CHAPTER 8 a History of Communications Security in New Zealand
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NZ Occupation of German Samoa August 2014
New Zealand’s First World War Centenary Programme Information Sheet 3 – NZ Occupation of German Samoa August 2014 This information sheet (number 3) provides an overview of New Zealand’s Occupation of German Samoa in 1914. Why did New Zealand occupy German Samoa? The danger to the convoy was real. At the outbreak of war, Germany had two heavy cruisers, When war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Britain SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau, three light asked New Zealand to seize the German colony of cruisers and various other ships stationed in the Pacific. Samoa as a ‘great and urgent Imperial service’. Throughout the two-week voyage to Samoa, the The Samoan archipelago had been ruled by Germany location of the German East Asia Squadron remained since 1899. unknown to the Allies. At the outbreak of war, Samoa was of strategic Naval support was strengthened after five days when importance to Germany. The radio transmitter located the New Zealand convoy reached Noumea in French in the hills above Apia was capable of sending long- New Caledonia. There they were joined by the Royal range Morse signals to Berlin. It could also Australian Navy’s battlecruiser HMAS Australia, the communicate with the 90 warships in Germany’s naval light cruiser HMAS Melbourne and the French fleet. Britain wanted this threat neutralised. armoured cruiser Montcalm. It was only on reaching Samoa that the weakness of the What happened? German defences became apparent: the colony was New Zealand’s response was swift. Led by Lieutenant- defended by just 20 troops and special constables Colonel Robert Logan, the approximately 1,400-strong armed with 50 aging rifles. -
Les Îles De La Manche ~ the Channel Islands
ROLL OF HONOUR 1 The Battle of Jutland Bank ~ 31st May 1916 Les Îles de la Manche ~ The Channel Islands In honour of our Thirty Six Channel Islanders of the Royal Navy “Blue Jackets” who gave their lives during the largest naval battle of the Great War 31st May 1916 to 1st June 1916. Supplement: Mark Bougourd ~ The Channel Islands Great War Study Group. Roll of Honour Battle of Jutland Les Îles de la Manche ~ The Channel Islands Charles Henry Bean 176620 (Portsmouth Division) Engine Room Artificer 3rd Class H.M.S. QUEEN MARY. Born at Vale, Guernsey 12 th March 1874 - K.I.A. 31 st May 1916 (Age 42) Wilfred Severin Bullimore 229615 (Portsmouth Division) Leading Seaman H.M.S. INVINCIBLE. Born at St. Sampson, Guernsey 30 th November 1887 – K.I.A. 31 st May 1916 (Age 28) Wilfred Douglas Cochrane 194404 (Portsmouth Division) Able Seaman H.M.S. BLACK PRINCE. Born at St. Peter Port, Guernsey 30 th September 1881 – K.I.A. 31 st May 1916 (Age 34) Henry Louis Cotillard K.20827 (Portsmouth Division) Stoker 1 st Class H.M.S. BLACK PRINCE. Born at Jersey, 2 nd April 1893 – K.I.A. 31 st May 1916 (Age 23) John Alexander de Caen 178605 (Portsmouth Division) Petty Officer 1 st Class H.M.S. INDEFATIGABLE. Born at St. Helier, Jersey 7th February 1879 – K.I.A. 31 st May 1916 (Age 37) The Channel Islands Great War Study Group. - 2 - Centenary ~ The Battle of Jutland Bank www.greatwarci.net © 2016 ~ Mark Bougourd Roll of Honour Battle of Jutland Les Îles de la Manche ~ The Channel Islands Stanley Nelson de Quetteville Royal Canadian Navy Lieutenant (Engineer) H.M.S. -
Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in Enigma Messages
Fall 2006 Chris Christensen MAT/CSC 483 Machine Ciphers Polyalphabetic ciphers are good ways to destroy the usefulness of frequency analysis. Implementation can be a problem, however. The key to a polyalphabetic cipher specifies the order of the ciphers that will be used during encryption. Ideally there would be as many ciphers as there are letters in the plaintext message and the ordering of the ciphers would be random – an one-time pad. More commonly, some rotation among a small number of ciphers is prescribed. But, rotating among a small number of ciphers leads to a period, which a cryptanalyst can exploit. Rotating among a “large” number of ciphers might work, but that is hard to do by hand – there is a high probability of encryption errors. Maybe, a machine. During World War II, all the Allied and Axis countries used machine ciphers. The United States had SIGABA, Britain had TypeX, Japan had “Purple,” and Germany (and Italy) had Enigma. SIGABA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA 1 A TypeX machine at Bletchley Park. 2 From the 1920s until the 1970s, cryptology was dominated by machine ciphers. What the machine ciphers typically did was provide a mechanical way to rotate among a large number of ciphers. The rotation was not random, but the large number of ciphers that were available could prevent depth from occurring within messages and (if the machines were used properly) among messages. We will examine Enigma, which was broken by Polish mathematicians in the 1930s and by the British during World War II. The Japanese Purple machine, which was used to transmit diplomatic messages, was broken by William Friedman’s cryptanalysts. -
Orders, Medals and Decorations
Orders, Medals and Decorations To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Lower Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 1 December 2016 at 12.00 noon and 2.30 pm Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 28 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 29 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 30 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 83 Price £15 Enquiries: Paul Wood, David Kirk or James Morton Cover illustrations: Lot 239 (front); lot 344 (back); lot 35 (inside front); lot 217 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com, www.numisbids.com and www.sixbid.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion. -
The Royal New Zealand Navy, 1910-2010 Michael Wynd
Small Steps from Empire to Independence: The Royal New Zealand Navy, 1910-2010 Michael Wynd Cet article explique le lien intime entre la Marine royale britannique et la la Marine royale néozélandaise dans l’histoire nationale et militaire de la Nouvelle-Zélande, une relation qui a commencé tôt dans l’histoire de la colonie avec l’inclusion de la Nouvelle-Zélande dans le cadre de l’Empire britannique. Jusqu’à dans le courant du vingtième siècle, la Nouvelle-Zélande a maintenu des liens étroits avec la Marine britannique et a embrassé avec enthousiasme son rôle de soutien de l’empire, comme peuvent en témoigner les contributions nationales aux deux guerres mondiales. Pour commencer, l’auteur passera en revue les contributions et le développement d’une marine très distinctement néozélandaise. La dernière partie de l’article examine le développement d’après-guerre de la Marine néozélandaise et les principaux changements qu’elle a subis pour devenir la force qu’elle est en 2010. The history of the Royal New Zealand Navy is a progression of small steps from Empire to independence. The navy in New Zealand has followed a very different path when compared to the experience of Australia and Canada. This paper will explore the influence of such factors as the nation’s manpower and financial capacity to build a fleet, perception of New Zealand’s place within the Empire, a growing self-awareness post- 1945, domestic and party factional politics in the 1970s and 1980s, and finally a shift back to multilateralism and cooperation in the past two decades. -
Veterans' Stories : Francis Noel Smith. Service No: C5472
1 Francis Noel Smith Service No: C5472 DANGER AT SEA: FROM RUSSIAN CONVOYS TO THE PORT OF ALGIERS Biography by Kim Newth When Noel Smith joined the New Zealand Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) in 1939 at age 17, he had no boating or sailing experience. Former schoolmates had recommended the RNVR and Noel found he liked the idea of an open air life at sea. After completing a relief tour aboard an armed merchant cruiser in the Pacific, the young man set sail with the Second Echelon1 on the grand troopship Aquitania2. As well as serving on patrol boats and coastal convoys, Noel went on to endure hazardous Arctic convoy work and a daring landing at the Port of Algiers that almost cost him his life. This is his story. ********************************************************* Being the first born into his family on 2nd March 1922, Francis Noel Smith had the honour of inheriting his father’s Christian name. Yet having two family members with the same name proved confusing, so the youngster was soon called by his middle name, Noel. His father – Francis William Smith – hailed originally from Invercargill and Noel believes his mother, Mabel, also came from there. By the time the couple started their family, they had moved to Christchurch where Francis had his own business for a time, a hardware store in Linwood. When this failed3, he found work as a hardware manager for a Christchurch company. Noel grew up with two younger brothers - Allan4 and Trevor - and the boys went to school at Phillipstown Primary. Noel attended Christchurch Technical College5 from the age of 13 for some 12 months before being offered a job working for city hardware merchants Ashby Bergh and Co. -
HMZ Philomel, P
NZART ID: 299 Arm Type: Armed Vessel, Date of Draft: (V1) 17 Nov 2015, Compiled by: Phil Cregeen Pattern: HMZ Philomel, Pearl Class Light Cruiser; Introduced in to NZ Service: 1914; Withdrawn: 1946 Builder: HM Naval Dockyard Devonport, UK; Launched: 9/5/1889; First commissioned in RN: 10/11/91. Tonnage: 2575; Dimensions: 278’ x 265’ x 41’ x 17.5’ (84.7 x 80.8 x 12.5 x 5.3 m). Machinery: 2 shaft, coal fired Triple Expansion, 7500 ihp; Speed: 19 knots. Armament: Guns - 8 x 4.7 in single, 8 x 3 pdr single, 4 MGs. Torpedo Tubes - 2 x 14”; Complement: 221. NZ Service In the years immediately prior to the outbreak of the First World War, the New Zealand government had been actively trying to establish its own naval forces to complement those of the Royal Australian Navy. The Minister of Defence, James Allan persuaded the British government to provide New Zealand with a cruiser to use as a seagoing training ship. The Royal Navy offered the aging and outdated Pearl-class cruiser HMS Philomel. Command of the ship was given to the New Zealand Naval Forces – which were established under the Naval Defence Act 1913 – but would revert back to the Royal Navy in times of war. The Philomel was commissioned in New Zealand on 15 July 1914, The ship was under the command of Captain Percival Hall-Thompson of the Royal Navy, who also served as naval advisor to the New Zealand government. On 30 July the Philomel was in Picton on the first day of her shake-down cruise with the first class of New Zealand naval recruits, (60 men) when it was ordered back to Wellington to prepare for imminent war with Germany. -
Historical Cryptography 2
Historical cryptography 2 CSCI 470: Web Science • Keith Vertanen Overview • Historical cryptography – WWI • Zimmerman telegram – WWII • Rise of the cipher machines • Engima • Allied encryption 2 WWI: Zimmermann Telegram • 1915, U-boat sinks Lusitania – 1,198 drown including 128 US – Germany agrees to surface 1st • 1916, new Foreign Minister – Arthur Zimmermann • 1917, unrestricted submarine warfare – Zimmermann hatches plan • Keep American busy at home • Persuade Mexico to: invade US and invite Japan to attack US as well Arthur Zimmermann 3 4 Mechanization of secret writing • Pencil and paper – Security limited by what humans can do quickly and accurately in the heat of battle • Enter the machine Thomas Jefferson's wheel cipher Captain Midnight's Code-o-Graph 5 Enigma machine • Enigma cipher machine – 1918, patented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius Arthur Scherbius – A electrical/mechanical implementation of a polyalphabetic substitution cipher 6 7 Enigma rotors • Rotor (wheel, drum) – Monoalphabetic substitution cipher implemented via complex wiring pattern – One of 26 initial positions – Geared: rotates after each letter • Rotor set – 3 rotors in 3!=6 possible orders • Eventually increased to 3 out of 5 • Navy used even more – Possible keys: • 3! * 263 = 6 * 17,576 = 105,456 8 Enigma plugboard • Plugboard – Operator inserts cables to swap letters – Initially 6 cables • Swaps 6 pairs of letters • Leaves 14 letters unswapped – Possible configurations: • 100,391,791,500 • Total keys: – 17,576 * 6 * 100,391,791,500 ≈ 10,000,000,000,000,000 -
History and Modern Cryptanalysis of Enigma's Pluggable Reflector
History and Modern Cryptanalysis of Enigma’s Pluggable Reflector Olaf Ostwald and Frode Weierud ABSTRACT: The development history of Umkehrwalze Dora (UKWD), Enigma's pluggable reflector, is presented from the first ideas in the mid-1920s to the last development plans and its actual usage in 1945. An Enigma message in three parts, enciphered with UKWD and intercepted by the British on 11 March 1945, is shown. The successful recovery of the key of this message is described. Modern computer-based cryptanalysis is used to recover the wiring of the unknown “Uncle Dick,” which the British called this field-rewirable reflector. The attack is based on the known ciphertext and plaintext pair from the first part of the intercept. After recovery of the unknown reflector wiring and the daily key the plaintext of the second part of the message is revealed. KEYWORDS: Enigma, cryptanalysis, Uncle Dick, Umkehrwalze Dora, UKWD, unsolved ciphers Address correspondence to Frode Weierud, Bjerkealleen 17, 1385 Asker, Norway. Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction Uncle Dick,1 as it was called by the codebreakers of Bletchley Park (BP), or Umkehrwalze Dora (UKWD), as designated by the Germans, was the nickname of a special pluggable reflector,2 used as the leftmost wheel within the scrambler 3 of the Enigma. The electro-mechanical cipher machine Enigma (from Greek αίνιγµα for “riddle”) was the backbone of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Arthur Scherbius, a German promoted electrical engineer and inventor of considerable standing, invented Enigma in 1918 [14]. Subsequently it was improved and then used by all three parts of the German armed forces, namely army (Heer), air force (Luftwaffe), and military navy (Kriegsmarine), for enciphering and deciphering of their secret messages. -
National Security Agency (NSA) Document: a History of U.S
Description of document: National Security Agency (NSA) document: A History of U.S. Communications Security Post World-War II – released under Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) Released date: February 2011 Posted date: 07-November-2011 Source of document: National Security Agency Declassification Services (DJ5) Suite 6884, Bldg. SAB2 9800 Savage Road Ft. George G. Meade, MD, 20755-6884 Note: Although the titles are similar, this document should not be confused with the David G. Boak Lectures available: http://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/Hist_US_COMSEC_Boak_NSA_1973.pdf The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. -----------------------------------------------------------------------~~) '; I .:· ! _k:::._,.l COMitfll A HISTORY OF U.S. -
The New Zealand Occupation of Samoa, 29 August 1914
The New Zealand occupation of Samoa, 29 August 1914 Introduction Information on the New Zealand involvement in the First World War normally consists of the units serving on Gallipoli, the Western Front, Egypt and Palestine. Less well known is the occupation of Samoa on 29 August 1914, which was the first military action to be performed by the newly established New Zealand armed forces. Mobilisation of the New Zealand Army New Zealand's response to the outbreak of war on 4 August was quick and wholehearted. Compulsory military training had begun in 1912 and had already yielded some 29,500 Territorials and 26,500 senior cadets. In addition, there were 10,000 reservists, or over 66,000 men in all. The occupation of Samoa, 29th August 1914 Map 1: The South Pacific Ocean. From Statistics of Samoa (Nation Master) No Imperial role for the New Zealand military forces had been decided before the war, but on the night of 6 August 1914, a message from the Secretary of State for War was received by His Excellency the Governor: "If your Ministers desire and feel themselves able to seize the German wireless station at Samoa, we should feel that this was a great and urgent Imperial service ..." This was approved next day, and four days later a mixed force of 1,413 1) men plus six nursing sisters was equipped and ready. New Zealand Expeditionary Force with captured German flag from Samoa. From FirstWorldWar.com. On the 15 August 1915 the Samoan Advance Force left Wellington, picking up 10 more infantrymen, some naval details, and guides and interpreters at Fiji, and on the 29 August 1915 it landed unopposed at Apia, the main island of Western Samoa. -
A Review Analysis of Two Fish Algorithm Cryptography Quantum Computing
IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, Volume 6, Issue 1, February 2017 ISSN (Online) : 2277-5420 www.IJCSN.org Impact Factor: 1.5 A Review Analysis of Two Fish Algorithm Cryptography Quantum Computing 1 Sukhvandna Abhi, 2 Umesh Sehgal 1, 2 GNA University Phagwara Abstract - In this analysis paper we tend to describe the evolution of cryptography ranging from the start of the twentieth century and continued into this day. Last 10 years quantum computing can begin to trounce everyday computers, resulting in breakthroughs in computer science. Specifically within the cryptography used from 1900 till the tip of war II.Quantum technologies supply immoderate secure communication sensors of unprecedented exactness and computers that square measure exponentially a lot of powerful than any mainframe for a given task. We compare the performance of the 5 AES finalists one kind of common software package platforms current 32-bit CPUs and high finish sixty four bit CPUs. Our intent is to indicate roughly however the algorithm’s speeds compare across a range of CPUs.The future of cryptography primarily based within the field of natural philosophy and by analyzing the hope to supply a allot of complete image of headed the 2 mail algorithms utilized in cryptography world. Keywords - Cryptography ancient secret writing system 1. Introduction regulated wherever the primary letter is substituted by the last letter, the second letter by the second to last letter then ryptography may be a subject that has been studied on. as a result of it's a monoalphabetic cipher and may and applied since ancient Roman times, and have only 1 doable key, this cipher is comparatively weak; Canalysis into higher coding ways continues to the but this wasn't a viable concern throughout its time as current day.