Hemostasis and Thrombosis
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224 Subpart H—Hematology Kits and Packages
§ 864.7040 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–02 Edition) Subpart H—Hematology Kits and the treatment of venous thrombosis or Packages pulmonary embolism by measuring the coagulation time of whole blood. § 864.7040 Adenosine triphosphate re- (b) Classification. Class II (perform- lease assay. ance standards). (a) Identification. An adenosine [45 FR 60611, Sept. 12, 1980] triphosphate release assay is a device that measures the release of adenosine § 864.7250 Erythropoietin assay. triphosphate (ATP) from platelets fol- (a) Identification. A erythropoietin lowing aggregation. This measurement assay is a device that measures the is made on platelet-rich plasma using a concentration of erythropoietin (an en- photometer and a luminescent firefly zyme that regulates the production of extract. Simultaneous measurements red blood cells) in serum or urine. This of platelet aggregation and ATP re- assay provides diagnostic information lease are used to evaluate platelet for the evaluation of erythrocytosis function disorders. (increased total red cell mass) and ane- (b) Classification. Class I (general mia. controls). (b) Classification. Class II. The special [45 FR 60609, Sept. 12, 1980] control for this device is FDA’s ‘‘Docu- ment for Special Controls for Erythro- § 864.7060 Antithrombin III assay. poietin Assay Premarket Notification (a) Identification. An antithrombin III (510(k)s).’’ assay is a device that is used to deter- [45 FR 60612, Sept. 12, 1980, as amended at 52 mine the plasma level of antithrombin FR 17733, May 11, 1987; 65 FR 17144, Mar. 31, III (a substance which acts with the 2000] anticoagulant heparin to prevent co- agulation). This determination is used § 864.7275 Euglobulin lysis time tests. -
Molecular Basis of Fibrinogen Naples Associated with Defective Thrombin Binding and Thrombophilia
Molecular basis of fibrinogen Naples associated with defective thrombin binding and thrombophilia. Homozygous substitution of B beta 68 Ala----Thr. J Koopman, … , J Grimbergen, P M Mannucci J Clin Invest. 1992;90(1):238-244. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115841. Research Article In an abnormal fibrinogen (fibrinogen Naples) associated with congenital thrombophilia we have identified a single base substitution (G----A) in the B beta chain gene that results in an amino acid substitution of alanine by threonine at position 68 in the B beta chain of fibrinogen. The propositus and two siblings were found to be homozygous for the mutation, whereas the parents and another sibling were found to be heterozygous. Individuals homozygous for the defect had a severe history of both arterial and venous thrombosis; heterozygous individuals had no clinical symptoms. The three homozygotes had a prolonged thrombin clotting time in plasma, whereas the heterozygotes had a normal thrombin clotting time. Fibrinopeptide A and B (FpA and FpB) release from purified fibrinogen by human alpha-thrombin was delayed in both the homozygous propositus and a heterozygous family member. Release of FpA from the normal and abnormal amino-terminal disulfide knot (NDSK) corresponded to that found with the intact fibrinogens, indicating a decreased interaction of thrombin with the NDSK part of fibrinogen Naples. Binding studies showed that fibrin from homozygous abnormal fibrinogen bound less than 10% of active site inhibited alpha-thrombin as compared with normal fibrin, while fibrin formed from heterozygous abnormal fibrinogen bound approximately 50% of alpha-thrombin. These results suggest that the mutation of B beta Ala 68----Thr affects the binding of alpha-thrombin […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/115841/pdf Molecular Basis of Fibrinogen Naples Associated with Defective Thrombin Binding and Thrombophilia Homozygous Substitution of BB 68 Ala -- Thr Jaap Koopman,** Frits Haverkate,t Susan T. -
MGH Clinical Laboratories
MGH Laboratory Handbook Online Lab Handbook: http://mghlabtest.partners.org Reference Intervals - MGH Clinical Laboratories MGH Department of Pathology 55 Fruit Street, GRJ 220 Boston, MA 02114-2696 Report generated: August 19, 2009 Test name Reference Interval Laboratory 1-25-OH Vitamin D Core lab (Sendouts) 1-3-Beta D glucan assay Core lab (Sendouts) 17-OH Progesterone Core lab (Sendouts) 25-OH Vitamin D Desired: > 32 ng/mL Core 3-Methylhistidine, urine Age matched reference range and interpretation Neurochemistry provided 5-Nucleotidase Core lab (Sendouts) A1AT deficiency profile Core lab (Sendouts) ABO/Rh Type Blood Transfusion Service Acetaminophen Negative Core Acetone Negative Core Acetylaspartate, urine Interpretation provided Neurochemistry ACTH 6-76 pg/ml Core Acylcarnitines (plasma) Core lab (Sendouts) ADAMTS13 activity/inhibitor Core lab (Sendouts) Adenosine deaminase (fluid--NOT CSF) Core lab (Sendouts) Adenovirus antibody Reported with results Microbiology Adenovirus antigen Negative Microbiology Adenylosuccinase deficiency, screen Interpretation provided Neurochemistry AFP (non-maternal specimens) Core Alanine, CSF Interpretation and age-matched reference ranges Neurochemistry provided. Wednesday, August 19, 2009 Page 1 of 26 Test name Reference Interval Laboratory Alanine, plasma Interpretation and age-matched reference ranges Neurochemistry provided. Albumin 3.1-4.3 g/dl Chelsea Healthcenter Albumin 3.3-5.0 g/dl Core Albumin (fluid--NOT CSF) Core Alcohols (ethanol, MeOH, isoprop) Negative Core Aldolase Core lab (Sendouts) -
The Role of the Laboratory in Treatment with New Oral Anticoagulants
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 11 (Suppl. 1): 122–128 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12227 INVITED REVIEW The role of the laboratory in treatment with new oral anticoagulants T. BAGLIN Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK To cite this article: Baglin T. The role of the laboratory in treatment with new oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (Suppl. 1): 122–8. tion of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrilla- Summary. Orally active small molecules that selectively tion. For some patients, these drugs offer substantial and specifically inhibit coagulation serine proteases have benefits over oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). For the been developed for clinical use. Dabigatran etexilate, majority of patients, these drugs are prescribed at fixed rivaroxaban and apixaban are given at fixed doses and doses without the need for monitoring or dose adjustment. do not require monitoring. In most circumstances, these There are no food interactions and very limited drug inter- drugs have predictable bioavailability, pharmacokinetic actions. The rapid onset of anticoagulation and short half- effects, and pharmacodynamic effects. However, there life make the initiation and interruption of anticoagulant will be clinical circumstances when assessment of the therapy considerably easier than with VKAs. As with all anticoagulant effect of these drugs will be required. The anticoagulants produced so far, there is a correlation effect of these drugs on laboratory tests has been deter- between intensity of anticoagulation and bleeding. Conse- mined in vitro by spiking normal samples with a known quently, the need to consider the balance of benefit and risk concentration of active compound, or ex vivo by using in each individual patient is no less important than with plasma samples from volunteers and patients. -
Approach to Coagulopathy in the Icu Dic and Thrombotic Emergencies
APPROACH TO COAGULOPATHY IN THE ICU DIC AND THROMBOTIC EMERGENCIES NEIL KUMAR, MD UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER Disclosures u I have no financial disclosures u I am NOT A HEMATOLOGIST Outline u Review of hemostasis and coagulopathy u Discuss laboratory markers for coagulopathy u Discuss an approach to a few specific coagulopathies and thrombotic emergencies Outline u Review of hemostasis and coagulopathy u Discuss laboratory markers for coagulopathy u Discuss an approach to a few specific coagulopathies and thrombotic emergencies Coagulation u Coagulation is the process in which blood clots u Fibrinolysis is the process in which clot dissolves u Hemostasis is the stopping of bleeding or hemorrhage. u Ideally, hemostasis is a balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis Coagulation (classic pathways) Michael G. Crooks Simon P. Hart Eur Respir Rev 2015;24:392-399 Coagulation (another view) Gando, S. et al. (2016) Disseminated intravascular coagulation Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.37 Coagulation (yet another view) u Inflammation and coagulation intersect with platelets in the middle u An example of this is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Gando, S. et al. (2016) Disseminated intravascular coagulation Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.37 Outline u Review of hemostasis and coagulopathy u Discuss laboratory markers for coagulopathy u Discuss an approach to a few specific coagulopathies and thrombotic emergencies PT / INR u Prothrombin Time u Test of Extrinsic Pathway u Take plasma (blood without cells) and re-add calcium u Calcium was removed with citrate in tube u Add tissue factor u See how long it takes to clot and normalize PT to get INR Coagulation (classic pathways) Michael G. -
Diagnosis of Hemophilia and Other Bleeding Disorders
Diagnosis of Hemophilia and Other Bleeding Disorders A LABORATORY MANUAL Second Edition Steve Kitchen Angus McCraw Marión Echenagucia Published by the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) © World Federation of Hemophilia, 2010 The WFH encourages redistribution of its publications for educational purposes by not-for-profit hemophilia organizations. For permission to reproduce or translate this document, please contact the Communications Department at the address below. This publication is accessible from the World Federation of Hemophilia’s website at www.wfh.org. Additional copies are also available from the WFH at: World Federation of Hemophilia 1425 René Lévesque Boulevard West, Suite 1010 Montréal, Québec H3G 1T7 CANADA Tel.: (514) 875-7944 Fax: (514) 875-8916 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wfh.org Diagnosis of Hemophilia and Other Bleeding Disorders A LABORATORY MANUAL Second Edition (2010) Steve Kitchen Angus McCraw Marión Echenagucia WFH Laboratory WFH Laboratory (co-author, Automation) Training Specialist Training Specialist Banco Municipal Sheffield Haemophilia Katharine Dormandy de Sangre del D.C. and Thrombosis Centre Haemophilia Centre Universidad Central Royal Hallamshire and Thrombosis Unit de Venezuela Hospital The Royal Free Hospital Caracas, Venezuela Sheffield, U.K. London, U.K. on behalf of The WFH Laboratory Sciences Committee Chair (2010): Steve Kitchen, Sheffield, U.K. Deputy Chair: Sukesh Nair, Vellore, India This edition was reviewed by the following, who at the time of writing were members of the World Federation of Hemophilia Laboratory Sciences Committee: Mansoor Ahmed Clarence Lam Norma de Bosch Sukesh Nair Ampaiwan Chuansumrit Alison Street Marión Echenagucia Alok Srivastava Andreas Hillarp Some sections were also reviewed by members of the World Federation of Hemophilia von Willebrand Disease and Rare Bleeding Disorders Committee. -
Tracking Oxidation-Induced Alterations in Fibrin Clot Formation by NMR
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tracking oxidation‑induced alterations in fbrin clot formation by NMR‑based methods Wai‑Hoe Lau1, Nathan J. White2, Tsin‑Wen Yeo1,4, Russell L. Gruen3* & Konstantin Pervushin5* Plasma fbrinogen is an important coagulation factor and susceptible to post‑translational modifcation by oxidants. We have reported impairment of fbrin polymerization after exposure to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and increased methionine oxidation of fbrinogen in severely injured trauma patients. Molecular dynamics suggests that methionine oxidation poses a mechanistic link between oxidative stress and coagulation through protofbril lateral aggregation by disruption of AαC domain structures. However, experimental evidence explaining how HOCl oxidation impairs fbrinogen structure and function has not been demonstrated. We utilized polymerization studies and two dimensional‑nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (2D‑NMR) to investigate the hypothesis that HOCl oxidation alters fbrinogen conformation and T2 relaxation time of water protons in the fbrin gels. We have demonstrated that both HOCl oxidation of purifed fbrinogen and addition of HOCl‑ oxidized fbrinogen to plasma fbrinogen solution disrupted lateral aggregation of protofbrils similarly to competitive inhibition of fbrin polymerization using a recombinant AαC fragment (AαC 419–502). DOSY NMR measurement of fbrinogen protons demonstrated that the difusion coefcient of fbrinogen increased by 17.4%, suggesting the oxidized fbrinogen was more compact and fast motion in the prefbrillar state. 2D‑NMR analysis refected that water protons existed as bulk water (T2) and intermediate water (T2i) in the control plasma fbrin. Bulk water T2 relaxation time was increased twofold and correlated positively with the level of HOCl oxidation. However, T2 relaxation of the oxidized plasma fbrin gels was dominated by intermediate water. -
Fibrinogen Has a Rapid Turnover in the Healthy Newborn Lamb
003 1-399818812303-0249$02.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 23, No. 3, 1988 Copyright 0 1988 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Fibrinogen Has a Rapid Turnover in the Healthy Newborn Lamb M. ANDREW, L. MITCHELL, L. R. BERRY, B. SCHMIDT, AND M. W. C. HATTON Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT. The half-lives for coagulation factors in the the response of the "fetal" fibrinogen to thrombin in vivo. Many healthy newborn infant are not known and may be different of these questions can only be asked ethically in an animal model than for the adult. We measured the half-life for fetal of newborn coagulation. We have used the sheep model to sheep fibrinogen and compared it to the half-life of adult investigate the clearance and response to thrombin of "fetal" and sheep fibrinogen. Fibrinogen was purified from adult and adult fibrinogen. Our results show that fibrinogen, whether adult fetal sheep plasma and radiolabeled with either '251 or 13'I. or fetal, has a faster turnover in the newborn compared to the The half-lives for these fibrinogens were determined in the adult and that both adult and fetal fibrinogen have a similar adult sheep and newborn lamb. In addition, the fetal and response in vivo to thrombin. adult sheep fibrinogens were compared by reptilase time, thrombin clotting time, sialic acid content, and the behavior of the N-glycans derived from these fibrinogens on the MATERIALS AND METHODS immobilized lectin, Sepharose-concanavalin A. Finally, the ~~i~~lmodel, plasma for purification of fibrinogen was ob- in vivo response of coinjected radiolabeled fibrinogens to tained from adult sheep and from fetal lambs at approximately increasing doses of infused thrombin was determined. -
Partial Purification and Properties of a Plasminogen Activator from Human Erythrocytes
Partial purification and properties of a plasminogen activator from human erythrocytes M. Semar, … , L. Skoza, A. J. Johnson J Clin Invest. 1969;48(10):1777-1785. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106144. Research Article The lysis time of euglobulin clots made with whole blood (plasma and red cells) was very much shorter than that of clots made with plasma alone, indicating a fibrinolytic component in red cells. A plasminogen activator was found in the stroma-free hemolysate, and proteolytic activity was found in the stromal fraction. The plasminogen activator, purified by using diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) in a batch procedure followed by column chromatography, was called erythrokinase (EK). On preliminary characterization, EK appears to activate human and bovine plasminogen in a manner similar to urokinase (UK), as determined by fibrinolytic and caseinolytic assays. The two enzymes can be separated by DEAE chromatography and acrylamide-gel electrophoresis, however, and they hydrolyze acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and benzoyl arginine methyl ester at different rates. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/106144/pdf Partial Purification and Properties of a Plasminogen Activator from Human Erythrocytes M. SEMAR, L. SKOZA, and A. J. JOHNSON From the Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, and the American National Red Cross Research Laboratory, New York 10016 A B S T R A C T The lysis time of euglobulin clots made research on the fibrinolytic components contained in with whole blood (plasma and red cells) was very much the red cell, or on the possible physiologic role of red shorter than that of clots made with plasma alone, in- cells in thrombolysis. -
Severity of Anaemia Has Corresponding Effects on Coagulation Parameters of Sickle Cell Disease Patients
diseases Article Severity of Anaemia Has Corresponding Effects on Coagulation Parameters of Sickle Cell Disease Patients Samuel Antwi-Baffour 1,* , Ransford Kyeremeh 1 and Lawrence Annison 2 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box KB 143 Accra, Ghana; [email protected] 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Narh-Bita College, P.O. Box Co1061 Tema, Ghana; [email protected] * Correspondence: s.antwi-baff[email protected] Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 17 December 2019 Abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited condition characterized by chronic haemolytic anaemia. SCD is associated with moderate to severe anaemia, hypercoagulable state and inconsistent platelet count and function. However, studies have yielded conflicting results with regards to the effect of anaemia on coagulation in SCD. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of anaemia severity on selected coagulation parameters of SCD patients. Four millilitres of venous blood samples were taken from the participants (SCD and non-SCD patients) and used for analysis of full blood count and coagulation parameters. Data was analysed using SPSS version-16. From the results, it was seen that individuals with SCD had a prolonged mean PT, APTT and high platelet count compared to the controls. There was also significant difference in the mean PT (p = 0.039), APTT (p = 0.041) and platelet count (p = 0.010) in HbSS participants with severe anaemia. Mean APTT also showed significant difference (p = 0.044) with severe anaemia in HbSC participants. -
Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Medical Laboratory Science Department of Hematology
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Medical Laboratory Science Department of Hematology D-dimer, PT and APTT levels among Renal Transplant Patients in Sudan مستويات الدي دايمر ,زمن البروثرومبين و زمن الثرموبوبﻻستين الجزئي المنشط وسط مرضي زراعة الكلى في السودان A thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of requirements of M.Sc. degree in Hematology Student Zubaida Mohamed Ahmed Abdalbagi, B.S.c 2013 Department of Hematology – Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences - Khartoum University Supervisor Dr. Hiba Badreldin Khalil, PhD Department of Hematology – Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences - Alneelain University 2019 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم قال تعالى : ْ اقْرَأْْبِاسْمِْْرَ بِكَْْاَّلِذيْخََلقَْ سورةْالعلقْ صدق هللا العظيمْ List of Contents Contents Page No I اﻵية List of Contents II List of Figures VI List of Tables VII List of Abbreviations VIII Dedication XI Acknowledgement XII Abstract / English Abstract XIII Arabic Abstract XIV / ملخص الدراسة Chapter One 1.1 Chronic Kidney Disease 1 1.1.1 Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease 6 1.1.2 Diagnosis 7 1.1.2.1 Differential diagnosis 7 1.1.3 Severity-Based Stages 7 1.1.4 Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease 9 1.1.5 Prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease 10 1.2 Kidney Transplantation 11 1.2.1 History of Kidney Transplantation 11 1.2.2 Indications 13 1.2.3.1Living donors 13 1.2.4 Deceased donors 61 1.2.5 Compatibility 18 1.2.6 Procedure 19 1.2.7 Post Operation 20 1.2.8 Complications 26 1.2.9 Prognosis 22 1.3 Homeostasis and Coagulation 23 1.3.1Nomenclature 24 -
Blood and Immunity
Chapter Ten BLOOD AND IMMUNITY Chapter Contents 10 Pretest Clinical Aspects of Immunity Blood Chapter Review Immunity Case Studies Word Parts Pertaining to Blood and Immunity Crossword Puzzle Clinical Aspects of Blood Objectives After study of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Describe the composition of the blood plasma. 7. Identify and use roots pertaining to blood 2. Describe and give the functions of the three types of chemistry. blood cells. 8. List and describe the major disorders of the blood. 3. Label pictures of the blood cells. 9. List and describe the major disorders of the 4. Explain the basis of blood types. immune system. 5. Define immunity and list the possible sources of 10. Describe the major tests used to study blood. immunity. 11. Interpret abbreviations used in blood studies. 6. Identify and use roots and suffixes pertaining to the 12. Analyse several case studies involving the blood. blood and immunity. Pretest 1. The scientific name for red blood cells 5. Substances produced by immune cells that is . counteract microorganisms and other foreign 2. The scientific name for white blood cells materials are called . is . 6. A deficiency of hemoglobin results in the disorder 3. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in called . 7. A neoplasm involving overgrowth of white blood 4. The white blood cells active in adaptive immunity cells is called . are the . 225 226 ♦ PART THREE / Body Systems Other 1% Proteins 8% Plasma 55% Water 91% Whole blood Leukocytes and platelets Formed 0.9% elements 45% Erythrocytes 10 99.1% Figure 10-1 Composition of whole blood.