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An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext By Isaac Quinn DuPont A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by Isaac Quinn DuPont 2017 ii An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext Isaac Quinn DuPont Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Tis dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this dissertation, I ofer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including the development of artifcial languages, machine translation, media, code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori of cryptography. Te conditions of possibility are explored in three parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of writing, and has been associated with the development of artifcial languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic iii and semantic properties detailed in Nelson Goodman’s theory of notation, as described in his Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. -
Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in Enigma Messages
Fall 2006 Chris Christensen MAT/CSC 483 Machine Ciphers Polyalphabetic ciphers are good ways to destroy the usefulness of frequency analysis. Implementation can be a problem, however. The key to a polyalphabetic cipher specifies the order of the ciphers that will be used during encryption. Ideally there would be as many ciphers as there are letters in the plaintext message and the ordering of the ciphers would be random – an one-time pad. More commonly, some rotation among a small number of ciphers is prescribed. But, rotating among a small number of ciphers leads to a period, which a cryptanalyst can exploit. Rotating among a “large” number of ciphers might work, but that is hard to do by hand – there is a high probability of encryption errors. Maybe, a machine. During World War II, all the Allied and Axis countries used machine ciphers. The United States had SIGABA, Britain had TypeX, Japan had “Purple,” and Germany (and Italy) had Enigma. SIGABA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA 1 A TypeX machine at Bletchley Park. 2 From the 1920s until the 1970s, cryptology was dominated by machine ciphers. What the machine ciphers typically did was provide a mechanical way to rotate among a large number of ciphers. The rotation was not random, but the large number of ciphers that were available could prevent depth from occurring within messages and (if the machines were used properly) among messages. We will examine Enigma, which was broken by Polish mathematicians in the 1930s and by the British during World War II. The Japanese Purple machine, which was used to transmit diplomatic messages, was broken by William Friedman’s cryptanalysts. -
Historical Cryptography 2
Historical cryptography 2 CSCI 470: Web Science • Keith Vertanen Overview • Historical cryptography – WWI • Zimmerman telegram – WWII • Rise of the cipher machines • Engima • Allied encryption 2 WWI: Zimmermann Telegram • 1915, U-boat sinks Lusitania – 1,198 drown including 128 US – Germany agrees to surface 1st • 1916, new Foreign Minister – Arthur Zimmermann • 1917, unrestricted submarine warfare – Zimmermann hatches plan • Keep American busy at home • Persuade Mexico to: invade US and invite Japan to attack US as well Arthur Zimmermann 3 4 Mechanization of secret writing • Pencil and paper – Security limited by what humans can do quickly and accurately in the heat of battle • Enter the machine Thomas Jefferson's wheel cipher Captain Midnight's Code-o-Graph 5 Enigma machine • Enigma cipher machine – 1918, patented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius Arthur Scherbius – A electrical/mechanical implementation of a polyalphabetic substitution cipher 6 7 Enigma rotors • Rotor (wheel, drum) – Monoalphabetic substitution cipher implemented via complex wiring pattern – One of 26 initial positions – Geared: rotates after each letter • Rotor set – 3 rotors in 3!=6 possible orders • Eventually increased to 3 out of 5 • Navy used even more – Possible keys: • 3! * 263 = 6 * 17,576 = 105,456 8 Enigma plugboard • Plugboard – Operator inserts cables to swap letters – Initially 6 cables • Swaps 6 pairs of letters • Leaves 14 letters unswapped – Possible configurations: • 100,391,791,500 • Total keys: – 17,576 * 6 * 100,391,791,500 ≈ 10,000,000,000,000,000 -
CHAPTER 8 a History of Communications Security in New Zealand
CHAPTER 8 A History of Communications Security in New Zealand By Eric Morgon Early Days “Admiralty to Britannia Wellington. Comence hostilities at once with Germany in accordance with War Standing Orders.” This is an entry in the cipher log of HMS Philomel dated 5 August, 1914. HMS Philomel was a cruiser of the Royal Navy and took part in the naval operations in the Dardanelles during the ill-fated Gallipoli campaign. Philomel’s cipher logs covering the period 1914 to 1918 make interesting reading and show how codes and ciphers were used extensively by the Royal Navy during World War 1. New Zealand officers and ratings served on board Philomel and thus it can be claimed that the use of codes and ciphers by Philomel are part of the early history of communications security in New Zealand. Immediately following the codes to Navy Office, the Senior Naval Officer New Zealand was advised that Cypher G and Cypher M had been compromised and that telegrams received by landline in these ciphers were to be recoded in Code C before transmission by Wireless Telegraphy (W/T) Apparently Cypher G was also used for cables between the Commonwealth Navy Board in Melbourne and he British Consul in Noumea. The Rear Admiral Commanding Her Majesty’s Australian Fleet instructed that when signalling by WT every odd numbered code group was to be a dummy. It is interesting to note that up until the outbreak of hostilities no provision had been made for the storage of code books or for precautions to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. -
History and Modern Cryptanalysis of Enigma's Pluggable Reflector
History and Modern Cryptanalysis of Enigma’s Pluggable Reflector Olaf Ostwald and Frode Weierud ABSTRACT: The development history of Umkehrwalze Dora (UKWD), Enigma's pluggable reflector, is presented from the first ideas in the mid-1920s to the last development plans and its actual usage in 1945. An Enigma message in three parts, enciphered with UKWD and intercepted by the British on 11 March 1945, is shown. The successful recovery of the key of this message is described. Modern computer-based cryptanalysis is used to recover the wiring of the unknown “Uncle Dick,” which the British called this field-rewirable reflector. The attack is based on the known ciphertext and plaintext pair from the first part of the intercept. After recovery of the unknown reflector wiring and the daily key the plaintext of the second part of the message is revealed. KEYWORDS: Enigma, cryptanalysis, Uncle Dick, Umkehrwalze Dora, UKWD, unsolved ciphers Address correspondence to Frode Weierud, Bjerkealleen 17, 1385 Asker, Norway. Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction Uncle Dick,1 as it was called by the codebreakers of Bletchley Park (BP), or Umkehrwalze Dora (UKWD), as designated by the Germans, was the nickname of a special pluggable reflector,2 used as the leftmost wheel within the scrambler 3 of the Enigma. The electro-mechanical cipher machine Enigma (from Greek αίνιγµα for “riddle”) was the backbone of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Arthur Scherbius, a German promoted electrical engineer and inventor of considerable standing, invented Enigma in 1918 [14]. Subsequently it was improved and then used by all three parts of the German armed forces, namely army (Heer), air force (Luftwaffe), and military navy (Kriegsmarine), for enciphering and deciphering of their secret messages. -
National Security Agency (NSA) Document: a History of U.S
Description of document: National Security Agency (NSA) document: A History of U.S. Communications Security Post World-War II – released under Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) Released date: February 2011 Posted date: 07-November-2011 Source of document: National Security Agency Declassification Services (DJ5) Suite 6884, Bldg. SAB2 9800 Savage Road Ft. George G. Meade, MD, 20755-6884 Note: Although the titles are similar, this document should not be confused with the David G. Boak Lectures available: http://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/Hist_US_COMSEC_Boak_NSA_1973.pdf The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. -----------------------------------------------------------------------~~) '; I .:· ! _k:::._,.l COMitfll A HISTORY OF U.S. -
Golden Fish an Intelligent Stream Cipher Fuse Memory Modules
Golden Fish: An Intelligent Stream Cipher Fuse Memory Modules Lan Luo 1,2,QiongHai Dai 1,ZhiGuang Qin 2 ,ChunXiang Xu 2 1Broadband Networks & Digital Media Lab School of Information Science & Technology Automation Dep. Tsinghua University ,BeiJing, China,100084 2 School of Computer Science and Technology University of Electronic Science Technology of China, ChengDu, China, 610054 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Furthermore, we can intelligent design the ciphers according to different network environments [4-5]. In In this paper, we use a high-order iterated function order to demonstrate our approach, we construct a generated by block cipher as the nonlinear filter to simple synchronous stream cipher, which provides a improve the security of stream cipher. Moreover, by significant flexibility for hardware implementations, combining the published rounds function in block with many desirable cryptographic advantages. The cipher and OFB as the nonlinear functional mode with security of the encryption and decryption are based on an extra memory module, we enable to control the the computational complexity, which is demonstrated nonlinear complexity of the design. This new approach by AES and NESSIE competition recently, where all fuses the block cipher operation mode with two the finalists fall into the category “no attack or memory modules in one stream cipher. The security of weakness demonstrated”, in which people can go for this design is proven by the both periodic and the simplest, and most elegant design comparing an nonlinear evaluation. The periods of this structure is more complicate and non-transparent one. To guaranteed by the traditional Linear Feedback Shift implement the idea above, we take output feedback Register design and the security of nonlinear mode (OFB) of the block cipher as the nonlinear filter characteristic is demonstrated by block cipher in stream cipher design. -
TICOM: the Last Great Secret of World War II Randy Rezabek Version of Record First Published: 27 Jul 2012
This article was downloaded by: [Randy Rezabek] On: 28 July 2012, At: 18:04 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Intelligence and National Security Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fint20 TICOM: The Last Great Secret of World War II Randy Rezabek Version of record first published: 27 Jul 2012 To cite this article: Randy Rezabek (2012): TICOM: The Last Great Secret of World War II, Intelligence and National Security, 27:4, 513-530 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2012.688305 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Intelligence and National Security Vol. 27, No. 4, 513–530, August 2012 TICOM: The Last Great Secret of World War II RANDY REZABEK* ABSTRACT Recent releases from the National Security Agency reveal details of TICOM, the mysterious 1945 operation targeting Germany’s cryptologic secrets. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 04 September 2021 Version 3.64 Title word cross-reference 10016-8810 [?, ?]. 1221 [?]. 125 [?]. 15.00/$23.60.0 [?]. 15th [?, ?]. 16th [?]. 17-18 [?]. 18 [?]. 180-4 [?]. 1812 [?]. 18th (t; m)[?]. (t; n)[?, ?]. $10.00 [?]. $12.00 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 18th-Century [?]. 1930s [?]. [?]. 128 [?]. $139.99 [?]. $15.00 [?]. $16.95 1939 [?]. 1940 [?, ?]. 1940s [?]. 1941 [?]. [?]. $16.96 [?]. $18.95 [?]. $24.00 [?]. 1942 [?]. 1943 [?]. 1945 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. $24.00/$34 [?]. $24.95 [?, ?]. $26.95 [?]. 1946 [?, ?]. 1950s [?]. 1970s [?]. 1980s [?]. $29.95 [?]. $30.95 [?]. $39 [?]. $43.39 [?]. 1989 [?]. 19th [?, ?]. $45.00 [?]. $5.95 [?]. $54.00 [?]. $54.95 [?]. $54.99 [?]. $6.50 [?]. $6.95 [?]. $69.00 2 [?, ?]. 200/220 [?]. 2000 [?]. 2004 [?, ?]. [?]. $69.95 [?]. $75.00 [?]. $89.95 [?]. th 2008 [?]. 2009 [?]. 2011 [?]. 2013 [?, ?]. [?]. A [?]. A3 [?, ?]. χ [?]. H [?]. k [?, ?]. M 2014 [?]. 2017 [?]. 2019 [?]. 20755-6886 [?, ?]. M 3 [?]. n [?, ?, ?]. [?]. 209 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 20th [?]. 21 [?]. 22 [?]. 220 [?]. 24-Hour [?, ?, ?]. 25 [?, ?]. -Bit [?]. -out-of- [?, ?]. -tests [?]. 25.00/$39.30 [?]. 25.00/839.30 [?]. 25A1 [?]. 25B [?]. 26 [?, ?]. 28147 [?]. 28147-89 000 [?]. 01Q [?, ?]. [?]. 285 [?]. 294 [?]. 2in [?, ?]. 2nd [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1-4398-1763-4 [?]. 1/2in [?, ?]. 10 [?]. 100 [?]. 10011-4211 [?]. 3 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 3/4in [?, ?]. 30 [?]. 310 1 2 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 312 [?]. 325 [?]. 3336 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. affine [?]. [?]. 35 [?]. 36 [?]. 3rd [?]. Afluisterstation [?, ?]. After [?]. Aftermath [?]. Again [?, ?]. Against 4 [?]. 40 [?]. 44 [?]. 45 [?]. 45th [?]. 47 [?]. [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. Age 4in [?, ?]. [?, ?]. Agencies [?]. Agency [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. -
Docid: 383869,.9
.. DOCID: 383869,.9 / ,1/111 [ Der Fall WICHER:GermanKnowledge of i Polish Success on ENIGMA BY JOSEPH A. MEYER T'op Bed pi blat'" a In 19.39 the Germans found evidf'nce. including decrypts, that a Polish cryptanalytic organization, WICHER: had been readin!! the ENIGMA. Documents and interrogations did not reveal how the ma chine could have been read, and after some changes in the indicator system and plug/fings, the matter was dropped. In 1943, further evidence of prewar Polish success, and the Mrong appearance that Navy ENIGMA was being read by the British and US., caused a crypto security crisis. A spy in the U.S. NavyDepartment reported the reading of V-boat keys. ENIGMA security was studied. and many changes in the machine and its uWf.:e were undertaken. By 1944 the Germans acted and spoke as if they knew ENIGMA traffic was being read by the Allies, but they suspected betrayal or compromise of keys. Medium grade ciphers were also improved, and radiQ security was much im proVf'd. Users were forbidden to send secret or top .~ecrf!t information or operational orders over ENIGMA. Through all of this. German con /idence in the TUNNY cipher teleprinter (which wa.~ al.~o being read) neller wavered. The key to German suspicions of ENIGMA appears to have been the knowledge of Polish prewar successes; after which the wartime ENIGMA exploitation hunk by a thread for five and one-half ~~. I I. DER FALL WICHER' 1n late 19:39. after their rapid conquest of Poland. the German OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres, Army High Command) and OKW (Oherkommando der Wehrmacht, Armed Forces High Command) cryptanalysts obtained definite proof, incllldin~ decrypts of German messag-cs. -
UK/US COMSEC Conference Forwarded Herewith Is a Copy of a UK Paper Reviewing the Present Statue of UK Cryptographic Equipments
REF ID:A522534 Classification 14 Sept 53 FRCih NSA-41, Mr. Austin TO: Mr. Friedman Received 1 cop,y or the item listed below: Memo for Members of the U.S. Delegation, dtd 11 Sept 53 Copy No. 16 of TOP S.ECRET CONTROL NO. 5.3-41-183 Classification Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 06-25-2014 pursuantto E.O. 1352e ..•.. ·---·----·---·-· -·-· ........... ___ ....._______________ .. __ .. --- .. -· ........ ........ ________ ............... -... .............. .... ------ REF ID:A522534 'T10P SECRET 11 September 1953 MEMORANDUM FOR MEMBERS OF THE U.. S. DELEGATION SUBJECT: UK/US COMSEC Conference Forwarded herewith is a copy of a UK paper reviewing the present statue of UK cryptographic equipments.. This is an advance version which has not received final approval and ia subject to amendment both before and during the Conference. ~(21~FRANK C. AUSTIN iOP SEefU:T ec [q-I~Ot 11UrHR · ~ . ·I i COPY / t .OF ·: ~~:rlt,::i r'AGE Uf· t ·· PAuE:S TOP SECRET 'feP SEism!iT · SB6URl'fY Ilfti'OfiMit:'flOJi JI.K. CRYPTOGRAPHIC §QUIPMENTS PART I. LITERAL CYPHER MACHINESo 1. Machine Requiring no §xterr;1~l Source of Power. (a) PORTEX. A sme.ll hand operated ott-line tape printing cypher machine with an electrical permuting maze designed tor low echelon wse. Electrical power to operate the maze is derived tram a self-contained 45-volt dry battery good tor over 100,000 operations. The ct-yptographic unit consists ot an eight 26-point rotor maze with a crossover at the cypher end; the rotors step in two foul""rotor cyclom.etr1c cascades. Each rotor consists ot an insert and a housing; the insert is selected from a set of sixteen and can be fitted in the housing in any one or the twenty=six possible angular positions, the housing is fitted with a rotatable alphabet tyre. -
Commodity Codes
Commodity Codes Commodity Co Commodity Code Title 005 Abrasives 005-05 Abrasive Equipment and Tools 005-14 Abrasives, Coated: Cloth, Fiber, Sandpaper, etc. 005-21 Abrasives, Sandblasting, Metal 005-28 Abrasives, Sandblasting (other Than Metal) 005-42 Abrasives, Solid: Wheels, Stones, etc. 005-56 Abrasives, Tumbling (wheel) 005-63 Grinding and Polishing Compounds: Carborundum, Diamond, etc. (for Valve Grinding Compounds See Class 075) 005-70 Pumice Stone 005-75 Recycled Abrasives Products and Supplies 005-84 Steel Wool, Aluminum Wool, Copper Wool, and Lead Wool 010 Acoustical Tile, Insulating Materials, and Supplies 010-05 Acoustical Tile, All Types (including Recycled Types) 010-08 Acoustical Tile Accessories: Channels, Grids, Mounting Hardware, Rods, Runners, Suspension Brackets, Tees, Wall Angles, and Wires 010-09 Acoustical Tile Insulation 010-11 Adhesives and Cements, Acoustical Tile 010-14 Adhesives and Cements, Insulation 010-17 Aluminum Foil, etc. 010-30 Bands, Clips, and Wires (for Pipe Insulation) 010-38 Clips, Pins, etc. (for Duct Insulation) 010-41 Cork: Blocks, Boards, Sheets, etc. 010-45 Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems 010-53 Fiberglass: Batts, Blankets and Rolls Page 1 of 344 Commodity Co Commodity Code Title 010-56 Foam Glass: Blocks, Sheets, etc. 010-57 Foam-in-place Insulation: Phenolic, Urethane, etc. 010-59 Foam Plastics: Blocks, Boards, Sheets, etc. 010-62 Insulation, Interior 010-63 Insulation, Blown Type 010-64 Insulation, Loose Fill 010-65 Jacketing (for Insulation): Canvas, Osnaburg, etc. 010-70 Magnesia: Blocks, Sheets, etc. 010-72 Mineral Wool: Blankets, Blocks, Boards 010-75 Paints, Primers, Sealers, etc. (for Insulation) 010-76 Paper Type Insulation Material (cellulose, Etc.) 010-78 Pipe and Tubing Insulation, All Types 010-81 Preformed Insulation, All Types (for Ells, Tees, Valves, Etc.) 010-83 Recycled Insulation Materials and Supplies, All Types 010-84 Rubber Insulation 015 Addressing, Copying, Mimeograph, and Spirit Duplicating Machine Supplies: Chemicals, Inks, Paper, etc.