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September 2020, Pp.11-24 ISSN Online: 1737-9350; ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Scientific Press International Limited Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN JOURNALPrint: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (V) - Numéro 2 - Décembre 2020 INTERNATIONAL Septembre2020 – Sciences et Techniques de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688 Open Access Volume (V ) - Numéro 1 – Septembre 2020 : Volume: (V), Numéro 1 Eau-Climat’2020 de l’Environnementde Ressources en Eau et Changement Climatique Rédacteur en Chef : Pr Noureddine Gaaloul Publié par : International Sciences etTechniques l’Eau de et Journal _________________________________________________________________________Page 1 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement L’AssociationInternational Scientifique Journal Water Sciences andet Environment Technique Technologies pour l’Eau et V(v), N°1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sepc. 2020 Open Access - http://jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ l’Environnement en Tunisie (ASTEETunisie) Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 _________________________________________________________________________Page 2 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies V(v), No. 1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sep. 2020 Open Access - jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 "وجعْلنا ِمن الْماء ُكل شيٍء ح ٍي" َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ سورة اﻷنبياء أية 30 Et fait de l’eau toute chose vivante (Al-Anbiya 30) _________________________________________________________________________Page 3 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies V(v), No. 1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sep. 2020 Open Access - jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 http://jistee.org/journal-international-sciences-et-techniques-de-leau-et- de-lenvironnement/ _________________________________________________________________________Page 4 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies V(v), No. 1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sep. 2020 Open Access - jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 Comité Scientifique International (CSI-EC'2020) International Scientific Committee (ISC-EC'2020) Noureddine Gaaloul Université de Carthage – IRESA - INRGREF (Tunisie) Hamadi Habaieb Université de Carthage – IRESA -INAT (Tunisie) Zouhaier Nasr Université de Carthage -IRESA- INRGREF (Tunisie) Mohamed Hachicha Université de Carthage -IRESA- INRGREF (Tunisie) Taoufik Hermassi Université de Carthage – IRESA -INRGREF (Tunisie) Zouhaier Hlaoui Université de Tunis - Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis (Tunisie) Mohamed Habib Sellami Université de Jendouba – IRESA- ESIM (Tunisie) Hechmi Belaid Université de Jendouba -IRESA- ESIM (Tunisie) Rim Katlane Université de la Manouba - Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des Humanités (Tunisie) Adel Kharroubi Université de Gabès – ISSTEG (Tunisie) Hélène Ben Khemis ANME (Tunisie) Mohamed Meddi ENSH, (Algérie) Azzedine Hani Univ. Annaba (Algérie) Larbi Djabri Univ. Annaba (Algérie) Abdelhalim Yahiaoui Univ. Bechar (Algérie) Guergazi Saâdia Université de Biskra (Algérie) Saadane Djorfi Université de Annaba (Algérie) Beloulou Laroussi Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba (Algérie) Mohammed Achite Université de Chlef (Algérie) Abdelhalim Yahiaoui Université de Bechar (Algérie) Mohamed Bessenasse Université de Saad Dahlab- Blida (Algérie) Abdessamad Merzouk Université de Tlemcen (Algérie) Benabadji Noury Université de Tlemcen (Algérie) Guendouz Abdelhamid Université de Blida1(Algérie) Khoualdia Wacila Université de Souk-Ahras (Algérie) Belkacem Bekkoussa Université Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara (Algérie) Ali Essahlaoui Université Moulay IsmailMeknes (Maroc) El Ouali Abdelhadi Université Moulay Ismail Meknes (Maroc) Abdellah El Hmaidi Université Moulay Ismail Meknes (Maroc) Imad Manssouri Université Moulay Ismail Meknes (Maroc) Abdelmajid Moumen Université Nadour (Maroc) Mhamed Amyay Université deFès (Maroc) Abdelaziz Abdallaoui Université Moulay Ismail (Maroc) Sousou Sambou Univ. Cheikh Diop UCAD FST (Sénégal) Diop Ngom Fatou Univ. Cheikh Diop UCAD FST (Sénégal) Soro Nagnin UFR STRM (Cote d’Ivoire) Gnamba Franck Maxime UFR STRM (Cote d’ivoire) Soro Nagnin UFR STRM (Cote d’Ivoire) Cush Ngonzo Luwesi Univ. Dem. Rep. (Congo) Koussouhon A. Leonard FLLAC/ UAC (Congo) Koumassi Dègla Hervé LACEEDE/UAC (Bénin) Hamma Yacouba 2iE (Burkina Faso) Harouna Karambiri 2iE (Burkina Faso) Lienou Gaston Univ. Yaoundé (Cameroun) Gnandi Kissao Univ. Lomé (Togo) Hamadoun Bokar Univ. ENI-abt (Mali) Saeid Eslamian Université de. Isfahan (Iran) Amadou Gaye CR4D (Ethiopia) Richard Anyah CR4D (Ethiopia) Benjamin Lamptey CR4D (Ethiopia) Aqeel Al-Adili Univ. Technology (Iraq) Moumtaz Razack Université de Poitiers (France) Lucila Candella Univ. Catalonia (Spain) Fotis K. Pliakas Univ. Thrace (Greece) Andreas Kallioras . Univ. Athens (Greece) Christoph Schüth Tech.Univ. Darmstrad (Germany) _________________________________________________________________________Page 5 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies V(v), No. 1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sep. 2020 Open Access - jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 http://jistee.org/journal-international-sciences-et-techniques-de-leau-et- de-lenvironnement/ _________________________________________________________________________Page 6 Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies V(v), No. 1 - / V(v), Issue 1 – Sep. 2020 Open Access - jistee.org/volume-v-2020/ Journal International Sciences et Technique de l’Eau et de l’Environnement ISSN Online: 1737-9350 ISSN Print: 1737-6688, Open Access Volume (v) - Numéro 1 - Septembre 2020 Préface L’agriculture n’est pas possible sans eau. Les sécheresses et les canicules affectent la vie biologique des sols, la biodiversité et toutes les fonctions liées. Dans les pays confrontés au stress hydrique, l’irrigation remonte ainsi à l’histoire la plus ancienne1. Il en allait de la sécurisation des systèmes alimentaires et du progrès humain. L’épanouissement de civilisations brillantes - mésopotamienne et égyptienne, inca etaztèque, méditerranéennes et oasiennes, - y trouve son origine. L’eau, élément essentiel à la vie et au développement humain, est une ressource critique dans la région méditerranéenne. D`es le début des années 70, au moment de l’ é́ mergence des questions d’environnement comme élément important de l’agenda international, la Méditerranée apparaissait naturellement comme une zone particulièrement fragile à la fois en raison de la forte pollution de la Méditerranée et des contraintes d’approvisionnement en eau douce. Aujourd’hui la région méditerranéenne ne dispose que de 3% des ressources en eau mondiales, alors qu’elle représente 7% de la population mondiale, et on y trouve 60% de la population mondiale dite pauvre en eau. Le changement climatique impacte le cycle de l’eau et l’agriculture. Les cinq grands risques identifiés par le dernier rapport du GIEC sont relatifs à l’eau, à l’agriculture et aux moyens de subsistance. Le risque est mondial, régional (Afrique, Méditerranée, Asie du Sud…), national et local. La sécurité alimentaire sera affectée sous ses quatre aspects (accès, stabilité, disponibilité, qualité) tout au long du siècle. Face au constat d’une vulnérabilité généralisée de nos territoires en proie au manque d’eau, aux inondations et autres aléas climatiques, la question n’est plus de savoir s’il faut agir, mais où, comment et quelles priorités se donner pour investir. Ainsi, les enjeux climatiques et alimentaires invitent à réinventer les liens entre l’eau, l’agriculture et la société, à anticiper les effets du dérèglement et à promouvoir une autre culture de l’eau, intégrant le continuum eau bleue/eau verte et réunissant les solutions au lieu de les opposer. La COVID-19 a tiré un signal d’alarme sur l’importance d’assurer l’accès à l’eau potable, l’assainissement et l’hygiène pour tous afin de protéger la santé et le bien-être humain. L’utilisation de l’eau en tant que ressource essentielle pour combattre la COVID-19 à travers les gestes d’hygiène (le lavage des mains avec du savon et de l’eau) est maintenant mondialement perçue comme étant le meilleur moyen de prévention contre la transmission de la COVID-19. Ce qui semble être une simple recommandation de l’OMS, fondée sur des principes d’hygiène de base, devient beaucoup plus compliqué dans la région MENA qui est la plus touchée par la pénurie hydrique frappante surtout que plus de 60 % de la population de cette région vit dans des zones subissant un stress hydrique élevé
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