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Reconstructing Herod's Temple Mount in Jerusalem
Reconstructing Herod’s Temple Mount in Jerusalem By Kathleen RitmeyerLeen Ritmeyer Herod the Great—master builder! Despite his crimes and excesses, no one can doubt his prowess as a builder. One of his most imposing achievements was in Jerusalem. To feed his passion for grandeur, to immortalize his name and to attempt to win the loyalty of his sometimes restive Jewish subjects, Herod rebuilt the Temple (1 on the reconstruction drawing) in lavish fashion. But first he extended the existing platform—the Temple Mount—on which it was built, doubling its size. Herod ruled from 37 to 4 B.C. Scarcely a generation after the completion of this unparalleled building project,a the Romans ploughed the Temple Mount and built a temple to Jupiter on the site. Not a trace of Herod’s Temple was left. The mighty retaining walls of the Temple Mount, however, were deliberately left lying in ruins throughout the Roman (70–324 A.D.) and Byzantine (324–640 A.D.) periods—testimony to the destruction of the Jewish state. The Islamic period (640–1099) brought further eradication of Herod’s glory. Although the Omayyad caliphs (whose dynasty lasted from 633 to 750) repaired a large breach in the southern wall of the Temple Mount, the entire area of the Mount and its immediate surroundings was covered by an extensive new religio-political complex, built in part from Herodian ashlars that the Romans had toppled. Still later, the Crusaders (1099–1291) erected a city wall in the south that required blocking up the southern gates to the Temple Mount. -
Israel and Judah: 18. Temple Interior and Dedication
Associates for Scriptural Knowledge • P.O. Box 25000, Portland, OR 97298-0990 USA © ASK, March 2019 • All rights reserved • Number 3/19 Telephone: 503 292 4352 • Internet: www.askelm.com • E-Mail: [email protected] How the Siege of Titus Locates the Temple Mount in the City of David by Marilyn Sams, July 2016 Formatted and annotated by David Sielaff, March 2019 This detailed research paper by independent author Marilyn Sams is one of several to follow her 2015 book, The Jerusalem Temple Mount Myth. Her book was inspired by a desire to prove (or disprove) Dr. Ernest Martin’s research in The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot. Ms. Sams wrote a second book in 2017, The Jerusalem Temple Mount: A Compendium of Ancient Descriptions expanding the argument in her first book, itemizing and analyzing 375 ancient descriptions of the Temple, Fort Antonia, and environs, all confirming a Gihon location for God’s Temples.1 Her books and articles greatly advance Dr. Martin’s arguments. David Sielaff, ASK Editor Marilyn Sams: The siege of Titus has been the subject of many books and papers, but always from the false perspective of the Jerusalem Temple Mount’s misidentification.2 The purpose of this paper is to illuminate additional aspects of the siege, in order to show how they cannot reasonably be applied to the current models of the temple and Fort Antonia, but can when the “Temple Mount” is identified as Fort Antonia. Conflicts Between the Rebellious Leaders Prior to the Siege of Titus A clarification of the definition of “Acra” is crucial to understanding the conflicts between John of Gischala and Simon of Giora, two of the rebellious [Jewish] faction leaders, who divided parts of Jerusalem 1 Her second book shows the impossibility of the so-called “Temple Mount” and demonstrate the necessity of a Gihon site of the Temples. -
Day 7 Thursday March 10, 2022 Temple Mount Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Temple Institute Jewish Quarter Quarter Café Wohl Museu
Day 7 Thursday March 10, 2022 Temple Mount Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Temple Institute Jewish Quarter Quarter Café Wohl Museum Tower of David Herod’s Palace Temple Mount The Temple Mount, in Hebrew: Har HaBáyit, "Mount of the House of God", known to Muslims as the Haram esh-Sharif, "the Noble Sanctuary and the Al Aqsa Compound, is a hill located in the Old City of Jerusalem that for thousands of years has been venerated as a holy site in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike. The present site is a flat plaza surrounded by retaining walls (including the Western Wall) which was built during the reign of Herod the Great for an expansion of the temple. The plaza is dominated by three monumental structures from the early Umayyad period: the al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock and the Dome of the Chain, as well as four minarets. Herodian walls and gates, with additions from the late Byzantine and early Islamic periods, cut through the flanks of the Mount. Currently it can be reached through eleven gates, ten reserved for Muslims and one for non-Muslims, with guard posts of Israeli police in the vicinity of each. According to Jewish tradition and scripture, the First Temple was built by King Solomon the son of King David in 957 BCE and destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE – however no substantial archaeological evidence has verified this. The Second Temple was constructed under the auspices of Zerubbabel in 516 BCE and destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE. -
A Guide to Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Haram Ash-Sharif Contents
A Guide to Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Haram Ash-Sharif Contents In the name of Allah, most compassionate, most merciful Introduction JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<<3 Dear Visitor, Mosques JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<<<4 Welcome to one of the major Islamic sacred sites and landmarks Domes JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<24 of civilization in Jerusalem, which is considered a holy city in Islam because it is the city of the prophets. They preached of the Minarets JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<30 Messenger of God, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH): Arched Gates JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<32 The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and Schools JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<36 His books and His messengers, [saying], “We make no distinction between any of His messengers.” And they say, “We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your Corridors JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<<44 forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination” (Qur’an 2:285). Gates JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<<46 It is also the place where one of Prophet Mohammad’s miracles, the Night Journey (Al-Isra’ wa Al-Mi’raj), took place: Water Sources JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<<<54 Exalted is He who took His Servant -
Mamluk Architectural Landmarks in Jerusalem
Mamluk Architectural Landmarks 2019 Mamluk Architectural in Jerusalem Under Mamluk rule, Jerusalem assumed an exalted Landmarks in Jerusalem religious status and enjoyed a moment of great cultural, theological, economic, and architectural prosperity that restored its privileged status to its former glory in the Umayyad period. The special Jerusalem in Landmarks Architectural Mamluk allure of Al-Quds al-Sharif, with its sublime noble serenity and inalienable Muslim Arab identity, has enticed Muslims in general and Sufis in particular to travel there on pilgrimage, ziyarat, as has been enjoined by the Prophet Mohammad. Dowagers, princes, and sultans, benefactors and benefactresses, endowed lavishly built madares and khanqahs as institutes of teaching Islam and Sufism. Mausoleums, ribats, zawiyas, caravansaries, sabils, public baths, and covered markets congested the neighborhoods adjacent to the Noble Sanctuary. In six walks the author escorts the reader past the splendid endowments that stand witness to Jerusalem’s glorious past. Mamluk Architectural Landmarks in Jerusalem invites readers into places of special spiritual and aesthetic significance, in which the Prophet’s mystic Night Journey plays a key role. The Mamluk massive building campaign was first and foremost an act of religious tribute to one of Islam’s most holy cities. A Mamluk architectural trove, Jerusalem emerges as one of the most beautiful cities. Digita Depa Me di a & rt l, ment Cultur Spor fo Department for e t r Digital, Culture Media & Sport Published by Old City of Jerusalem Revitalization Program (OCJRP) – Taawon Jerusalem, P.O.Box 25204 [email protected] www.taawon.org © Taawon, 2019 Prepared by Dr. Ali Qleibo Research Dr. -
By Mark Coreth
2016 Winter Edition The Newsletter of St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital Group - The only charitable provider of expert eye care in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem; treating patients regardless of religion, ethnicity, or ability to pay Swifts of Hope Fly for St John - By Mark Coreth Mark Coreth of the city walls and the has designed extraordinary symbol of a life-sized bronze takes the history of Jerusalem... Olive Tree sculpture its name from But I felt it did not quite to go in our Muristan the Church of St fully tell of the dynamic Clinic Garden. In John situated just a movement of people. his own words he few metres to the south. describes his thought The clinic and garden are Should you visit process behind the very close to the Holy the Holy Land commission. Sepulchre, the Al Aqsa between the ends Mosque, the Dome of of March until “The Muristan is the Rock and the early June, as I situated almost in Western Wall of From its did, you witness the bullseye of the the Temple. In beginnings the migration Old City of Jerusalem other words it to today the city of the swift. where the four is in the very has seen beauty, The swift Quarters meet and centre of and turmoil. The walls flies from beside the Order's the religious have been built just to Sub Saharan newly opened eye world. be destroyed and rebuilt Africa clinic, which will serve by its invaders and through the people of all nations The commission was defenders. -
Underground Jerusalem: the Excavation Of
Underground Jerusalem The excavation of tunnels, channels, and underground spaces in the Historic Basin 2015 >> Introduction >> Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the 19th century to the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations following the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations under archaeological auspices >> Ancient underground complexes >> Underground tunnels >> Tunnel excavations as narrative >> Summary and conclusions >> Maps >> Endnotes Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Emek Shaveh is an organization of archaeologists and heritage professionals focusing on the role of tangible cultural heritage in Israeli society and in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We view archaeology as a resource for strengthening understanding between different peoples and cultures. September 2015 Introduction Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the The majority of the area of the Old City is densely built. As a result, there are very few nineteenth century until the Six Day War open spaces in which archaeological excavations can be undertaken. From a professional The intensive interest in channels, underground passages, and tunnels, ancient and modern, standpoint, this situation obligates the responsible authorities to restrict the number of goes back one 150 years. At that time the first European archaeologists in Jerusalem, aided excavations and to focus their attention on preserving and reinforcing existing structures. by local workers, dug deep into the heart of the Holy City in order to understand its ancient However, the political interests that aspire to establish an Israeli presence throughout the topography and the nature of the structures closest to the Temple Mount. Old City, including underneath the Muslim Quarter and in the nearby Palestinian village The British scholar Charles Warren was the first and most important of those who excavated of Silwan, have fostered the decision that intensive underground excavations must be underground Jerusalem. -
The Temple Mount/Haram Al-Sharif – Archaeology in a Political Context
The Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif – Archaeology in a Political Context 2017 March 2017 Table of contents >> Introduction 3 Written by: Yonathan Mizrachi >> Part I | The history of the Site: How the Temple Mount became the 0 Researchers: Emek Shaveh Haram al-Sharif 4 Edited by: Talya Ezrahi >> Part II | Changes in the Status of the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif 0 Proof-editing: Noa Granot from the 19th century to the Present Day 7 Graphic Design: Lior Cohen Photographs: Emek Shaveh, Yael Ilan >> Part III | Changes around the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif and the 0 Mapping: Lior Cohen, Shai Efrati, Slava Pirsky impact on the Status Quo 11 >> Conclusion and Lessons 19 >> Maps 20 Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Emek Shaveh is an Israeli NGO working to prevent the politicization of archaeology in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and to protect ancient sites as public assets that belong to members of all communities, faiths and peoples. We view archaeology as a resource for building bridges and strengthening bonds between peoples and cultures. This publication was produced by Emek Shaveh (A public benefit corporation) with the support of the IHL Secretariat, the Federal Department for Foreign Affairs Switzerland (FDFA) the New Israeli Fund and CCFD. Responsibility for the information contained in this report belongs exclu- sively to Emek Shaveh. This information does not represent the opinions of the above mentioned donors. 2 Introduction Immediately after the 1967 War, Israel’s then Defense Minister Moshe Dayan declared that the Islamic Waqf would retain their authority over the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif compound. -
F.F. Bruce, "Biblical Jerusalem,"
F.F. Bruce, “Biblical Jerusalem,” University of Leeds Review 5 (1957): 290-99. Biblical Jerusalem F.F. Bruce [p.290] THE CITY OF DAVID Jerusalem had been a city-state for over a millennium when, shortly before 1000 B.C., it was captured by King David, who had established his position as ruler of the united tribes of Israel and Judah. Its Canaanite population was partly Hittite and partly Amorite in origin; it was ruled by a dynasty of kings who were also priests of the deity El Elyon. (The best-known member of this dynasty is Melchizedek, a contemporary of Abraham). David neither extirpated the city’s population nor abolished its constitution, but he and his successors continued to rule it as heirs to its ancient priest-kings, ‘after the order of Melchizedek’. The city which David captured occupied a strong position on the hill Ophel, south of the present Haram esh-Sherif. He fortified and enlarged it and made it the capital of his united kingdom, calling it by his own name, ‘the city of David’. Strategically it was a sound choice, for the site was well adapted [p.291] to withstand assault. Politically, too, it was a wise choice, for Jerusalem belonged neither to Israel nor to Judah, but lay between these two mutually suspicious and jealous parts of David’s realm. Religiously the city already enjoyed high prestige as a holy place, and David set himself to strengthen this prestige. The Israelites were reminded how their ancestor Abraham had received the blessing of Melchizedek, a former priest-king of Jerusalem, and paid him tithes. -
Jerusalem: a Holy City
Learning about Jerusalem Credits https://www.123rf.com/photo_47303873_unidentified-jewish-worshipers-pray-at-the-wailing-wall-an-important-jewish-religious-site- jerusalem.html http://clipart-library.com/jew-symBol-pics.html http://religious-symBols.net/islam-symBols.html https:// stickeroid.com/?q=Quran%20Clipart https://pixabay.com/en/photos/dome%20of%20the%20rock/ https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/israel/2018/february/jerusalem-shelves-tax-plan-on-church-owned-commercial-properties http://worldartsme.com/scripture-christian-clipart.html#gal_post_77715_scripture-christian-clipart-1.jpg Jerusalem: A Holy City Jerusalem, the capital city of Israel, is considered a holy city by three major religions: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. For centuries, Jerusalem has been a spiritual center. The three religions can be seen in the cultural landmarks (human made buildings that represent an idea or specific place) of Jerusalem and in the symbols used around the world to represent these religions. All three religions describe Abraham as an important figure in their early history. Muslims (followers of Islam) call Abraham, Ibrahim. Abraham and his family were nomads. They lived in tents and traveled from place to place in order to provide good grazing for their sheep. Abraham and his people are believed to have traveled in what is now the country of Israel, as well as areas that are now part of Syria, Turkey, Jordan, and Iraq. All three religions describe Abraham as the father of two sons, Isaac and Ishmael. Jews consider Isaac to be their ancestor, and Arabs consider Ishmael to be their ancestor. Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the son of God, lived in this area also. -
Designing the Western Wall Plaza: National and Architectural Controversies*
Designing the Western Wall Plaza: National and Architectural Controversies* ALONA NITZAN-SHIFTAN Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts Immediately after Israel captured Jerusalem's Old City during the contending ideologes, but also take, in the forms, compositions and 1967 war it bulldozed the Mugharbe Quarter off the area adjacent to techniques they suggest, distinct positions in fierce national and the\Vestern\Vall. National, municipal and military authorities agreed archtectural debates. that the corridor between the neighborhood and thewall was too narrow Moshe Safdie's 1974 design proposal alone had generated two for a nation to gather and 'meet its past.' Once the post war stream of ministerial committees which reached opposing conclusions, extensive pilgrims reduced, Israelis were taken by surprise. The central assembly public hearings, and a 1980 revised version of the archtect. Like all space of the State of Israel, and the holiest site for Jews since Titus other proposals, it was never executed. Since ths design became the destroyed Herod's SecondTemple in A.D. 70, became an amorphous measure cord for other projects, it forms the spine of my dwussion. field of debris and awesome stones. fig. 2. Moshe Sajd~e,hrst design proposal for the Western Woll Plaza, 1971. Safdie's design, whch extended over 60000 square meters, created a huge hierarchcal theater of descending cubes. It was inspired by hg. I. Arthur Kutcher, Exlsnng cond~tlonof the Western Woll enurons Yosephus Plavius description of Herod's Jerusalem as well as by the Captivated by the site, archtects harried to propose designs for the Oriental vernacular of the city. -
For Both Jews and Muslims the Temple Mount
MOSHE MA’OZ The Role of the Temple Mount / Al-Haram Al-Sharif in the Deterioration of Muslim–Jewish Relations or both Jews and Muslims the Temple Mount and world, and especially in Palestine, mourn this event the Old City of Jerusalem constitute highly import as a historical trauma and an immense naksa (defeat). Fant religious, cultural, political and national cen For them the conquest of East Jerusalem (Al-Quds tres. For centuries Jews in the diaspora prayed in the Al-Sharif) and the Al-Haram Al-Sharif by the Jews direction of Jerusalem, vowed never to forget it (‘If I occurred after more than 1400 years of Muslim rule forget thee Jerusalem, may my right arm wither’); and (with the exception of the Crusader conquest). blessed one another ‘Next year in Jerusalem’. The Zion For both Jews and Muslims the Temple Mount istJewish movement (since the 1880s) – although pre and the Old City of Jerusalem are hugely important dominantly secular – has considered Jerusalem (Zion) religious, cultural, political and national sites. For as the political and cultural centre of the Jewish people. centuries Jews in the diaspora prayed in the direc- By comparison, the PalestinianArab national move tion of Jerusalem, vowed never to forget it (‘If I for- ment has, since the 1920s established its national and get thee Jerusalem, may my right arm wither’; Psalms politicalcultural centre in East Jerusalem, while the 137:5), and blessed one another with ‘Next year in Haram al Sharif, particularly the AlAqsa Mosque, has Jerusalem ’. The Zionist-Jewish movement (since the continued to be a top religious shrine for Muslims.