FRENCH NEWSPAPERS AND EPHEMERA FROM THE 1848 REVOLUTION

MORNA DANIELS

THE British Library has exceptionally fine holdings relating to the French Revolution of 1789. The three collections purchased from or on the recommendation of John Wilson Croker comprise 48,579 pieces and have been briefly listed with some indication of subject, but not all have been catalogued.^ The 'R* set, the last to be purchased in 1856, includes a few items from the revolution of 1830. In 1898 Francois Chevremont, Marat's biographer, presented seventy volumes of works by or about Marat. ^ Croker himself lived to see the French Revolution of 1848. This event sparked off uprisings thoughout Europe, in Milan, Hanover, Munich, Prague, Vienna, Hungary, Prussia and Poland, and encouraged the Chartist movement in London. It swept away the 'bourgeois' King Louis-Philippe, and ushered in a period of political instability in France which led to the rise to power of Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I. It is represented in the British Library by an interesting small collection of newspapers, prints, election material and other ephemera, placed at shelfmark HS.74/1217. Who formed this collection is not entirely clear. Included among the ephemera is a registration form to vote in the plebiscite of 1852 filled in by Charles Viennot, an 'employe' (clerk) born in i8i8, and hving at 9 rue des Mathurins, noted as being in the ist arrondissement (fig. i). The rue des Mathurins, now in the 8th and 9th arrondissements, was named after a farm belonging to the Mathurin order."^ On maps of the time it is marked as rue neuve des Mathurins, as there was another rue des Mathurins near the Roman baths (now the Cluny Museum), which has since been destroyed. In the early nineteenth century the arrondissements were numbered across Paris from top left to lower right, so the rue neuve des Mathurins was indeed in ist arrondissement.* In i860 the suburbs were incorporated and the present pattern established. Furthermore, a poster among the ephemera is addressed in ink to 'Theodore Vienot' [sic]. Presumably, therefore, a Viennot assembled the collection, but as the items were not stamped with an acquisition date, it has not been possible to discover when they arrived in the British Museum. To set the collection in its historical context, the third French Revolution began in February 1848.^ Harvests had been bad in 1845 and 1846 and potato blight had also struck in 1846. The drop in demand for goods produced in Paris had lead to half of the Parisian workforce being unemployed. During 1847 public banquets had been held to 219 D^partcmcnt de la Seine.

(!e Paris. " Arrondissement,

SUR LE PLEBISCITE SOUMiS AU PEUPLE Conform I? ment au tiiifrct du 7 novfrnbrc fS52.

Diin'c du 21 it 22 iiovcmlire, do 8 heures du matin & 6 heurcs du soir. scniLin. Exlruil ih in Lisle, Eleciorale.

Fait a Paris, lo 15 novenibre 1852.

Le'lUaire,

Les tlfcleursriiiinrtrrciil Ifnrs luiilrlinspii'ijniV's cmiclioisde lusscniblt!'?. Cos bulletins cotilienrlroii! sculcm le nioi Oil on le n;al MON; c'cst-&-(lire racccpiaiion ou la non accci)iaiioii du PIt-biseitc. res biilltiir.E -proiU Iniprimi^'; cii mniiu?criis, .'^ur papier hlnnr, (*t sans sifjiie esK'ricur.

Fig. I. Registration certificate entitling Charles Viennot to vote in the plebiscite of 1852. HS.74/1217

220 call for universal suffrage, but Louis-Philippe and his chief minister Guizot resisted reform. A ban was placed on a banquet and a huge procession of workers scheduled for 22 February, but the procession and demonstrations took place. Attempts by soldiers and police to clear the streets lead to street fighting, an attack on Guizot's mansion, and the erection of barricades. That evening, a gun was fired at the municipal guards, perhaps by accident, perhaps as provocation, and the guards fired on the crowd, killing fifty-two of the demonstrators. The dead were dragged on carts through the poor districts. Fighting and destruction ensued. On the 24th King Louis-Philippe, who lost hope on the defection of the National Guard, abdicated. The Palais Royal and the Tuileries were sacked (though not burned down as in 1870). The King's eldest son had been killed in a carriage accident in 1842. His widow failed to persuade the National Assembly to accept her young son as King, and the Paris mob who swept her out of the Chamber ensured the election of a Provisional government which included the poet Alphonse de Lamartine, the physicist and astronomer Francois Arago, Pierre Marie, Adolphe Cremieux, Alexandre Ledru- RoUin, one of the founders and the chief financial supporter of La Reforme^ Flocon, its chief editor, the sociahst Louis Blanc, Marrast, editor of Le National, and Albert, a Parisian workman. They were installed in the Hotel de Ville. The red flag had so far been the emblem of the insurgents. In 1791 the National Guard had fired on a demonstration after martial law had been declared and indicated by a small red flag. From then on the red flag became the symbol of protest, and was flown in 1830 and 1848, together with black flags, to symbolize readiness to die.^ The Provisional government voted to retain the tricouleur^ and Lamartine (though personally in favour of the red flag) made a stirring speech in its defence in front of the Hotel de Ville. The French Republic was proclaimed on the 27th and French funds fell in London. Reforms included universal suffrage, a ten-hour day for Paris (eleven hours for the provinces), the abolition of slavery in the colonies, and the establishment of National Workshops for the unemployed. The Luxembourg Commission was set up to debate social reforms. Unfortunately nothing much practical resulted, and the collapse of the economy due to loss of confidence made it impossible for the government to subsidize the workshops for long. Taxes were still collected, and a 45% tax was imposed on land, which alienated the peasantry, who felt they were subsidizing the urban poor. Stamp duties on newspapers were suspended, as was the deposit of caution money for the duration of the elections. Nearly 400 newspapers appeared, many with titles recalhng the Revolution of 1789, and others supporting the monarchy. The papers were cheap, or even free. Collectors sought out the most ephemeral.'^ Political clubs sprang up, demanding more reforms and nationalization of financial institutions. The more ardent socialists were called Montagnards after the radicals of 1789 who had sat in the highest part of the Assembly. A communist manifesto was issued by the Club of the Rights of Man. The fiery leader of workers' demonstrations was Louis Auguste Blanqui who

221 denounced the weakness and trickery of the government, and demanded bread, freedom from taxation and the right of association for the workers. The well-organized conservatives did surprisingly well in the April elections to the National Assembly, provoking Radical anger, and violence in the provinces. On May 2 General Cavaignac was recalled from Algeria to restore order. On 15 May another huge Radical procession invaded the National Assembly and attempted to overthrow the government, but the hall was cleared by the National Guard. Blanqui, Sobrier, Raspail, Cabet-Barbes and Albert the workman were arrested and sent to the fortress of Vincennes. Louis Blanc fled into exile. When half the working population of Paris had enrolled in the workshops, the government decided to run them down gradually while trying to create work on the railways, although lack of finance made this difficult. On hearing of the decision the workers took to the streets and on 21 June fighting broke out. Next day barricades were erected in the east of the city, along the Faubourg St Antoine and at the Portes St Denis and St Martin. The battle raged all day with heavy casualties. General Cavaignac directing the government forces. The insurgents were defeated on the 24th, after about 10,000 had been killed or seriously injured. The Archbishop of Paris, Monseigneur Affre, who tried to mediate, was shot through the back and died on the 27th. Another mediator. General Brea, was also killed. La Presse and ten other journals were banned. Most were allowed to reappear ten or eleven days later, except the Presse which had to wait till 6 August.' Cavaignac formed a new government and a reaction began. The insurgents were rounded up, the workshops closed and the National Guard disarmed. Caution money was again demanded for political newpapers. Though some in the National Assembly tried to amend the constitution so that the Assembly elected the leader of the country, which would have favoured Cavaignac, who had strong support in the Assembly, this amendment was defeated, and on 11 December Louis-Napoleon was elected President by universal male suffrage, the first such election in any country in the world (fig. 2). The Illustrated London News ridiculed women's political clubs which proposed that, as women were not able to vote for the President, they should choose a President's wife, since both Cavaignac and Louis-Napoleon were single. 1849 saw a continuation of the ferment of debate in Paris, fuelled by ultra-Republican and Bonapartist newspapers, but in January political clubs were gradually closed down, only six remaining at the end of the month out of thirty-seven which had existed in July 1848. The Left protested at Napoleon's use of French troops to suppress the Roman Republic. In March the imprisoned insurgents were tried at Bourges to avoid demonstrations in the capital, and by May 1,220 had been sentenced to transportation. The rest were gradually released. Large numbers of troops in the capital controlled anti- government demonstrations and foiled an attempted coup d'etat by radicals, including Ledru-Rollin, on 13 June. On 13 June new restrictive legislation on the press was passed.^ Members of the National Assembly could not publish newspapers. Subscriptions could not be raised to 222 Candidal presence par Nicolas, appuye par la Presse.

PHf/SSl

MAIS HON; PUI5QUE C'EST LE CHAPEAU HA CA ! .. .. IHAIS MAIS C EST

DE L' EMP'REUR. UN ANE!

Fig. 2. Anti-Bonapartist caricature, showing Louis-Napoleon as a dotikey sponsored by Tsar Nicholas I, 1848. HS.74/1217

223 Fig. J. The destruction of the printing presses of M. Boule. Illustrated London News, 23 June 1849, p. 421 pay the fines of editors. Papers could be suspended and editors imprisoned for inciting civil war, seducing troops from their allegiance, or circulating false information. Six radical papers: Le Peuple^ La Republique Democratique et Sociale^ La Vraie Re'publique, La Democratie Pacifique^ La Reforme^ and La Tribune were closed down. Mihtary posts were established in the editorial offices. Police called at the offices of Le National, Le Siecle, and La Presse, and warned them that if they printed socialist articles they would be closed down. M. Boule, a printer of revolutionary papers, had his presses smashed by national guards (see fig. 3). During 1850 attacks on radicalism continued. Newspapers were overwhelmed with fines, public meetings were forbidden and Republicans dismissed from pubhc service. On 2 December 1851 Louis-Napoleon staged a coup d*etat to seize power permanently. The police occupied major newspaper offices and the Presse and Opinion publique were suspended. Other papers were allowed to continue if they did not comment on the coup. A Republican rising in protest was crushed, both in Paris and in the provinces, and a plebiscite approved Louis-Napoleon's actions. A decree on 17 February 1852 announced that newspapers could only be established with government permission, on the payment of twice the previous amounts as surety. Owners could nominate editors, but they were appointed by the Minister of the Interior. Only official bulletins of parliamentary debates

224 could be published, and it became an offence to publish under its own or any other name a journal that had been suppressed. (Some journals had constantly reappeared under different names.) Another plebiscite confirmed Louis-Napoleon as emperor in 1852. The Provisional government was correct in blaming newspapers for inciting insurrection. In March 1848 Les droits de Pkomme. Tribune des proletaires (The rights of man. Tribune of the workers) denounced the crushing of nationalist uprisings in Galicia, Naples, Palermo and Portugal, where the Queen was destroying the constitution. It rather optimistically announced an annual subscription of 8 francs. Le vrai pere Duchene de 1848, journal des classes ouvrieres (the true Pere Duchene of 1848, a paper of the working classes) used a traditional revolutionary pseudonym. No. i, 21-3 May 1848, calls for the abolition of the exploitation of the workers, the voluntary association of workers and masters, and denounces the 'trickery' of 15 May, when the National Guard drove Radical protestors from the National Assembly. It asks its readers if they know the 'agents provocateurs' who provoked the excesses which lead to arrests and repressive measures, and denounces Ledru-Rollin and Marrast for betraying the February Revolution. On i and 2 June Le tocsin des travailleurs (The workers' alarm-bell) attacked the dissolution of the National workshops and the Luxembourg commission. La carmagnole. Journal des enfants de Paris (named after a dance of the first revolution, but not for children) attacked the National Assembly in its first issue (i June), and was in favour of divorce for women. Uaccusateur public was published by Alphonse Esquiros and the Club du Peuple from 28, rue Monsieur-le-Prince, north-east of the Palais du Luxembourg in the university area. It accused the Provisional government of merely re-creating the government of Louis-Philippe in a less stable form, and of having impoverished the rich without enriching the poor. The government was also denounced for spending as much in three months as Louis-Philippe had spent in a year, and for making arbitrary arrests. The paper claimed that the radical Blanqui suffered prison conditions worse than he would have done under the monarchy, and it looked back nostalgically to the hopes of February. There were several papers for women (see fig. 4). La voix des femmes called for education for women and regulation of their working conditions. La politique des femmes^ nos. I and 2 (18 June and 2 August 1848), demanded a union for women workers, and support for the very poor. It includes a dialogue between a rich and a poor girl, who defends communists, and points to the injustice that the poor have to work up to eighteen hours a day, and the rich do no work at all. U opinion des femmes^ no. i (21 August 1848), argues for the association of workers, the education of working women, and, in another short piece, rejects ' Malthusianism' (birth-control) as unchristian. La Mere Michel, Gazette des vieilles portieres (Mother Michel, gazette of old door-keepers) contains a lament in issue i, August 1848, for a lost cat 'Minette-Liberte'. Uimpitoyable (Pitiless) was published only once, on 3 September 1848, and, despite its title, is mild and Utopian in tone. It criticizes the whole of the administrative and working system of France for harshness and unfairness towards workers and the poor, and demands ideals of fairness and social security scarcely realizable today. La bouche 225 Fig. 4. The idea of women soldiers caricatured in Le journal pour rive, no. 10 (8 April 1848). HS.74/1217

226 d'acier (Steel mouth) was issued from 2 rue Vivienne, now part of the old Bibliotheque Nationale complex, on 2 September 1848, and bemoans the deceived hopes of the revolution. The administrative abuses have not been reformed, it claims, only the names changed. Le Bohe'mien de Paris which appeared from 4 Place des Victoires in July 1848, claims the right to work for all, and urges the taxation of the rich. It objects to the sureties the newspaper publishers have to pay, and urges a subscription to help the families of detained insurgents. Le defenseur du peuple, no. i, November 1848, published in the rue de l'Arbre Sec, greets the revolutionaries in the rest of Europe. It claims a right to life and a right to work, and wants the state to provide work in winter for agricultural workers, and a savings bank to provide loans to workers. It also demands insurance societies to protect against future inability to work, and central state shops. It calls for new universal state regulation of agricultural production and employment, health care and education, and free access to justice for all. The socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is well represented in the collection. He first came to public attention with an essay on the question 'Qu'est-ce la propriete.'" (What is property ?), to which he answered ' La propriete, c'est le vol' (Property is theft). At first a friend of Marx, he fell out with him because he did not want to create a new dogma, and was against revolutionary action. He did not take part in the June insurrection. As well as a number of issues of Le representant du peuple which Proudhon edited between I April and 21 August 1848, the collection contains a copy of the speech he made to the National Assembly on 31 July, after the success of his paper had won him enough support to gain a seat. He defends a paper proposing a tax of a third on income from property. He wants the money raised to be used to found a bank to provide free loans and rent-free land and housing (apart from administrative costs), a suggestion greeted with 'Hilarite generale, prolongee'. Also included is a Spe'cimen^ which represents his attempt to launch a successor-paper Le peuple in September 1848, but he was frustrated by his inability to deposit a surety. However, the paper was relaunched from November 1848 to 13 June 1849 ^s Le peuple. Journal de la Republique Democratiqiie et Sociale. Proudhon secured contributions so that his paper could be distributed free in soldiers' barracks. In March 1849 he was charged with sedition and fled for a while to Belgium. On his return he was tried and sentenced to five years in prison and a 6,000 franc fine. Soldiers had been moved out of Paris to escape the baleful influence of the paper.^ As will be clear from this account, many of the newspapers in the collection lasted only a few issues and were shut down in July or August 1848 after the crushing of the insurrection. The more moderate were allowed to continue until another abortive uprising in June 1849. In 1850 overwhelming fines and lawsuits crushed the remaining Radical papers. The newspapers represented in the collection are listed in Appendix I. Fuller runs of most of them are also held at the Newspaper Library at Colindale. Indeed, a sampling of the holdings at Colindale reveals that the Library has about half the items hsted in La presse parisienne of 1848.^" As well as newspapers, the collection includes lithographic prints of portraits of the major personalities of the time, and political cartoons, some at the expense of Louis- 227 Napoleon. There are also other ephemera connected with the revolution and the subsequent elections. These are listed in Appendix IL

APPENDIX I FRENCH NEWSPAPERS OF 1848 The issues held in this collection are given first, followed in brackets by those in the Newspaper Library at Colindale {abbrev. Col.). The holdings at Colindale are more extensive, but this small collection holds issues for the most turbulent days of the revolution. Some issues appeared weekly or twice-weekly and have inclusive dates.

Vaccusateur public, nos. 1-4: n-14, 14-18, 18-21, 21-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues) Uaimable faubourien. no. 3: 8-11/6/48. {Col. nos. 1-5: 1-4- 15-18/6/48) Vamour de la patrie. no. i: 16/4/48. {Col. Same issue) Uassemblee nationale. no. 69: 8/5/48. (Col. From no. 14: 15/3/- 24/11/48 with gaps) Uavenir de la France, no. i; 1/8/48. {Col. Same issue) Les betises de la semaine. no. 2: 3/6/48. {Col. nos. i, 2: 27/5, 3/6/48) Le bohemien de Paris, no. i: juill. 1848. Only one published. (Col. Same issue) Le bonapartiste. no. i: 14/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 14, 17/6/48) Le bonheur public et general, ou les confessions du montagnard. no. i: 8/4/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 8/4 and 26/7/48) Le bonnet rouge, no. 2: 15-18/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 11, 15-18/6/48) La boucbe defer, no. i: 21/8/48. (Col. Same issue) La carmagnole, no. i: 1/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: i- 11-15/6/48) La chandelle democratique et sociale. Printed on pink paper, no. 2: av. 49. (Col. nos. i, 2: mar., av. 49) Le Charivari, nos. 59, 60, 179, 289, 344: 28, 29/2/48, 27/6/48, 26/8/48, 9/12/48. (Col. ann. 1-84: 1/12/1832-18/7/1915) La colere et le desespoir d^un vieux re'publicain. no. i: n.d. (Col. nos. i, 2: [1848]) La commune de Paris. Moniteur des clubs, nos. 34, 38, 40, 69, 79: 11, 14, 17/4, 15, 31/5/48. 3 sheets, two undated, and one dated 23/5/48 protesting against harassment and proclaiming revolutionary ideals. (Col. 1-87: 9/3-8/6/48. fev., mar. 1849) La commune sociale. no. i: dec. 1848. (Col. nos. 1-3 {1-5 on microfilm): dec. 48-mai 49. Le c oust it ut tonne I. nos. 150, 164, 239, an. 2, no. 6: 29/5, 15/6, 26/8/48, 6/1/49. Supplement of 15/1/52 with text of new constitution. (Col. 1815-1914 on microfilm) Le croque-mort de la presse. nos. i, 2: 12/48. (Col. nos. 1-6: dec. 1848-jan. 1849). This lists journals, pamphlets, satires, song-sheets and almanachs issued between February and December 1848 in Paris and other main cities and gives details of editors and editorial offices. Le defenseur du peuple. no. i: 11/48. (Col. nos. i, 2 (1-6 on microfilm): nov. 48-av. 49). La depeche. Courrter du soir. no. 3: 23/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-5: 20-25/3/48) Les droits de Phomme. no. 3: 9/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-3: 1-9/3/48) Ueducation republicaine. no. i: 20/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 20/5-juill. 48) 228 La France libre. nos. 1-4: 26/4, 12/5, 4/6, 8/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-5: 26/4-8/10/48) La France nouvelle. no. 20: 13/6/48. (Col. nos. 13, 15, 18, 20-1, 23, 26-9: 4-23/6/48. Gazette des tribunaux. no. 6576; 31/7 and 1/8/48. (Col 1/11/1825-1/3/1941) Vimpitoyable. no. i: 3/9/48. (Col. Same issue) Le journal, nos. 2, 6, 30, 42: 29/7, 2/8, 26/8, 7/9/48. (Col. nos. 1-96: juill.-oct. 1848) Journal de la vraie republique. nos. i, 3: 29/3, 3i/3/49- (Col. 1-77: 29/3 - 15/6/49) Journal de Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, no. i: dec. 48. (Col. Same issue) Journal des debuts politiques et litteraires. 21/2, 13/3, 30/5, 26-27/8/48. (Col. 1800-1944) Journal des pauvres. no. i: sept. 48. (Col. Same issue) Journal des sans-culottes. no. 3: 8-11/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4 (1-6 on microfilm): 28/5-1/6/48- 6/2/49) Le journal pour rire. no. 10: 8/4/48. (Col. nos. 1-191: 5/2/48-29/12/55) Le laboureur. Specimen: nov. 48. (Col. sp., 2-15: dec. 48-juill. 49 on microfilm) Le lampion, nos. 29, 30, 40-42: 25/6, 8/8, 19-21/8/48. (Col. nos. 1-42: 22/5-21/8/48) La liberte'. nos. 11,24,34-5,42,50,66, 116, 119, 131-2, 135-6, 139-43: ii/3> 24/3, 3-4/4, ri/4, 19/4, 5/5, 24/6, 7/8, 20-21/8, 24-5/8, 28/8 - 1/9/48- (Col. nos. 2-146, 153, 165: 2/3 - 2/9/48 and 8, 9, 16, 28/11/48. Le magasin politique. no. i: [apr. 48 in pencil]. (Col. nos. 1-5: av.-mai 48) La mere Michel. Gazette des vieilles portieres, no. i. (Col. nos. 1-4: Aug. 1848) Le moniteur republicain. 24/2, 28/2/48. (Col. Same issues) Le moniteur universal, no. 320: 15/11/52. (Col. 1811-1901 (mostly microfilm)) La montagne. Specimen, nos. i, 2: 19/11/48, dec. 48, jan. 49. (Col. nos. 1-4: 12/48- 3/49) Napoleon republicain. nos. i, 4: 11-14/6/48, 18-21/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-6: 11/14-23/25/6/48) Le Napoleonien. nos. i, 2, 7, 8: 12, 13, 18, 19/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-13: 12-24/6/48). Vordre. Specimen. 14/8/48. (Col. Same issue) Vorganisation du travail, nos. 3, 6, 9, 21: 5/6, 8/6, 11/6, ZT^/d/^^. (Col. nos. 1-22: 3-24/6/48) Le perdu chene [sic] de la revolution, no number or date. (Col. Same issue) Le pere Duchene. Gazette de la Revolution, nos. 2, 9, 15, 29, 31, 33-5: 16/4, 7/5, 21/5, 20/6, 13/8, 17/8, 20/8, 22/8/48. (Col. nos. 1-35: 10/4-24/8/48) Le pere Duchene. Ancien fabric ant de fournaux. Gazette de la Revolution, no. 4: 11/48. (Col. nos. 1-5: 12/3, 18, 22-25/6, nov., dec. 48) Le peuple. Specimen, nos. 2-13, 25-206, but missing issues 36, 45, 50, 72, 84, 85-87, 92-94, 105, 126, 132, 140, 151, 167, 170-1, 175, 177, 182, 189, 203: Issues 1-3 undated, 4 & 5 weekly, 8-15 & 15-21 nov., then daily 23/11/48-12/6/49. (Col. nos. 2-205: 25/10/48-13/6/49) Le peuple constituant. nos. i, 16, 131, 134: undated [27/2], 13/3, 8/7, 11/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-134: 27/2-11/7/48) Le pilori. nos. i, 2: 18, 21/6/48. (Col. Same issues) M. Pipelet. undated sheet. (Not at Col.) La politique des femmes. Two issues numbered i: 18-24/6 and 21/8/48; no. 2: aout 1848. (Col. Same issues) Le pot aux roses, no. i: Dec. 1848. (Col. Same issue.) Not recorded at Bibliotheque nationale. La presse. Edited by Emile de Girardin. nos. 4300, 4308, 34[i.e. 43]8i, 4399, 4421, 4426, 4453, 4457, 4458, 4521, 4523, 4527, 4531, 4537, 4539. 4549, 4552, 4613, 4659, 4660, 4662-3,

229 4720, 472S: 25-29/2, 27/2, 11/5, 29/5, 21/6, 7/8, 3/9, 7-8/9, ii/ii, 13/11, 17/11, 21/11, 29/11, 9/12, 12/12/1848; 12/2, 30-31/3. 2-3/4, 2/6, 7/6/1849. Evening edn. nos. 30, 33, 40: 3/6, 6/6, 14/6/1848. (Col. 1/10/41-24/6/48, 7/8/48-31/12/80. Evening edn. nos. 1-3, 5, 7-9, 12-15, 22, 23, 25-27, 29-31, 33-37, 39-41, 44, 47: 4/5-21/6/48 passim) La presse republuaine. nos. 2, 4: 5/7, 7/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 4-7/7/48) Le representant du peuple. nos. i, 4, 60, 61, 83-4, 88, 89 (two issues, one wrongly numbered), 9O-95> 98, ioi, 104-7: 1/4, 4/4, 31/5, 1/6, 23-4/6, 28-30/6, 1-2/7, 11/8, 14/8 17-20/8 1848. (Col. Specimens: 4/10, 15/11 1847. nos. 1-108: 1/4-28/8/1848.) This paper became Le peuple. Le Republicain rouge, no. i: jan. 1849. (Col. no. i. nos. 1-5: jan.-mai 1849 on microfilm) La republique des arts. no. i: 5/3/48. (Col. Same issue) La Republique fran^aise. nos. 9, 14: 6, 11/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-30: 16/2-28/3/48) La Republique rouge, no. i: 10-12/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 10/12- 16/18/6/48) Le revelateur. Journal prophetique. nos. 2, 4: juill., aout 48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 18-25/6 - aout 48) La revolution democratique et sociale. nos. 1-24, 33, 38, 57, 68, 81, 86, 89: 7/11-30/11, 9/12, 14/12/1848; 3/1, 14/1, 27/1, 1/2, 4/2/1849. (Col. nos. 1-216: 7/11/48-13/6/49) Le Robespierre, no. i: 1/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: i - 11/6/48) Les saltimbanques. no. i: 11/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-2: juin 48) Le salut social, nos. i, 2: 18-21, 23-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues) Le spartacus. nos. i, 2: 18-22, 22-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues) Le spectateur republicain. nos. i, 2, 41: 29-30/7, 7/9/48. (Col. nos. 1-41: 29/7-7/9/48) Le tocsin des travailleurs. nos. i, 2: i and 2/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-24: 1-24/6/48) Le travail. Journal ...du Club de la Revolution, no. 11: 21-23/6/48. (Col. nos. i-ii: 28/5- 21-23/6/48) Le trovailleur par la Mere Duchene. no. 6: 22-24/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-6: 27-29/5 - 22-24/6/48) Le tribunal revolutionnatre. no. i: 21-23/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 21-23, 23-26/6/48) L'unite nationale. no. 2: 17/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-14 (1-27 on microfilm): 16/5 - 14/6/48) La verite. no. 3: 6/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-3: 5/3, 5/7, 6/7/48) Le vieux cordelier, no. 4: 26-27/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-6. 19/20/5-31 mai/i juin 48) La voix des femmes. nos. i, 2: 20, 23/3/48. (Col. nos. i (specimen), 1-45. 19/3- \il^l\%) La voix du peuple. 29/2/48. (Col. 27/2 - 1/3/48) Le volcan. no. i: 15-18/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 15-18, 18-22/6/48) Le vra-i pere Duchene de 1848. no. i: 21-23/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 21-23 - 28-30/5/48) La vraie raie pubUque. No date (probably soon after June 48). (Col. same issue)

APPENDIX II

SUMMARY CATALOGUE OF EPHEMERA The ephemera are listed in roughly chronological order. (Single sheets unless pages specified.)

Programme de PEcole phalanstenenne. 1848. Courte exposition d'un systeme social rationnel par Robert Owen, [n.d.] 6p.

230 Declaration des droits de Phomme...formules en 1793. A poster on pink paper. Lettre a Henri de Bourbon par un gamin de Paris. Single sheet ending 'je te dis: zut'. Les Robert-macaires de la Republique. [n.d.] Programme de la Jete du 4 mai. A poster on pink paper calling for support for the Poles, signed Brawa^ki, and addressed on the back to 'Theodore Vienot'. Le miserere^ ou la penitence (Tun roi^ par P.J. Proudhon. [n.d.] 8p. Reponse du citoyen Auguste Blanqui. 12 Apr. 1848. Four proclamations from the Provisional government, one poster size and three roughly A2 size announcing its existence, calling for support from the army and for support for the tricolour. Several broadsheets setting out political demands addressed to the Provisional government. Le statu [sic] quo et ses reaction contre les Repuhliques par M. Stephanopoli-Comnene. [n.d.] Le socialisme de'voile par Gustave-Biard. [n.d.] 4p. Reponse a Monsieur Thiers par Louis Blanc, [n.d.] 4p. Opinion d^un chiffonier de Paris sur Monsieur Lamartine. Pere Jean, [n.d.] Le droit au travail, [n.d.] Undated sheets complaining about economic conditions from investors. Lettre au citoyen E. Delamothe^ se disant Emile de Girardin sur sa nouvelle candidature a PAssemble'e Nationale. L. F. Leroux de Mongreffier. 4p. Three sheets with biographies of Girardin. Marc Gaussidiere a ses concitoyens. i juin 1848. 4p. Candidature du citoyen Proudhon. [n.d.] Lettre au citoyen Proudhon. Le colere de M. Pahbe' de Lamennais. [n.d.] Lamartine. [A poem by] Barthelemy. [n.d.] Lettre d^une femme a Athanase Goquerel. Jeanne Deroin. [n.d.] Histoire des 4 jours. Eight broadsheet pages of description of the insurrection of 23-26 June 1848, with a map of the barricades. Notice historique et biographique sur PArcheveque de Paris. Le general Gavaignac devant PAssemble'e nationale. Three versions of a defence by the general of his actions during the insurrection. Des deux cotes de la barricade. J. Arago. [n.d.] Documens [sic] pour servir a Phistoire. Revolution fran^aise de 1848. [n.d.] 4p. Broadsheet letters from Emile Barrault to Thiers, Rothschild and Lamartine. July 1848. Response from Alex. Dumas and sheet commenting on this from Louvet. Sheet announcing judgements on Blanqui and Michelot. 18 juill. 1848. Poster in Italian and French calling for independence of Italy. Signed C. Cabella, Genoa, 28 August 1848. Piece justicative sur Pinsurrection... 19 aout 1848. 4p. Projet de constitution. [Published 30 Aug. 1848.] 8p. Discours du citoyen Pierre Leroux... ;^o aout sur la fixation des heures de travail. i6p. Algerie! Algerie! Lettre au General Gavaignac par Emile Barrault. 18 sept. 1848. La guerre, sept. 1848.

231 Reponse d^un socialiste a Marechal Bugeaud par le citoyen Creppo. i8 sept. 1848. 20p. Le droit au travail et le droit de propriete\ par P.J. Proudhon. Oct. 1848. Banquet de la Republique democratique et sociale du Mardi ij octobre 1848. Eight-page report. Plan et vue de Pinterieur de PAssemblee Nationale [listing all the representatives on 25 Oct. 1848, and showing on a numbered plan where they sat]. Lithograph portraits of Louis-Napoleon, Pierre Leroux, Victor Considerant, Raspail, Louis Blanc, Cavaignac, Proudhon, Armand Barbes, Cabet, Marc Caussidiere and Monseigneur Affre and some collective portraits of the Provisional government. Various hthographed cartoons, including ones showing Louis-Napoleon as a donkey wearing Napoleon I's hat and others showing that society was much the same under Napoleon III as it had been under Louis-Philippe, despite a revolution. A number of broadsheets extolling or attacking the presidential candidates. General Cavaignac and {most of them) Louis-Napoleon. Les candidats a la Presidence, an eight-page leaflet describing all the candidates. Another, more biased, by Alphonse Karr decribes Cavaignac and Bonaparte as *Les guepes' {the wasps). An attack on Ledru-RoUin. Le debarquement de Louis-Napoleon a Boulogne. Sa proclamation au peuple franfais. Single sheet. The landing was in 1840, but this was probably printed for the election. A poster announcing the results of the presidential elections of ii A sheet of 'argot and jargon' and its translations. A manuscript of a song entitled 'La Republique' by M. Liadieres, dated June ii The text of the constitution of November 1848. Requete sur la transportation des insurges de juin. Barillon. [suggesting they go to Algeria.] Au juges des insurges. J. Arago. [suggesting they go to Patagonia.] Posters and electoral forms for the plebiscite of 1851. Two programmes for the celebrations organized for 15 August 1852, reviving the celebration of Napoleon Vs birthday which had not been held since the fall of the First Empire. Although not dated, they refer to Louis-Napoleon as Prince-President and 1852 is the only August he bore this title. Le droit a PEmpire. 1853. Four-page broadsheet defending Louis-Napoleon's creation of an Empire with himself as Emperor. Communication de S, M. PEmpereur...a Poccasion de son mariage. 1853. 3p. A poster announcing the marriage and extolling the future Empress. A large poster carrying the Emperor's speech on the declaration of the Empire. Discours prortonce par ...PEmpereur a P overture de le session legislative de 18^3. Le comte Leon au Prince Napoleon-Louis Bonaparte. Single sheet by one who claimed to be Napoleon I's natural son.

1 Stt French Revolutionary Collections in the British Bibliographer" at the British Library', British Library, list of the contents... compiled by G. K. Library Journal, xix {1993), pp. 44-57. Fortescue, rev. A. C. Brodburst (London, 1979), 3 Jacques Hillairet, Dictiofinaire historique des rues and Audrey Brodhurst, 'French Revolutionary de Paris, 7th edn. (Paris: Minuit, 1987). Collections in the British Library', British 4 Nouveau dictionnaire des rues de Paris en iSsg Library Journal, ii (1976), pp. 13S-S8. {Paris: Typ. Cosson, 1859), and Tableau de 2 Jacques de Cock, '"The Collection of Marat's Paris... {Paris, 1839). 232 5 Accounts of the 1848 revolution can be found in 9 Edited by Edgar Leon Newman (ed.). Historical the British Library General Catalogue {to igjs) Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to under the heading' Paris - Appendix - History'. the Second Empire (London, 1987). 6 Maurice Dommanget, Histoire du drapeau rouge, 10 Henri Izambard, La presse Parisienne (Paris, des origines a la guerre de igjg (Paris: Editions 1848), ire serie, 4p. (in newspaper format): a Librairie de I'Etoile, 1966). listing of 383 newpaper titles, giving editors for 7 Irene Collins, The Government and the News- some publications, and explanatory notes for a paper Press in France 1814-1881 (Oxford, 1959). few. 8 A specimen was a free sample copy to tempt subscribers.

233