DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Economy of Cambodia's Transition, 1991-2001

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Economy of Cambodia's Transition, 1991-2001 The Political Economy of Cambodia’s Transition, 1991–2001 This book explores the three continuing, intertwined transitions which have taken place in Cambodia since the late 1980s – the transition from command economy to free market, from civil war to peace, and from single-party authoritarianism to multi-party democracy. Using a political economy approach and drawing on extensive original research, the book argues that the first transition, to the free market, has been particularly important in determining the character of the other transition processes. The reorienta- tion of the state on the basis of personal networks of political loyalty and economic entrepreneurship, backed by the threat of violence, permitted the emergence of a limited political accommodation between the major parties in the 1990s, which provided few benefits to Cambodia’s poor. The book goes on to show how the interaction between local, state, transnational and international networks has provided different opportuni- ties for local participation and empowerment in rural and urban areas, and suggests that the roots of a future Cambodian democracy lie in this local activity, rather than primarily in elite or international policies for state trans- formation. Caroline Hughes is a lecturer in the School of Politics at the University of Nottingham. Her research focuses on the politics of resistance to, and nego- tiation of, international discourses of human rights and democracy in the Southeast Asia region. She has explored these themes in particular with respect to post-UNTAC Cambodia. The Political Economy of Cambodia’s Transition, 1991–2001 Caroline Hughes First published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Caroline Hughes All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hughes, Caroline. The political economy of Cambodia’s transition, 1991–2001/ Caroline Hughes. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cambodia–Economic conditions. 2. Cambodia–Politics and government–1979– I. Title. HC442 .H844 2003 320.9596'09'049–dc21 2002068233 ISBN0-203-22175-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-27627-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–7007–1737–4 (Print Edition) Contents Acknowledgements vii Note ix 1 Introduction: points of departure 1 2 Economy and state–society relations 18 3 Economic reform and state-making in the 1990s 39 4 State and party in the 1990s 59 5 International intervention and ‘international community’ 85 6 Multi-party politics in the 1990s 115 7 Promoting democracy: NGOs and ‘civil society’ 138 8 Urban protest movements: the future of Cambodian democracy? 173 9 Conclusion: manipulating Cambodia’s transitions 214 Notes 222 Sources 245 Index 255 Acknowledgements This study was possible thanks to the generosity of the Leverhulme Trust, which funded fieldwork in 1998–9 through their Study Abroad Scholarship programme, and also supported me during the writing phase from 1999–2001 through the Special Research Fellowship scheme. Fieldwork in 1995–6 was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, to whom many thanks are also due. I would like also to thank John Vijghen of the Experts for Community Research project for facilitating further opportuni- ties for research. The many people in Cambodia who kindly gave their time and expertise to assist me in my fieldwork are far too numerous to mention. Special thanks, however, are due to Chea Sophal, Sok Ty, Soeur Ketja, May Sam Oeun, Oeur Hunly, Nouv Phearit, Eva Mysliwiec, Ann Bishop, Jeanne Morel and Juanita Rice, for their generosity, indefatigability and hospitality. In helping me to make sense of the results at various stages, I am indebted to Laura Summers, David Chandler, Robert Taylor, David Hawke, Mike Parnwell, Sorpong Peou, John Marston, Yukiko Yonekura, Christine Chaumeau, Eva-Lotta Hedman, Vanessa Pupavac and colleagues at the School of Politics, University of Nottingham. I would also like to thank my parents, Dawn and Tom Hughes, for their financial and moral support, and my husband, Richard Brown, for his patience and advice. Note A number of the interviews referred to in these notes were conducted under guarantees of confidentiality. Consequently, interviewees are identified by a code letter (indicating their profession, etc.) and a number. For instance, J indicates a judge or court official. The full list of codes used is as follows: D National Assembly Deputy DEM Demonstrator EO Election observer F FUNCINPEC activist GW Garment worker H Human Rights NGO worker I International Organization official J Judge LLawyer LA Villager, Lvea Aem District, Kandal Province N Journalist OR O’Russei market trader S Student Union activist SK Villager, S’aang District, Kandal Province SQU Evicted squatter SRP Sam Rainsy Party activist U University professor V Monk W SRP-produced witness of alleged electoral fraud 1 Introduction Points of departure Cambodia’s transitions The Cambodian state has been undergoing a triple transition since the 1980s – from command economy to free market; from war to peace; and from authoritarian rule to democracy. All three strands of transition have been intensively scrutinized and influenced by international intervenors in Cambodian affairs. All remain incomplete, insofar as the terms ‘free market’, ‘peace’ and ‘democracy’ are understood in the West. This study investigates the ways in which the first strand of transition – the transition from command economy to free market – has significantly influenced the possibilities for, and limits to, the other two strands. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate the ways in which the development of the Cambodian economy over the course of the 1990s has erected barriers to the emergence of substantive democracy in Cambodia. The transition from command economy to free market took place by degrees, in Cambodia, following the collapse of the horrific experiments with total collectivization conducted by the Democratic Kampuchea (or Pol Pot) regime in the late 1970s. The restoration of privately farmed plots of land in the early 1980s proceeded to the embrace of market relations in all economic spheres in the late 1980s. This transition took place in the context of a civil war, the presence of Vietnamese troops, withholding of trade and aid from Western countries, and the struggle to rebuild a Cambodian state and to remake Cambodian society in the aftermath of the devastating Democratic Kampuchea regime during which up to two million Cambodians died. The war that raged in the 1980s was conducted between a Phnom Penh- based regime and a resistance based on the border with Thailand. The Phnom Penh constitutional regime, initially named the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) and later renamed the State of Cambodia (SoC), was installed by the invading Vietnamese army in 1979, and controlled the majority of Cambodian territory. Opposing them was a resistance formed of remnants of three earlier regimes. Dominating the resistance militarily was the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (NADK), more commonly 2 Introduction: points of departure known as the Khmers Rouges, comprising the remnants of the infamous Pol Pot regime of 1976 to 1979, that had fled to the Thai border following the Vietnamese invasion. Also participating in the resistance were the royalist Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Indépendent, Neutre, Pacifique et Coopératif (FUNCINPEC), led by Prince Sihanouk, who had led Cambodia from independence in 1953 until he was toppled by a right-wing coup in 1970, and the republican Khmer People’s National Liberation Front (KPNLF), formed of remnants of the republican government that had succeeded Sihanouk, from 1970 to 1975. The resistance, who together formed a Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), retained diplomatic recognition in the United Nations and aid from China and Thailand, as well as humanitarian aid, directed in particular to the two non-communist parties, FUNCINPEC and the KPNLF, from the West. The PRK enjoyed the recognition of the Soviet Bloc. The international alignments that supported these warring armies served to mark the Cambodian conflict as a specificallyCold War phenomenon. This designation appeared increasingly apt towards the end of the 1980s, when, war-weary and suffering from a decline in Soviet aid and an economic reform agenda at home, the Vietnamese army began to pull out of Cambodia. Signs of a rapprochement between Gorbachev’s Soviet Union and Deng Xiaoping’s China, together with the articulated desire of Thailand’s premier Chatichai Choonhaven to ‘turn battlefields into market- places’, entailed increased regional interest in a solution to the problem. The dependence of the warring armies within Cambodia upon external aid and arms permitted significant pressure to be brought to bear upon the parties to the conflict to begin to negotiate more seriously over an end to the war. Thus, the second strand of Cambodia’s transition – the transition from war to peace – began from 1989, when negotiations began to gather steam. A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire was brokered in 1991, in the context of a wide-ranging and complex peacekeeping operation. Although unsuc- cessful in prompting an immediate end to the civil war, the UN operation altered dramatically the balance of internal and external forces.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 41392-023: Decentralized Public Service and Financial Management
    Due Diligence Report on Social Safeguard July 2019 CAM: Decentralized Public Service and Financial Management Sector Development Project, Subprogram 2: Sub-National Investment Fund (SNIF) Prepared by SNIF Secretariat for Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Due Diligence Report on Social Safeguard is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status. 1 Contents CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS .......................................................................................................... 3 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 3 I. BACKGROUND OF PROJECT AND RATIONALE ..................................................................................... 4 II. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF WORKS ........................................................................ 5 III. OBJECTIVES OF THE DUE DILIGENCE REPORT ................................................................................. 10 IV. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 10
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia's Economic Relations with Thailand And
    CICP Working Paper No.25. i No. 25 Cambodia’s Economic Relations with Thailand and Vietnam Chheang Vannarith November 2008 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace Published with the funding support from The International Foundation for Arts and Culture, IFAC CICP Working Paper No.25. ii About Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace (CICP) The CICP is an independent, neutral, and non-partisan research institute based in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The Institute promotes both domestic and regional dialogue between government officials, national and international organizations, scholars, and the private sector on issues of peace, democracy, civil society, security, foreign policy, conflict resolution, economics and national development. In this regard, the institute endeavors to: organize forums, lectures, local, regional and international workshops and conference on various development and international issues; design and conduct trainings to civil servants and general public to build capacity in various topics especially in economic development and international cooperation; participate and share ideas in domestic, regional and international forums, workshops and conferences; promote peace and cooperation among Cambodians, as well as between Cambodians and others through regional and international dialogues; and conduct surveys and researches on various topics including socio-economic development, security, strategic studies, international relation, defense management as well as disseminate the resulting research findings. Networking The Institute convenes workshops, seminars and colloquia on aspects of socio-economic development, international relations and security.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Anlong Veng Community a History Of
    A HIstoRy Of Anlong Veng CommunIty A wedding in Anlong Veng in the early 1990s. (Cover photo) Aer Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in 1979, many Khmer Rouge forces scaered to the jungles, mountains, and border areas. Mountain 1003 was a prominent Khmer Rouge military base located within the Dangrek Mountains along the Cambodian-Thai border, not far from Anlong Veng. From this military base, the Khmer Rouge re-organized and prepared for the long struggle against Vietnamese and the People’s Republic of Kampuchea government forces. Eventually, it was from this base, Khmer Rouge forces would re-conquer and sele Anlong Veng in early 1990 (and a number of other locations) until their re-integration into Cambodian society in late 1998. In many ways, life in Anlong Veng was as difficult and dangerous as it was in Mountain 1003. As one of the KR strongholds, Anlong Veng served as one of the key launching points for Khmer Rouge guerrilla operations in Cambodia, and it was subject to constant aacks by Cambodian government forces. Despite the perilous circumstances and harsh environment, the people who lived in Anlong Veng endeavored, whenever possible, to re-connect with and maintain their rich cultural heritage. Tossed from the seat of power in 1979, the Khmer Rouge were unable to sustain their rigid ideo- logical policies, particularly as it related to community and family life. During the Democratic Movement of the Khmer Rouge Final Stronghold Kampuchea regime, 1975–79, the Khmer Rouge prohibited the traditional Cambodian wedding ceremony. Weddings were arranged by Khmer Rouge leaders and cadre, who oen required mass ceremonies, with lile regard for tradition or individual distinction.
    [Show full text]
  • What Drives Urbanisation in Modern Cambodia? Some Counter-Intuitive Findings
    sustainability Article What Drives Urbanisation in Modern Cambodia? Some Counter-Intuitive Findings Partha Gangopadhyay * , Siddharth Jain and Agung Suwandaru School of Business, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia; [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (A.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 2 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: The history of urbanisation in Cambodia is a fascinating case study. During 1965–1973, the Vietnam war triggered the mass migration of Cambodians to the urban centres as its rural economy was virtually annihilated by an unprecedented cascade of aerial bombardments. During the Pol Pot regime, 1975–1979, urban areas were hastily closed down by the Khmer Rouge militia that led to the phase of forced de-urbanisation. With the ouster of the Pol Pot regime, since 1993 a new wave of urbanisation has taken shape for Cambodia. Rising urban population in a few urban regions has triggered multidimensional problems in terms of housing, employment, infrastructure, crime rates and congestions. This paper investigates the significant drivers of urbanisation since 1994 in Cambodia. Despite severe limitations of the availability of relevant data, we have extrapolated the major long-term drivers of urbanization by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) analysis and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models. Our main finding is that FDI flows have a significant short-run and long-run asymmetric effect on urbanisation. We conclude that an increase in FDI boosts the pull-factor behind rural–urban migration. At the same time, a decrease in FDI impoverishes the economy and promotes the push-factor behind the rural–urban migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia
    Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia Geographically, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are situated in the fastest growing region in the world, positioned alongside the dynamic economies of neighboring China and Thailand. Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia compares the postwar political economies of these three countries in the context of their individual and collective impact on recent efforts at regional integration. Based on research carried out over three decades, Ronald Bruce St John highlights the different paths to reform taken by these countries and the effect this has had on regional plans for economic development. Through its comparative analysis of the reforms implemented by Cam- bodia, Laos and Vietnam over the last 30 years, the book draws attention to parallel themes of continuity and change. St John discusses how these countries have demonstrated related characteristics whilst at the same time making different modifications in order to exploit the strengths of their individual cultures. The book contributes to the contemporary debate over the role of democratic reform in promoting economic devel- opment and provides academics with a unique insight into the political economies of three countries at the heart of Southeast Asia. Ronald Bruce St John earned a Ph.D. in International Relations at the University of Denver before serving as a military intelligence officer in Vietnam. He is now an independent scholar and has published more than 300 books, articles and reviews with a focus on Southeast Asia,
    [Show full text]
  • DC-Cam 2015 Annual Report
    mCÄmNÐlÉkßrkm<úCa DOCUMENTATION CENTER OF CAMBODIA Phnom Penh, Cambodia DC-Cam Annual Report: January 1, 2015-December 31, 2015 Prepared and Compiled by Dr. Kok-Thay ENG and Dara VANTHAN Deputy Directors Edited by Cindy Coleman SRI Board Meeting at Stanford University Second from left Professor Ron Slye, Professor John Ciorciari, Professor Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Professor Beth van Schaack, Youk Chhang, and Dr. Markus Zimmer Documentation Center of Cambodia Searching for the Truth: Memory & Justice EsVgrkKrBitedIm, IK rcg©MnigyutþiFm‘’ 66 Preah Sihanouk Blvd.P.O.Box 1110Phnom PenhCambodia t(855-23) 211-875f (855-23) 210-358 [email protected] www.dccam.org TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION CENTER OF CAMBODIA ............................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 2 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ 3 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 4 AUGMENT AND MAINTAIN A PUBLICALLY ACCESSIBLE HISTORICAL RECORD OF THE KR PERIOD ...................... 4 SUPPORT THE KRT .......................................................................................................................... 5 INCREASE CAMBODIA’S PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE KR PERIOD .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Covid-19 on the Socio-Economic Issues in Cambodia: a Youth Perspective
    © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Cambodia THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CAMBODIA: A YOUTH PERSPECTIVE From Politikoffee Reading Time: 3 Minutes Note: This article has been collected in the period from February to April. Due to the proofreading, editing and design process, some facts might be outdated. Covid-19 remains the dominant topic of discussion and issue of concern for Cambodian society and the world at large. The consequences also affect people from all walk of life, especially vulnerable groups and young people in Cambodia. Home schooling has become a routine; universities and some other areas have been ordered to be closed for an unforeseeable time. That is why we asked Politikoffee, a network of young and socially enthusiastic people, to share their view of the crisis through focus group discussion. In three questions, the following is their snapshot: What are the most salient points that Covid-19 has on the directly generates employment for around one million socio-economic status in Cambodia? workers, nearly 80 percent of whom are women (ILO Cambodia, 2018). 130 factories have been confirmed In the midst of social panic during the COVID-19 pan- closed and suspended due to sharp drop in market de- demic, Cambodia like many other countries is bat- mand. According to the latest report on employment tling with a great deal of social problems especially status in this sector, around 100,000 Cambodian work- socio-economic difficulties and employment. Unlike ers have recently lost their jobs, either permanently many developed countries that have passed billions or temporarily.1 This translates to around 10% loss of of dollars worth of bills to support their citizens, Cam- employment in the sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Cambodia Ministry of Health
    Kingdom of Cambodia Nation - Religion - King Ministry of Health Department of Planning and Health Information Ministry of Health with collaboration of the World Health Organization FOREWORD He(lith sector reform in Cambodia is 90in9 on a step-by-step basis in line with the Public Administrative Reform Program of the Royal Government of Cambodia and within socio-economic context of the country. The purpose cf the reform is to improve the delivery of quality services to the population, especially in remote areas, through the implementation of district health system. The health coverage plan, a part of the whole reform, has been implemented since 1996. This plan designates the location and number of health centers and referral hospitals, and defines the catchment areas for these health facilities to deliver services to the population. At this point, health managers at central, provincial and district ievel have gained many experiences from implementating the health coverage plan and the changes in the reform process. Such experiences are highlighted in these guidelines for improving the development of the national health system to meet the health needs of the population. " Guidelines for Developing Operational Districts " provides principles in various important aspects - such as strategies for improving health services coverage in remote areas, strengthening of organisational structures, optimising the use of resources - through the delivery of i:'ltegrated he~lth cc.r:?. The book also aims to establish a clear direction for health managers at all levels. Such a direction addresses not only the current situation but also the future vision of the developing health system. In practice, we will face constraints and will need times and adequate resources to remove them.
    [Show full text]
  • 20111031 01.Pdf
    PREFACE Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA) is the national machinery for promoting gender equity and women's empowerment. MOWA also acts a catalyst and advocate to encourage public institutions, civil society and private sector to integrate gender equity into their policies and programs. In this regard, MOWA has developed Neary Rattanak III, Five-Year Strategic Plan (2009-2013) for gender equity and empowerment of women in Cambodia. Project on Gender Mainstreaming, Phase 2 (PGM 2) has been implemented since September 2010 with supports by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Its Project Purpose is "Effective system for implementing women's economic empowerment activities by partner line ministries becomes operational with coordination of MOWA through strengthening gender mainstreaming mechanism". As an important part of the PGM 2 Activities, this "Gender Statistics on Women's Economic Empowerment in Kampong Cham Province" was compiled with great efforts of MOWA counterparts together with technical supports by JICA Project Team. The data and information in this booklet highlight women's economic and social situation as well as their empowerment in KPC Province. Therefore, I believe that this booklet will be utilized by provincial government officials and other concerned parties for examining gender responsive policies and plans in KPC Province. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Through both technical and financial supports from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), in cooperation with the Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA), a booklet titled "Gender Statistics on Women's Economic Empowerment in Kampong Cham Province" has been published . This booklet is utilized for our provincial government officials, concerned departments, other development partners and stakeholders to formulate gender responsive plans and programs in the province for accelerating economic empowerment of women as a step for the country development.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia Laos
    COUNTRY REPORT Cambodia Laos 4th quarter 1997 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.eiu.com Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1997 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon, Establishing a Community Forestry Redd Project in Cambodia Communities &Carbon Establishing a Community Forestry-Redd Project in Cambodia
    COMMUNITIES & CARBON, ESTABLISHING A COMMUNITY FORESTRY REDD PROJECT IN CAMBODIA COMMUNITIES &CARBON ESTABLISHING A COMMUNITY FORESTRY-REDD PROJECT IN CAMBODIA 2009 AMANDA BRADLEY PACT 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I wish to thank His Excellency Ty Sokhun, the Head of the Forestry Administration, for his strong support and visionary collaboration in working with CFI, Pact and other stakeholders to get this \ ! For very valuable assistance in reviewing this study, I would like to thank the following individuals: Robin Biddulph, Jörgen Pettersson, Long Ratanakoma, Mark Poffenberger, Leslie Durschinger, Andrew Wardell, Long Sona, Melissa Marschke, Jacob Kahl Jepsen, Hour Lim Chhun, Ty Sokhun, Kurt MacLeod, Leo Hosh and "#$ Amanda Bradley Community Forestry Partner Program Director Pact Cambodia PACT COMMUNITY FOCALI CLINTON CLIMATE INITIATIVE A Washington, DC-based NGO FORESTRY Focali (Forest, Climate, and Livelihood The William J. Clinton Foundation mandated to assist local communities INTERNATIONAL research network) is a Swedish research launched the Clinton Climate Initiative to empower themselves through the A California-based NGO dedicated to network focusing on forest bio-energy, (CCI) to create and advance solutions to introduction of effective government and protecting the world’s forests and the climate change and poverty issues. the core issues driving climate change. responsible public and private institutions. rights of the people who live near and Several Swedish universities and institutions Working with governments and businesses Using both grass-roots and high-level depend upon them for their livelihoods. are represented and the purpose is around the world, CCI focuses on three efforts to achieve its goals, Pact maintains With a motto of “Forest rights are to ensure that Sida and other Swedish strategic program areas: increasing an active presence in countries on human rights”, CFI can be credited with authorities have access to relevant energy efficiency in cities, catalyzing the five continents.
    [Show full text]
  • Wp4 Cambodia Youth
    Faculty of Social Sciences Institute for Development and Peace (INEF) Social and Political Fractures after Wars The Role of Youth Violence in post-1993 Cambodia Project Working Paper No. 4 Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala Oliver Hensengerth October 2008 Supported by the German Foundation for Peace Research (DSF) This Working Paper Series presents the results of a two-year research project on: “Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala” financed by the German Foundation for Peace Research at the Institute for Development and Peace between September 2006 and November 2008. Contact: [email protected] See the project homepage at www.postwar-violence.de Copyright for this Issue © Oliver Hensengerth 2008 Oliver Hensengerth Social and Political Fractures after Wars: The Role of Youth Violence in post- 1993 Cambodia Project Working Paper No. 4 Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala The present study is part of the research project on “Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala”. The project is financed by the German Foundation for Peace Research and is located at the Institute for Development and Peace at the University of Duisburg-Essen. The project aims at explaining different levels of youth violence in two post-war societies whose processes of war termination are regarded as successful. However, both societies face serious problems of post-war development that are closely related to the experiences of war and war termination. While Cambodia’s democratisation process is considered more or less as a failure, Guatemala suffers from levels of violence higher than during most of the war.
    [Show full text]