construction contractors will establish site offices and vehicle/equipment parks for the subprojects. The construction workforce will generate domestic wastewater and garbage (food wastes, kitchen wastes, paper, and other solid waste). It will be the responsibility of the construction contractors to provide toilets with pump-out and disposal facilities for sewage and sufficient garbage bins at strategic locations and ensure that they are:

(i) Protected from birds and vermin; (ii) Disposed regularly (using the nearest licensed which was identified by competent authority for both solid waste and wastewater; and

1 Atkins Acoustics. 2013. Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Upgrade Marrickville Railway Station, report prepared for Department of Transport for NSW.

(iii) Avoid overflow of waste containers and any sewage waste containment. 122. Sensitive receptor: Based on the field investigation of the team, there are existing the sensitive receptors along the road subprojects (TBK5, TBK 6-1, 6-2) such as primary schools and pagodas. These sensitive receptors will be effected by the construction activities resulting from the dust emission and noise disturbance. There are concern with the safety due to the transportation of construction material and road users, so the contractor should install the safety sign boards, flag man within the construction areas and regularly spray the water to reduce the dust emission, and especially, the working hour should follow the law and regulation.

123. Hazardous materials. Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of the SEMP and supervision manual of each subproject. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater:

(i) Storage facilities for fuels, oil, cement, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and spill salvage equipment; (ii) Vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) Vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and re-fueling will be carried out in such a way that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; (iv) Oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; and (v) Permanent (at works site) and temporary fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 50m from waterways, canals or channels and will be protected by spill trays and temporary drainage bunds. All spills will be cleaned up and spill material removed from site and disposed of in licensed disposal site. 124. Pollution from fuel and black oil may occur during the storage and filling of construction equipment and vehicles. Therefore, the contractor shall: (i) control storage of all toxic and hazardous materials including fuels and black oil in order to avoid the leakage of these toxics substances into the water sources; (ii) maintain vehicles and equipment in sound operable condition, preventing oil leakages and excessive exhaust emissions.

125. Work Schedules. The preparation and approval of works schedules is required by the EMP in the pre-construction period as part of each CEMP. The work plan and scheduling will be approved by the commune councils, taking into account the need for access during harvesting and planting periods. They will include (i) sequential work scheduling (to ensure that only short stretches are worked on at a time), and (ii) provision of access to existing residences and services.

126. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction to minimize its impact on seasonal agricultural activities. In particular, construction adjacent to cropping fields during planting or harvesting should be avoided or carried out strictly in consultation with the appropriate farm operator and written agreement on any compensation to be paid. All land will be reinstated to its original condition after construction.

127. Construction traffic. Haulage of materials and movement of plant and machinery will take place on local roads, which are often barely able to cope with local traffic demands. Potential impacts include; disruption to livelihood, commercial and social activities; noise; dust; road safety; road surface and drainage damage. The CEMP will include a traffic management plan which will be prepared in consultation with the communities through which transport routes pass. The plan will cover identified haulage routes and identified haulage times. Identified routes should (i) be with the informed consent of affected communities; and (ii) avoid schools, temples and village centers. Haulage times will (i) define the set periods of truck movements; and (ii) avoid times of school start, lunch and school finish. The plan will also include access planning around working areas to avoid plant operators choosing their own routes and accidental land loss, erosion and disruption of cropping activities.

5.4 Contractor Performance and Site Management 128. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful head contractor(s) will prepare a CEMP for each subproject prior commencement of work. The CEMP will include delineation of work areas and clear identification of areas to be protected, including trees and local cultural sites. It will provide work scheduling and temporary access information as a basis for further consultation with affected communities. The CEMPs will identify sensitive receptors for special mitigation measures against noise and dust. The CEMP will include an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the MRD ESO.

5.5 Community and Occupational Health and Safety 129. Safety and health of both workers and residents may be threatened by construction activities. Numerous workers will gather within the construction site, with potentially relatively low quality living conditions. Surrounding residents may also be affected by noise and dust. Workers will be exposed to construction safety risks as well.

130. Measures to protect the community will include:

(i) Publicizing planned work schedules and locations well in advance of construction. (ii) Planning construction activities (including demolition work) to minimize disturbances to residents, utilities and services. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction in consultation with farmers. Where existing access is temporarily obstructed, temporary alternative safe access will be provided and affected persons are informed in advance of access issues and alternatives. (iii) Implementing safety measures around the construction sites to protect the public, including warning signs to alert the public to potential safety hazards, and barriers to prevent public access to construction sites and unsafe areas, especially deep excavations, unstable soil and areas where machinery is operating. (iv) Ensure regular coordination and consultation between contractor’s EHS officer and village heads to ensure that any concerns are addressed quickly. (v) Ensure community is aware of the project GRM and its contact points. 131. For the residential areas lining the subproject roads community health and safety will be safeguarded by the following initiatives:

(i) Extensive consultation by the MRD ESO and contractors with residents before construction commences. (ii) Agreement with residents on work schedules and work periods each day. (iii) Dust suppression, through watering and dust shrouds, to be maintained throughout the construction phase. Dust protection to be provided for residences as required. (iv) Noise suppression, through maintenance of noise insulation on machines, scheduling and minimizing machine running, to be maintained throughout the construction phase. Temporary noise barriers to be erected along both sides of the construction easement to protect residences. (v) Obtain informed consent from residents for vehicular and worker access along the easement. (vi) Ensure all potentially affected persons are made aware of GRM entry points and procedures. 132. Measures to ensure occupational health and safety will Centre on the requirement for contractors to ensure that their workers and other staff engaged in the proposed constructions are in a safe environment. To assist in this responsibility each major contractor will have an EHS officer to undertake induction training for workers and day-to-day monitoring, implementation of corrective

41 actions and reporting as necessary on health and safety issues. This will be overseen by the MRD ESO and design and supervision consultant. Contractors shall ensure that:

(i) All reasonable steps are taken to protect any person on the site from health and safety risks and that workers are provided with personal protective equipment (and use them); (ii) The construction site is a safe and healthy workplace, (iii) Machinery and equipment are safe, (iv) Adequate training or instruction for occupational health and safety is provided, (v) Adequate supervision of safe work systems is implemented, and (vi) Means of access to and egress from the site are without risk to health and safety.

133. Worker safety and health, and Covid-19 prevention. Workers will be recruited for construction activities and a workers' camp will be constructed in accordance with Covid-19 prevention guideline of Ministry of Health, Cambodia and WHO. These will include non-skilled workers, operators and drivers as well as surveyors and construction supervisors. Since the works will be relatively small scale and expected to be completed within one year, large numbers of workers are not expected. However, safety and health, and Covid-19 impacts will be also expected during this phase.

(i) Workers should wear protection equipment during works to ensure that they are safe and good health. Worker camps shall be clean and food need to be well cooking in regularly (ii) A contractor should develop a guideline on working mechanism, health and safety during construction. (iii) Contractor shall provide awareness and first aid facilities to the construction staff and workers, and MoH’ s guidance (Khmer Version) on washing hand with soap need to be posted at worker camps. Regularly checking the workers for temperature and ask them to wash their hand with alcohol/soap or gel before come to work and before come home and keep social distance (from 1.50m to 2m) safety prevention, and provide mask to the workers before start to work (iv) Manager should educate his workers on health and safety and provide adequate training. (v) The contractor should provide the training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to workers and their staff in accordance with guideline of MoH and WHO. Some guidance for preventing the spread of Covid-19 are, as the following: a. The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing. b. First aid supplies and personal protected equipment will be provided for workers including face masks.

5.6 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase 134. Noise. The generated traffic will increase noise levels on all project roads, but will be offset by the lower noise levels from the smooth surface. Currently, higher noise levels along the roads are predominantly from motorcycles, with numbers of motorcycles on the road in general expected to increased compared to other vehicle types. However, even with anticipated increases in consumer spending power with increases with GDP, the number of motorcycles on the road serious noise impacts are not expected.

135. Road safety. Cambodia experiences an extremely high accident rate that is three times that of other countries in the ASEAN region, and accidents, casualties and fatalities have all increased proportionally faster than the growth in road traffic and the population.

136. With improvement in surfacing, higher vehicle speeds may be expected. The calculations for generated traffic also show an increase over normal traffic growth over time in the order of 14%. To safeguard the community and road users, a road safety program will be implemented as part of the EMP training plan. The National Committee for sub-national Democratic Development (NCDDS) Project Implementation Manual (2009) includes guidelines for road safety signage (speed, schools, etc.) and these have been incorporated in the finished road designs. A road safety program will focus on:

(i) Raising awareness of road safety for all road users in the target areas. (ii) Working with local communities, in particular youth and women, to promote road safety. (iii) Supporting communities in developing road safety planning. On this last point, the community role in traffic calming and traffic control will be emphasized and the role of physical structures and village wardens discussed in the training. 137. Maintenance. Strict maintenance of the road will be required to ensure that the road subproject’s benefits will not be negated. In particular, the road’s surfacing, which promotes noise and pollution reductions, and flood resilience structures need to be regularly monitored and managed:

(i) Surfacing. Regularly inspect surface and fill potholes and ruts early before they enlarge. (ii) Commune to have a stockpile of suitable gravel and fill material and sections of the road should be under the care and supervision of adjacent landholders or user groups. (iii) Embankments and side batters of road across flood-liable land need to be checked regularly for stability and cracks. Embankments should be well vegetated to increase stability. (iv) All culverts and pipes must be regularly cleared to allow free passage of water. Any debris including solid waste and silt must be totally removed from site to ensure it is not wash back into drainage structures during subsequent runoff events.

5.7 Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation 138. If any unanticipated impacts become apparent during project implementation, the borrower will (i) inform and seek ADB’s advice; (ii) assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts; (iii) evaluate the options available to address them; and (iv) update the IEE including EMP and CEMP. ADB will help the borrower mobilize the resources required to mitigate any adverse unanticipated impacts or damage.

VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

139. Consultations and stakeholder meetings were conducted during project preparation in which based on the SPS requirement in order to obtain the views and ideas regarding development status and constraints, and possible opportunities to resolve those constraints through the subproject and related interventions and to duly reflect those in EMP to be prepared. This is to improve the design, construction, and road safety and to take initiatives accordingly in order to derive a maximum output from the subproject through which the livelihood at grassroots level could be improved.

140. A number of meetings were conducted in difference locations within the subproject areas with relevant provincial departments: the PDRD/PIU, MRD/PMU, CS1/PIC (including social safeguards and environmental specialist), CS5 (engineer, social safeguards, environmental specialist), and also with

43 commune chiefs, village chiefs, and farmers. The public consultation meetings were held on 13 November 2020 at 8:00 – 10:30am at commune office, in Toul Snoul commune, Krouch Chhmar District and at 2:00 – 3:40pm, at commune office at Dambae Commune, Tboung Khmum District, Tboung Khmum province (see Annex 2: List of participant, photo and minute of the public consultation meeting). The main purpose of consultations was to confirm identification of the subproject and evaluate positive and negative impacts.

141. The discussion in the meeting also focused on the main environmental issues in the local area including positive and negative impacts of the proposed subproject. The commune chief informed the meeting that the proposed subproject is the existing road, and the road condition is poor making it difficult for traveling. The consultees were generally hopeful and happy with the proposed subproject. The summary of the comments and concerns from local people and relevant local authority are described below:

a) Positive Impacts of the road subproject: i. It is easy to travel and to transport produce to market; ii. Less cost and save time on travel and transportation; iii. Increase the number of tourists to the tourist area (good rice paddies), which in turn increases income for the community and the people living there; iv. People will earn extra income from tourist service; and v. Provide more benefits to local communities. b) Negative Impacts i. Damage caused by transporting equipment to the site will occur during construction; ii. Dust accumulation during construction; iii. Noise during construction; iv. Traffic accidents during construction; v. Include disclosure of EMP IEE and other monitoring docs as in the exec summary and also include EMP in Khmer at local provincial office – or summary in Khmer.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

7.1 Proposed Mechanism 142. The PMU will establish a Project Public Complaint Unit (PPCU), which will act as a central recording and coordinating unit for the subproject. Each subproject PMU will ensure that the GRM is publicized locally so that the community is fully aware of the mechanism and the local points of entry to it. The setting up of the GRM in the PMU and its initial implementation will be supported by the PMU ESO and the PIC environment and climate change specialist. The PPCU will consist of the PMU ESO, PIC environment and climate change specialist, the nominated provincial environmental safeguards focal point of provincial PIU, a representative of the implementation contracting firm, and two representatives of the village or farming community for which the subproject is being implemented, a male and female, and one representative of the commune.

143. The GRM will be readily accessible to diverse members of the community, particularly more vulnerable groups such as women and youth. Multiple points of entry, including face-to- face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available. Opportunities for confidentiality and privacy for complainants will be honored on a case-by-case basis.

144. When construction starts, a sign will be erected at each construction site providing the

44 public with updated project information and summarizing the GRM process including details of the GRM entry points. The contact persons for different GRM entry points; PMU where relevant, contractors, and operators of project facilities, will be identified prior to construction. The provincial environmental safeguards focal point will be the contact person at the subproject level. The contact details for the entry points such as phone numbers, addresses, email addresses, etc. will be publicly disseminated on information boards at construction sites, worker’s camp site and on the website of the local government.

145. The preferred action sequence for complaints handling is that the complaint should be investigated and if considered legitimate be resolved by the unit receiving the complaint. If this is not possible, the complaint should be referred to the PMU; the wider membership of which will enable a response and actions which are appropriate and coordinated. The PPCU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This information will be included in the PMU’s reports, particularly semi-annual monitoring report to the ADB.

146. A Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) shall be established before commencement of site works and shall be chaired by PMU and assisted by the ESO. The GRC shall have members from the PMU MRD (e.g. PDRD), commune councils, and women’s organization. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any member of the GRC. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. If unsatisfied with the decision, the existence of the GRC shall not impede the complainant’s access to the Government’s judicial or administrative remedies.

7.2 GRM Procedure and Timeframe 147. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM is described as follows and shown in Figure 13. The process of grievance redress resolution should be as follows:

(i) Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person will submit a written or oral complaint to the contractor, or village chief/commune directly to address the issue. Whenever possible, the contractor, or village chief/commune will resolve the issue directly with the affected person. The contractor will give a clear reply within one week. If successful, the contractor will inform the PPCU accordingly. (ii) Stage 2: If no appropriate solution can be found, the contractor should forward the complaint to the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days. The complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to the PIU /provincial environmental focal point, either directly or via one of the GRM entry points, ACs or other farmer representative groups. (iii) Stage 3: If no appropriate solution can be identified by the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days, the complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to PMU/environmental safeguards. The PMU will investigate and identify the solution and provide a clear reply for the complainant within five working days. The PMU ESO will assist in replying to the affected person. The PMU will, in a timely manner convey the complaint/grievance and suggested solution to the contractors or operators of facilities. The construction contractors and the operators during operation will implement the agreed upon solution and report the outcome to the PPCU within seven working days. 148. During construction, the PPCU will be informed by contractors and construction supervisors, cooperative board or PMUs if people complain about the project. During operation, the PPCU will be advised of complaints by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (PDAFF) and the cooperative. The PPCU will also inform the ADB project team and submit all relevant documents.

149. The PMU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This data will be included in the PMU’s reports to the ADB

150. If efforts to resolve complaints or disputes remain unresolved and unsatisfactory following the GoL GRM, the affected persons/households have the right to send their concerns or problems directly to ADB’s Operations Department (i.e., Urban and Water Division, Southeast Asia Department [SERD)] or through ADB Lao PDR Resident Mission. If the affected person is still not satisfied with SERD’s response, they can directly contact the ADB's Office of the Special Project Facilitator as outlined in the "Information Guide to the Consultation Phase of the ADB Accountability Mechanism". The Information Guide can be downloaded through this link: https://www.adb.org/documents/information-guide-consultation-phase-adb-accountability- mechanism. Those who want to make a complaint with the ADB can refer to the sample letter of complaint adapted from the Information Guide as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Procedure of the Grievance Redress for Subprojects

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

8.1 Introduction 151. The EMP covers all phases of core subproject implementation from preparation through commissioning and operation, and it aims to ensure the monitoring of environmental impacts and activation of environmental mitigation measures. Relevant parts of the EMP will be incorporated into the construction, operation, and management of each subproject. Environmental protection measures will avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, mitigate environmental impacts; and achieve compliance with national environmental regulations and ADB SPS.

152. Environmental monitoring programs will be carried out and the results will be used to evaluate the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and the performance of the environmental protection measures.

8.2 Responsibilities for Implementation 153. The supervision and monitoring of project-related environmental activities during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases will be the responsibility of the IA, which in this case is MRD. The assigned environment safeguards officer in PMU will oversee overall management, coordination and reporting and obtaining ADB and government approval where required. In line with this supervision of site activities will be the responsibility of the Tboung Khmum PDRD, which will assign an environmental safeguards focal point in the provincial implementation unit. The major responsibilities of the environmental safeguards focal point will be to ensure that:

(i) Mitigation measures and monitoring of these activities are carried out in accordance with the EMP; (ii) Environmental monitoring program, comprising taking samples and analysis, are being carried out; (iii) Reporting is performed in compliance with ADB and the Government of Cambodia requirements. 154. However, the main environmental guidance for the implementation phase will be provided by the PIC environment specialist. The role of the PIC will be to work as part of the PMU, helping them fulfil their supervision and monitoring responsibilities. The PIC will also provide monitoring reports for the ADB. The PIC will be contracted by the PMU for the duration of the loan implementation period.

155. There are two consultants to support the PMU during the life of the project; an international Environment and Climate Change Specialist and a National Environment and Climate Change Specialist. These people will support environmental monitoring for the whole project.

156. Contractors will be engaged by the PMU for construction. The construction impact mitigation measures contained in this EMP will be included by the PMU as necessary activities in the contract documents. The contractors will be responsible for implementing the impact mitigation measures in the construction phase with their performance being supervised by the PMU.

157. Environmental monitoring during project operation in the longer term is the responsibility of the environmental safeguards focal point in the provincial implementation unit, Tboung Khmum Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD).

8.3 Summary of Potential Impacts 158. Table 18 summarizes the potential impacts of the subprojects during construction and operation, as well as corresponding mitigation measures designated to minimize those impacts.

159. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into tender documents, construction contracts, and operational management procedures. Contractors and PMU will implement these

47 measures, depending upon subproject phases. The effectiveness of these measures will be carefully monitored through the environmental monitoring plan to determine whether to continue them or to make improvements.

8.4 Summary of Management and Monitoring Costs 160. The costs of implementing the environmental management and impact mitigation measures listed in the EMP matrix are included in the design costs, construction contracts and operational budgets. Detailed budget allocations against each of the items in the EMP will be developed by the PMU with the assistance of the Environment Specialist. Cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP and environmental monitoring for the subproject, public consultations and capacity building are summarized in Table 16. The compliance monitoring costs will be borne by the EAs as part of the implementation functions. Internal monitoring costs will be borne by the contractors and the IAs. Independent monitoring costs will be from the PMU consultancy budget. Before implementing a monitoring plan, responsible agencies will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the budgets will be adjusted based upon actual requirements. Contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction, which will be included in the tender and contract documents. Tboung Khmum PDRD will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by Tboung Khmum PDRD (PPIU) and the operators. Costs for capacity building will be borne by the project as a whole.

161. The continuing activities of the PMU’s monitoring during construction and the initial operational period will be funded from the construction budget. The PDRMs’ ongoing monitoring costs will be covered by their operational budget.

Table 17: Subproject Cost Estimates – EMP and Monitoring

Item Estimated Costs ($) Source of Funds Environmental mitigation (including EMP 6,700 Contractor Budget operationalization) Environmental monitoring (including water quality 3,800 PMU Budget & IA testing, soil & excavation testing), budget Public Consultation 2,500 PMU Budget Total $13,000

Table 18: EMP Abbreviations Abbreviation Abbreviation PMU Project Management Unit PPIU Provincial Project Implementation Unit PIC Project Implementation TA Technical Assistance Consultants

Table 19: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities

1. Recommendation during pre-construction phase Update EMP - D1 - Update EMP and IEE to reflect any changes to the N/A - PIC project during the DED phase. Timing of Works The works will take up to 5 months, during D1 Short To minimize the impact of the project in the N/A - PMU/PPIU which time extensive vehicle movements, term commune early discussions should take place with - Project Implementation and machinery use will impact on the the commune heads to talk about the schedule and Consultant (PIC) communities (Dry season) agree on times within which the PIC can operate. - Monitor by PMU/PPIU. Consultation & Information All impacts on community D1 Short - Consultation and dissemination of construction - PMU/PPIU Dissemination Term activities in advance of construction including - Project Implementation construction schedule Consultant (PIC) - Raise awareness of potential disruptions - Specifically discuss management and mitigation of potential short- term air and noise pollution and traffic impacts - Obtain feedback and views of community on project improvements or difficulties. UXO Project is in a well trafficked area, not D2 Short To avoid any risks, on all sites where excavation or In contract by - PMU PPU anticipated to have significant UXO risk. term ground clearance needs to take place, where there Contractor - Monitor by: PMU//PIC UXO risk was not raised during is a reasonable doubt as to the safety of the area, (environment, Engineer) consultation. The borrow site is unknown an approved mine clearance agency should be and could contain UXO. engaged for an agreed package of verification, detection and clearance work, to ensure that all areas where excavation, or access construction will take place are clear of UXO Clearing and grubbing Cutting fruit trees along the project route, D1 Long term - Closely working with waste collector and In contract by - Contractor especially cutting palm trees competency local authorities for dumping solid Contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PIU/ ESO and waste at designate place as well as dump site PIC (Environmental Specialist) - minimize cutting palm trees and fruit trees - Ensure that name and contact number of representative of MRD and Contractor are place on the notice board outside the construction site and at local government office (provincial and commune levels) - Restrict work to daylight hours . - Construction sites should have large garbage bins.

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities - A schedule of solid and liquid waste pickup and disposal must be established and followed that ensures construction sites are as clean as possible. Floods and extreme D2 Long Cost of the re- Some sections of the project alignment - appropriate qualitative design and experiential - PIC: Engineer weather events, and - Term vegetation will be affected by flooding and erosion, contractor together - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC erosion (included in especially during rainy season - re- vegetation programs along alignment where (Environment, Engineer) there is potential to be affected by erosion construction period) Development of CEMP - The contractor will develop the CEMP D1 Short - Comprehensive CEMP to be completed before - Contractor beforecommencement of site work. This Term construction starts to include specific - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC CEMP should be consisted a number management plans for: (Environment, Engineer) management plans such as: solid waste -Solid waste management management; community and -Community and Occupational health & safety occupational health & safety, traffic -Traffic Management management; Covid-19 health -Covid-19 health management plan prevention; emergency response; -emergency response project location maps and borrow pits - -maps of all construction areas and work camp - The contractor shall carryout these plans in order to minimize the environmental impacts as well as to the public health - PMU/PIC to approve CEMP before construction 2. Impacts during Construction Dust from construction dust emission and air pollution from road D2 Short - Water shall be sprayed during construction if the In contract of a - Contractor works preparation and use of machinery e,g, Term construction zone will be located close 50 m to contractor - Monitor PMU/PPIU/PIC during road grading, particularly affecting residential areas such as village, hospital, school bidding package (Environment &Engineer) houses/businesses along road side and and so on to ensure that dust is minimized road users throughout the construction zone. Dust and material Dust particularly affecting D2 Short - Dry material handling and transport generate In contract of a - Contractor Monitor Transportation houses/businesses along road side and Term large amounts of dust thus: contractor PMU/PPIU/PIC (Environment) road users bidding  The Contractor shall prepare a dust package control program which is including in CEMP.  Water shall be sprayed where dry materials are handled, crushed and transported.

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities - Vehicles transporting materials are to be covered fully and limited speed to reduce spills and dust. - Watering in regularly when airborne dust is visible on the access road and within subproject site Air pollution and noise An adverse environmental impact could D2 Short - Vehicle and equipment emissions can cause air In contract of a - Contractor occur during the construction phase in Term pollution and noise. Vehicles and equipment are contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC case of improper construction to be maintained to meet Cambodian emission bidding (environment & Engineer) management but is not likely to be and noise standards package significant - Follow the Cambodian laws and regulations/guidelines, especially, air pollution and noise disturbance sub-decree - It is possible for contractor to have new equipment and vehicles for construction work, and well maintenance. Human waste - The human waste and wastewater from D2 Short - Provision of sanitary facilities (toilets, burying, In contract of a - Contractor /wastewater from worker camps will be caused pollution of Term etc.) with proper waste disposal will be provided contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/PIC construction and camp water sources and it will have caused to by contractors bidding package (environment and engineer) the human health also - The toilet with septic must be installed far enough from water sources in water pollution sub-decree and sub-decree on management of sewerage and wastewater treatment system - Provide training on the waste management to worker before commencement work Solid waste generation from - Solid waste can create nuisance and D2 Short - Every camp and work site should be clean during In contract of a - Contractor construction and camp, work bad odor; encourage disease vectors Term stay and before moving to a new site. contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU /PIC sites and workers (such as flies and rats), blocked - The temporary storage of solid waste resulting bidding package (environment and engineer) drainage system and hazard to from construction, camp of workers and from environment. kitchen shall be stored in the properly place - Solid waste will be occurred due to the - Work closely with local authority to identify the clearing, grubbing and remove the old disposal area for dumping construction waste in structures, and impact on community properly manner. heath - Provide training on the waste management to worker before commencement work

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities - The sufficient garbage containers are to be provided in construction camps and at work sites, and be complied daily - All solid waste should be collected and dump into the properly site Traffic accident and Some heavy equipment (heavy trucks, D1 Short - Construction vehicles shall comply with national In contract of a - Contractor traffic jam from bulldozers, backhoes, etc.) will be brought Term regulation on speed limitation, especially at contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC construction vehicles to the construction areas for excavation market, school, hospital, urban areas. bidding package (environment and engineer) and construction works. They will only be - Keep road space or bypass for travelers to avoid transported in and out during the traffic jams. construction period and in relatively small - Vehicle for construction should park at numbers. Even though the project area designated safe places. not heavily populated, no serious - All workers need to be equipped with safety disturbance is envisaged; however it will equipment such as glove, boot and safety hat possibly cause accidents to local etc. communities, traffic jam and dust. - Contractor shall provide training on the safety management to workers and local communities before commencement work - Traffic management plan to be provided detailing how traffic including existing road users and construction vehicles will be managed to ensure a safe traffic flow Soil erosion Soil erosion will occur during earthwork D2 Medium - Hence, good construction practices (there will be Estimated costs - Contractor and PIC: Engineer and clearing along the bank or existing defects and accidence, efficient and included in corporation with local irrigation. sustainability as well as completion on time), in EMP authority shall help to mitigate soil erosion and siltation. Table 16 - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ Additionally, re-planting of vegetation will also PIC (Environmental Engineer) help to mitigate erosion. - The raising an embankment shall be well compacted, making gentle slope and construction activities shall be avoided during the raining season Worker safety and Some workers, both un-skill and skill, will D3 Short - Workers should wear protection equipment In contract of a - Contractor and PIC: Engineer in health, and COVID 19 be recruited from the outside of project Term during works to ensure that they are safe and contractor corporation with local authority prevention areas, including outside country, therefore, good health. bidding package - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC their safety and health will be expected to - A contractor should develop a guideline on (environment) Engineer) impact resulting from the transmitted working mechanism, health and safety during

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities diseases and Covid-19 during construction construction, especially, should follow the phase. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). - Contractor shall provide first aid treatment to the construction staffs and workers. - Contractor shall awareness on how to keep social distance (from 1.5m to 2m) for safety prevention, and should provide mask to workers before starting working, - Worker camps shall be cleaned and food need to be well cooking - MoH’s guidance (Khmer Version) on washing hand with soap needs to be posted at the worker camps. - Manager should educate his workers on health and safety and provide adequate training. - The contractor should provide the training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to workers and their staff in accordance with guideline of MoH and WHO. Some guidance for preventing the spread of Covid-19 are, as the following: • The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing. • First aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) will be provided for workers including face masks • The contractor shall regularly check workers for temperature and ask them to wash the hand with alcohol/soap or gel before come to work and before come home Social Conflicts Some workers will be recruited for D2 Short - A contractor should develop a guideline on staff In contract of a - Contractor construction activities From outside the Term management and policy Manager should contractor - Local authority local area educate his workers to avoid any conflict bidding package - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC advance. (environment)

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities - Contractor shall provide training on the safety and security management to workers and local communities before commencement work in order to minimize the conflict - Work closely with competent authority as well as local authority for solving the conflict Sensitive receptors Along the road subprojects is existing of D2 Short - Contractor should spray the water in regularly In contract of - Contractor primary schools and pagodas, so there will Term within the sensitive receptors areas to reduce a contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ be occurred the dust emission, noise and dust emission. bidding package PIC (environment) traffic accidence. - Installation of safety sign boards along the road subprojects and using flag man during working time in order to avoid accidence occurred, especially with school boys and girls. Transmitted diseases Some workers will be recruited for D3 Short - A contractor should develop a guideline on In contract of - Contractor construction activities From outside the Term health and safety management during a contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ PIC local area and may bring in health risks to construction. bidding package (environment) the area. - Manager should educate/training his workers on health and HIV program, and especially, on how to prevent disease transmission. Damage trees along Some trees along the existing roads will be D2 Long - Re-growing trees thus they can protect erosion, Estimated costs - Contractor in cooperation the existing road affected during clearing activities. Term reduction of evaporation and complementary to included with local authority subprojects However, it is not recommended to environment. in EMP - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ damage all trees along the roads except - Minimizing the cutting food trees along the Table 16 PIC (environment, Engineer) those are not avoidable. embankment and access road to the subproject (both sides) and on the slope of embankment in order to minimize the impacts - Possibility to remove the food trees from embankment and replanting within suitable places Pollution from fuels The impact is temporary, as the risk will D2 Medium - Secure and controlled storage of all toxic and In contract of a - Contractor and black oil be confined to the construction period Term hazardous materials including fuels and black contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ oil. Provide sanitation arrangements at work bidding PIC (Environment & sites, to avoid no raw sewage released into Engineer) drains or streams. Maintenance of vehicles and plant in sound operable condition, preventing oil leakages and excessive exhaust emissions.

Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts Significance* Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities - Black oil should be stored in the safe place and manner in order to ensure that this oil is not polluted to the water sources. 3. Environmental Impacts during Operation Road safety Road improvements will generate 14% D4 Long To safeguard the community and road users, a Included in - Service provider to be extra traffic and higher speeds Term road safety program will be implemented as part Project Cost contracted of the EMP training plan. - Community Based Road safety Program Road maintenance Road monitoring and maintenance to D4 Long - The roads’ surfacing, which promotes noise and - Commune and PDRD sustain upgrading benefits Term pollution reductions, and flood resilience structures need to be regularly monitored and managed: - Surfacing. Regularly inspect surface and fill potholes and ruts early before they enlarge; - Commune to have a stockpile of suitable gravel and fill material and sections of the road should be under the care and supervision of adjacent landholders or user groups; - Embankments and side batters of road across flood-liable land need to be checked regularly for stability and cracks. Embankments should be well vegetated to increase stability; and - All culverts and pipes must be regularly cleared to allow free passage of water. Any debris and silt must be totally removed from site to ensure it is not back into drainage structures by the next runoff event. NB: Significant: There is a range of numbers used ranging from: D1=little/very small significant impact – D4 significant impact

8.5 Environmental Monitoring 162. The Project monitoring program will focus on the environment within the Project’s area of influence. An environmental monitoring program is summarized in Table 19 below. The program considers the scope of monitoring and frequency. The monitoring results will be assessed against the following standards and corrective management implemented in cases of non- compliance.

(i) The sub-decree No 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated on April 6th, 1999. (Table for Lake and Reservoir) (ii) The sub-decree No 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated on April 27th, 1999.

Table 20: Environmental Monitoring Plan Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities 1. Pre-Construction Planning for design as well as Understanding the value of top Ongoing site It will be specifically PIC and PMU to implementation will include soils, the need to manage site management woven into contractual inspect. monitoring to ensure grading are waste and to maintain a clean and documents managed in a systematic manner safe site will be monitored adopting clean management procedures by contractors Existing on-site vegetation and - All on-site vegetation Once at the One day including - National food trees (there are palm trees designated for protection and pre- construction logistics Nominated etc.) inclusion in the finished site period. Provincial Officer to should be identified (Some visit site sites may have none) - PIC & PMU - CEMP by contractor Contractor shall advance Once at the It will be in the PIC & PMU preparing the CEMP before pre- construction contractual documents commencement of site work period. 2. During Construction Dust and noise Site inspection of subproject site Monthly A unit cost of one PIC to supervise and day monitoring PMU to inspect including logistics Existing On-site vegetation and - Site inspection of subproject Monthly Unit cost of one day PIC and PMU to food trees (there are palm trees sites as appropriate. monitoring including inspect. and coconut etc.) - Along the existing embankment logistics and on the slope of embankment (from both sides) and access road Solid Waste Management Building site and Camp sites Monthly Unit cost of one day PIC (worker and Engineer) are to be monitoring including and PMU to kept clean and orderly to minimize logistics inspect. prospect of accidents. All waste is to be segregated by type and be placed in a prescribed and dedicated location for removal. EHS (for community and Construction sites, worker camps Monthly Unit cost of one day PIC & PMU occupation) and access road to borrow pit sites, monitoring including also including Covid-19. logistics

163. During construction, the PMU will make appropriate arrangements for monitoring according to the EMP. Monitoring reports will be made available to MOE as required, on a quarterly basis during construction. When complaints are received from the public (either directly or via the formal grievance redress mechanism), monitoring staff will conduct additional inspections immediately.

56 8.6 Reporting. 164. The environmental monitoring report will be prepared semi-annually for EA by environmental and climate change specialist, CS1/PIC based on EMP which is collaboration with PMU/ESO, and submit to ADB. The reports will be included all the indicators measured within the table with the monitoring plan of EMP, performance monitoring indicators, and relevant national environmental quality standards. The table 21 below is indicated the reporting requirements.

Table 21: Reporting Requirements Report Frequency Purpose From To Contractor’ EMP implementation environmental Monthly progress and Contractor PMU monitoring Progress monitoring result Report Environmental Full EMP Implementation Monitoring progress Quarterly and Adherence to Contractor PMU report Environmental Covenants Environmental Full EMP Implementation Monitoring progress Semi- and Adherence to PMU ADB report Annually Environmental Covenants

8.7 Training program and institutional capacity review and needs 165. A training program is required to address the safeguard reporting and implementation requirements during construction. The engagement of a contractor firm/consultants will be critical to ensuring the capacity of the PIU and PMU staff and to ensuring monitoring and reporting are managed effectively during implementation. This person will work closely with the PMU Safeguard Officer and PIU Focal Point in order to ensure safeguards are implemented and monitored. The proposed training required for project implementation is set out in Table 22 below.

Table 22: Training Requirement Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency Cost (US$) EMP implementation – PMU, PIU, local Environmental Once prior to 6,000 roles and responsibilities, authority, Specialist construction monitoring, supervision Contractors and reporting Grievance Redress Local authorities, Environmental Once prior 3,000 Mechanism – roles and communities, Specialist before responsibilities PMU, PIU, construction Environmental Monitoring Contractors, PIU, Environmental Once prior 1,680 – monitoring methods, PMU, Specialist before data collection and construction processing, reporting systems Maintenance training Operators, staffs, contractor Once prior 3,000 program workers, PIU, firm/consultants before PMU and local operation authority Total 13,680

IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. This IEE for the proposed Rural Road Subprojects in Tboung Khmum Province (Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor) was undertaken to determine the environmental issues and concerns associated with the proposed development works. The assessment confirms the project’s classification as Category B for environment based on ADB SPS (2009). The package 2 Road subprojects in Tboung Khmum province is planned to enhance the connectivity from farm to agriculture cooperatives and markets. The road benefits agriculture cooperatives, Dambae Rungroeung and Kdey SongKhuem Kaksekor, in development of agribusiness with road connectivity from farm to cooperatives and market. The road network connected will ensure the market access in all season including wet season, which will guarantee to agriculture cooperatives to expand its agribusiness to nearby market and city.

2. Most of the environmental impacts are expected to occur during the construction phase. The environmental impacts are not expected to cause irreversible and significant adverse environmental impacts and are easily controllable by appropriate and conventional mitigation measures. Based on the assessment of environmental impacts, the anticipated adverse impacts during project implementation are related to nuisances, which may happen during the construction of the subproject components such as temporary alienation of access, temporary disruption of community facilities, noise, and sediment runoff, release of dust and engine gas emissions. Recommendations formulated in the EMP, its inclusion in the contractual framework, and an effective inspection of construction sites will reduce these risks to an acceptable level.

3. Environmental mitigation measures have been designed as outlined in the project EMP to address any adverse impacts during the various phases of project implementation. The EMP also presents the institutional responsibilities for implementing the mitigation measures. All project activities prior to construction, during construction, and during operation will be managed as provided in the EMP, and the contractor’s compliance and implementation of the mitigation measures will be monitored.

4. No further environmental assessment is required given the adequacy of information collected during the IEE conducted, unless the project description, location etc. change significantly.

LIST OF ANNEXES

59 Annex 1 – REA Checklists

67 Annex 2 - List of Participant, Photo and Minute of Meetings