Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Definition and Measurement of Dangerous Research
Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland The Definition and Measurement of Dangerous Research Alex Greninger July 2004 CISSM School of Public Policy This paper was prepared as part of the Advanced Methods of Cooperative Security Program at 4113 Van Munching Hall the Center for International and Secuirty Studies at Maryland, with generous support from the University of Maryland John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. College Park, MD 20742 Tel: 301-405-7601 [email protected] Outline I. Introduction to the Biological Research Security System Model A. The 3-D Definition of Danger 1. Define Transmissibility 2. Define Infectivity 3. Define Lethality B. Defining the Project At Hand C. Where Do Candidate Pathogens Fit into the Danger Terrian? II. Influenza A. Parameter Background 1. Transmissibility 2. Lethality 3. Infectivity B. Highlighting Problematic Research That Has Been Done 1. General Pathogenesis 2. Determinants of 1918 Influenza Pathogenesis 3. Determinants of H5N1 Virus Pathogenesis C. Highlighting Problematic Research That Could Be Done D. Difficulties in Creating an Oversight System for Influenza Research E. Recommendations for Influenza Research III. Pneumonic Plague A. Parameter Background 1. Transmissibility 2. Infectivity 3. Lethality 4. Conclusions B. Highlighting Problematic Research That Has Been Done 1. Increasing Presentation or Activity of Virulence Factors 2. Therapy and Prophylaxis Resistance C. Highlighting Problematic Research That Could Be Done D. Conclusions IV. Conclusions A. Recommendations 1. Include Countermeasures 2. Build the Science of Transmissibility 3. Recognize the Threat Presented By Host Susceptibility and Immunology 4. Keep Weaponization Information Under Control 5. Is Infectivity Useful? B. Long-Term Dilemmas 1. -
RHODE ISLAND M Edical J Ournal
RHODE ISLAND M EDICAL J ournaL DANIEL HALPREN-RUDER, MD, PhD JOHN R. LONKS, MD ANTHONY E. MEGA, MD FRED J. SCHIFFMAN, MD JON A. MUKAND, MD, PhD LYNN E. TAYLOR, MD MARIA A. MILENO, MD JENNIE E. JOHNSON, MD BRETT D. OWENS, MD RAMIN R. TABADDOR, MD JIE TANG, MD, MPH, MSc WEN-CHIH WU, MD, MPH RIMJ GUEST EDITORS of 2020 See story, page 21 DECEMBER 2020 VOLUME 103 • NUMBER 10 ISSN 2327-2228 URGENT RESOURCES FOR URGENT TIMES. In a pandemic, speed and access to information and You can access Coverys’ industry-leading Risk resources are vital. Management & Patient Safety services, videos, and staff training at coverys.com. Knowledge saves time, and you need all the time you can get to save lives. Introducing the COVID-19 Resource Center. All in one place, for our policyholders as well as for all Right here, right now, for you. healthcare providers. On our website, you’ll find the latest information and Thank you. For all that you are doing. You are our heroes, resources for important topics like: and we are here if you need us. • Telemedicine: including best practices and plain language consent forms • Links to infectious disease prevention guidance • Education and resources for healthcare providers on the front lines Medical Liability Insurance • Business Analytics • Risk Management • Education COPYRIGHTED. Insurance products issued by ProSelect® Insurance Company and Preferred Professional Insurance Company® RHODE ISLAND M EDICAL J OURNAL 7 COMMENTARY Reflections on 2020, the year of COVID RIMJ EDITORS A Pandemic-Inspired Transformation of Primary Care JEFFREY BORKAN, MD, PhD PAUL GEORGE, MD, MHPE ELI Y. -
Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends Over Pan-Arctic Tundra
Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 4229-4254; doi:10.3390/rs5094229 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends over Pan-Arctic Tundra Uma S. Bhatt 1,*, Donald A. Walker 2, Martha K. Raynolds 2, Peter A. Bieniek 1,3, Howard E. Epstein 4, Josefino C. Comiso 5, Jorge E. Pinzon 6, Compton J. Tucker 6 and Igor V. Polyakov 3 1 Geophysical Institute, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.A.W.); [email protected] (M.K.R.) 3 International Arctic Research Center, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, 930 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Cryospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.E.P.); [email protected] (C.J.T.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-907-474-2662; Fax: +1-907-474-2473. -
Wu Guanzhong's Artistic Career Yong Zhang1,*
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 572 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2021) Wu Guanzhong's Artistic Career Yong Zhang1,* 1 State Specialist Institute of Arts, Rezervnyy Proyezd, D.12, Moscow, 121165 Russia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Combining with Wu Guanzhong's learning experience, this paper analyzes Chinese oil painting art characteristics in different periods, and the method of integrating traditional Chinese ink and wash painting language with the western modern design language in the aspects such as modelling, colour and composition. Wu Guanzhong successfully used western painting method to show the Oriental artistic conception, and formed unique composition views and forms. With the use of concise and simple colors and free-writing lines, the painter's personal emotions, thoughts and standpoint and deep understanding of life can be expressed. On the basis of in-depth research on the essence, connotation and thought of Chinese and Western art, Wu Guanzhong found the "junction" of the integration of Chinese and Western art. Keywords: Wu Guanzhong, Hangzhou Academy of Art, Ink and wash painting, Oil painting, Integration of Chinese and Western art. 1. INTRODUCTION Wu Guanzhong entered Hangzhou Academy of Art to study Chinese and Western paintings. In the Wu Guanzhong (1919-2010), the People's school, he received direct guidance from teachers Artist, Art Educator, and Professor of the Academy such as Li Chaoshi, Fang Ganmin, and Pan of Arts and Design of Tsinghua University, used to Tianshou. Li Chaoshi and Fang Ganmin are both be an executive director of the Chinese Artists teachers who have returned from studying in Association, a member of the Standing Committee France, but their styles of painting are different. -
Tidal Resonance in the Gulf of Thailand
Ocean Sci., 15, 321–331, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-321-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Tidal resonance in the Gulf of Thailand Xinmei Cui1,2, Guohong Fang1,2, and Di Wu1,2 1First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China 2Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modelling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China Correspondence: Guohong Fang (fanggh@fio.org.cn) Received: 12 August 2018 – Discussion started: 24 August 2018 Revised: 1 February 2019 – Accepted: 18 February 2019 – Published: 29 March 2019 Abstract. The Gulf of Thailand is dominated by diurnal 1323 m. If the GOT is excluded, the mean depth of the rest tides, which might be taken to indicate that the resonant fre- of the SCS (herein called the SCS body and abbreviated as quency of the gulf is close to one cycle per day. However, SCSB) is 1457 m. Tidal waves propagate into the SCS from when applied to the gulf, the classic quarter-wavelength res- the Pacific Ocean through the Luzon Strait (LS) and mainly onance theory fails to yield a diurnal resonant frequency. In propagate in the southwest direction towards the Karimata this study, we first perform a series of numerical experiments Strait, with two branches that propagate northwestward and showing that the gulf has a strong response near one cycle per enter the Gulf of Tonkin and the GOT. The energy fluxes day and that the resonance of the South China Sea main area through the Mindoro and Balabac straits are negligible (Fang has a critical impact on the resonance of the gulf. -
China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States
Order Code RL32688 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Updated April 4, 2006 Bruce Vaughn (Coordinator) Analyst in Southeast and South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Wayne M. Morrison Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Summary Southeast Asia has been considered by some to be a region of relatively low priority in U.S. foreign and security policy. The war against terror has changed that and brought renewed U.S. attention to Southeast Asia, especially to countries afflicted by Islamic radicalism. To some, this renewed focus, driven by the war against terror, has come at the expense of attention to other key regional issues such as China’s rapidly expanding engagement with the region. Some fear that rising Chinese influence in Southeast Asia has come at the expense of U.S. ties with the region, while others view Beijing’s increasing regional influence as largely a natural consequence of China’s economic dynamism. China’s developing relationship with Southeast Asia is undergoing a significant shift. This will likely have implications for United States’ interests in the region. While the United States has been focused on Iraq and Afghanistan, China has been evolving its external engagement with its neighbors, particularly in Southeast Asia. In the 1990s, China was perceived as a threat to its Southeast Asian neighbors in part due to its conflicting territorial claims over the South China Sea and past support of communist insurgency. -
Understanding the Relative Impacts of Natural Processes and Human Activities on the Hydrology of the Central Rift Valley Lakes, East Africa
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. (2015) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10490 Understanding the relative impacts of natural processes and human activities on the hydrology of the Central Rift Valley lakes, East Africa Wondwosen M. Seyoum, Adam M. Milewski* and Michael C. Durham Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Abstract: Significant changes have been observed in the hydrology of Central Rift Valley (CRV) lakes in Ethiopia, East Africa as a result of both natural processes and human activities during the past three decades. This study applied an integrated approach (remote sensing, hydrologic modelling, and statistical analysis) to understand the relative effects of natural processes and human activities over a sparsely gauged CRV basin. Lake storage estimates were calculated from a hydrologic model constructed without inputs from human impacts such as water abstraction and compared with satellite-based (observed) lake storage measurements to characterize the magnitude of human-induced impacts. A non-parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to detect the presence of climatic trends (e.g. a decreasing or increasing trends in precipitation), while the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) analysis was used to assess the long-term, inter-annual climate variability within the basin. Results indicate human activities (e.g. abstraction) significantly contributed to the changes in the hydrology of the lakes, while no statistically significant climatic trend was seen in the basin, however inter-annual natural climate variability, extreme dryness, and prolonged drought has negatively affected the lakes. The relative contributions of natural and human-induced impacts on the lakes were quantified and evaluated by comparing hydrographs of the CRV lakes. -
THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H a R V a R D a S I a P a C I F I C R E V I E W
THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H A R V A R D A S I A P A C I F I C R E V I E W V O L U M E VI • I S S U E 2 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN ASIA 6 Whither Biotechnology in Japan? Why biotechnology hasn’t yet taken off By Arthur Kornberg 10 Manchurian Plague Medicine and politics, East and West By William Summers 16 The Future of Chinese Education Educational reform and development in China By Chen Zhili 22 Libraries in Asia New life for libraries in the digital age By Hwa-Wei Lee 25 China’s Manned Space Program What is that all about? By Joan Johnson-Freese 34 Research and Development in China Traditions, transformations, and the future of science and technology policy By Zeng Guoping and Li Zhengfeng 37 Science and Technology in China Personal recommendations for the advancement of Chinese technology By Shing-Tung Yau 44 The Chinese Mindset What science and technology have done for modern China By Song Jian 46 Papermaking in China Ancient science and technology transfer By Pan Jixing 2 Fall 2002 – Volume 6, Number 2 CHINA China and the WTO 50 A report from one year after accession By Jin Liqun Globalization and Federalization 56 New challenges for Asia and the world By Wu Jiaxiang China’s Socioeconomically Disadvantaged 62 Breaking the surface of a challenging problem By Wu Junhua NORTHEAST ASIA Elections in Japan 66 How elections affect the economy By Junichiro Wada North Korea 69 Present and future By Robert Scalapino CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA Schooling in Iran 76 Education in Central Asia’s Most Enigmatic Country By Yadollah Mehralizadeh Globalizing What? 79 History, economics, equity, and efficiency By Amartya Sen PAN ASIA Cities and Globalization 83 The present and future of urban space By Saskia Sassen East and West 88 The ideogram versus the phonogram By Shigeru Nakayama Harvard Asia Pacific Review 3 H A R V A R D EDITOR IN CHIEF SAMUEL H. -
Viral Reflections
2 Viral Reflections Placing China in Global Health Histories Mary Augusta Brazelton There are few narratives as compelling, or as contested, as the beginning of an epidemic. Where did it come from? How did it spread? The history of medicine suggests that these questions are usually impossible to answer definitively and often only reinforce harmful stigmas and misconceptions.1 Nonetheless, the origin of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has attracted a wealth of attention and speculation from scientists, government officials, and media commentators. The exact means of zoonotic transmission remain unclear, but there is a broad consensus that the condition caused by the virus, known as COVID-19, first appeared in Wuhan in late 2019. The role attributed to the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in responding to the outbreak has varied greatly, ranging from accusations of negligence in allowing the virus to spread outside its borders to assertions of its success in controlling the outbreak through extensive quarantine and rapid resource mobilization. Distinct cultures and politics of science and medicine have contributed to strikingly variable national responses to this global crisis. In South Korea and Taiwan, epidemiologists have employed contact tracing, border surveillance, and increased dissemination of face masks. In the United States, federal authorities imposed barriers to early diagnostic testing, and President Donald Trump promoted 24 : THE PANDEMIC: PERSPECTIVES ON ASIA the drug hydroxychloroquine despite a lack of evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Swedish officials have articulated the concept of herd immunity, in contrast to standard epidemiological usage, as a means by which the majority of a population might gain immunity to COVID-19 by contracting it. -
8(Sihn Kyu-Hwan)
Unexpected Success: The Spread of Manchurian Plague and the Response of Japanese Colonial Rule in Korea, 1910-1911 SIHN Kyu-hwan Abstract This paper aims to examine the spread of Manchurian plague and the response of the Japanese colonial government. Previous studies of this issue stressed the successful, albeit forced, preventative measures taken by the Japanese colonial government. However, this paper argues that Western pow- ers did not agree with the new theory that pneumonic plague was transmitted through respiratory infections, as discovered by Wu Liande and promoted by Kitasato Shibasaburo. They continued to believe the old Japanese theory that the plague was transmitted through fleas from rodents. The Japanese colonial government focused on reducing the rat population to prevent the spread of plague. Moreover, they had no quarantine hospitals or other equipment, and epidemic prevention programs and measures were inadequate. The success of their efforts was due less to the measures taken by the Japanese colonial gov- ernment than from the low influx of Chinese laborers into Korea. Keywords: Manchurian plague, pneumonic plague, Wu Liande, Kitasato Shibasaburo, Japanese Government-General, Rat Removal Movement, influx of Chinese laborers, quarantine * This paper was presented at the international symposium on Intellectual Exchanges and Historical Memories in East Asia held under the co-auspices of Northeast Asian History Foundation and Research Forum of East Asian History, Seoul, December 5-6, 2008. SIHN Kyu-hwan is a fellow at the Department of Medical History, College of Medicine, Yonsei University. He received his Ph.D. in Modern Chinese History of Medicine from the same university in 2005. -
Salvia Plus Formula (Adapted) Dan Shen Yin
Far East Summit ®® Salvia Plus Formula (Adapted) Dan Shen Yin Biomedical Presentation Angina pectoris , chronic gastritis , peptic ulcer , pancreatitis, hepatitis, and cholecystitis. Clinical Presentation Palpitations , stabbing abdominal pain or epigastric pain which radiates upward , hypochondriac pain, and irritability. Tongue Purplish, possibly pale-purple. Pulse Deep, choppy. Energetic Functions Quickens the blood and transforms stasis, courses the qi, nourishes blood, relieves pain. Chinese Medical Indications Qi stagnation and blood stasis in the middle burner. Blood vacuity. Herbal Ingredients and Analysis Pharmaceutical Latin Binomial Pinyin English Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Salvia miltiorrhiza dan shen Salvia root Radix Polygoni Multiflori Polygonum he shou wu Polygonum (he shou multiflorum wu) root Fructus Mori Albae Morus alba sang shen White Mulberry fruit Fructus Crataegi Crataegus pinnatifida shan zha Chinese Hawthorn berry Semen Cassiae Torae Cassia obtusifolia jue ming zi Cassia seed Rhizoma Alismatis Alisma orientale ze xie Alisma rhizome Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis Schisandra chinensis du zhong Eucommia bark Radix Angelicae Sinensis Angelica sinensis dang gui Dong Quai root Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis Schisandra chinensis wu wei zi Schisandra fruit Radix Rubrus Paeoniae Lactiflorae Paeonia lactifora chi shao Red Peony root Salvia Plus (cont.) Herbal Ingredients and Analysis (cont.) Pharmaceutical Latin Binomial Pinyin English Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis Scutellaria huang qin Scutellaria (huang qin) baicalensis root Lignum Santali Albi Santalum album tan xiang Sandalwood wood Fructus Amomi Amomum villosum sha ren Cardamon Amomum (sha ren) fruit Radix Aucklandiae Lappae Aucklandia lappa mu xiang Saussurea root Salvia nourishes blood, quickens the blood, dispels stasis, and relieves pain. Sandalwood, Cardamon and Saussurea rectify qi. Together these medicinals provide the main action of the formula by quickening blood, transforming stasis and rectifying qi. -
Cold Season Emissions Dominate the Arctic Tundra Methane Budget
Cold season emissions dominate the Arctic tundra methane budget Donatella Zonaa,b,1,2, Beniamino Giolic,2, Róisín Commaned, Jakob Lindaasd, Steven C. Wofsyd, Charles E. Millere, Steven J. Dinardoe, Sigrid Dengelf, Colm Sweeneyg,h, Anna Kariong, Rachel Y.-W. Changd,i, John M. Hendersonj, Patrick C. Murphya, Jordan P. Goodricha, Virginie Moreauxa, Anna Liljedahlk,l, Jennifer D. Wattsm, John S. Kimballm, David A. Lipsona, and Walter C. Oechela,n aDepartment of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182; bDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; cInstitute of Biometeorology, National Research Council, Firenze, 50145, Italy; dSchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; eJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099; fDepartment of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; gCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80304; hEarth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305; iDepartment of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2; jAtmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421; kWater and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7340; lInternational Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7340; mNumerical Terradynamic Simulation