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Goldilocks and the Tiger

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Goldilocks and the Tiger HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Goldilocks and the Tiger: Conceptual Metaphors in British Parliamentary Debates on the British Exit from the European Union Marja Arpiainen Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Languages University of Helsinki November 2018 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Kielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Marja Arpiainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Goldilocks and the Tiger: Conceptual Metaphors in British Parliamentary Debates on the British Exit from the European Union Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Marraskuu 2018 92 s. + 5 liitettä (yht. 43 s.) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielma keskittyy metaforien käyttöön Ison-Britannian parlamentissa maan EU-jäsenyydestä järjestetyn kansanäänestyksen kampanjoinnin aikana keväällä 2016. Tarkempana tutkimuskohteena on kampanjan molempien osapuolten, sekä EU-jäsenyyttä tukevan että eroa puoltavan, metaforinen kielenkäyttö. Sitä tarkastelemalla tutkimus pyrkii esittämään kampanjaryhmien mahdollisesti käyttämiä narratiiveja, jotka tukevat näiden ryhmien näkemyksiä Euroopan unionista sekä Ison-Britannian mahdollisesta erosta. Tavoitteena on myös pohtia yleisemmällä tasolla tämän tapauskohtaisen esimerkin kautta, kuinka vastakkaisia tavoitteita ajavat kampanjaryhmät hyödyntävät metaforia diskurssissaan. Tutkimus pohjaa Lakoffin ja Johnsonin vuonna 1980 esittelemään kognitiivisen metaforan määritelmään, jonka mukaan metaforat ovat paitsi lingvistinen myös kognitiivinen ilmiö, ja metaforat toimivat osana ihmisen ajattelua auttaen ympäröivän maailman käsitteellistämisessä. Kognitiivisiin metaforiin sisältyvät niin yksinkertaiset kuin kompleksisemmat metaforat, joista jälkimmäisiä käytetään usein tiedostetusti korostamaan tai sävyttämään puheenaiheita. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy etenkin kompleksisiin metaforiin, joita hyödynnetään usein tietoisesti, kun halutaan vaikuttaa viestin vastaanottajiin. Tutkimus perustuu myös aiempaan poliittisen diskurssin tutkimukseen sekä yksittäisten poliitikkojen että laajempien ryhmien kielen metaforisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu Ison-Britannian parlamentin ylä- ja alahuoneiden debateista kerätyistä puheenvuoroista, jotka on jaettu neljään osaan kampanjaryhmän ja huoneen mukaan. Metaforien erottelussa hyödynnettiin Pragglejaz-ryhmän metaforien tunnistusmetodia (Metaphor Identification Procedure t. MIP), joka pohjaa metaforisten sanojen monimerkityksellisyyteen ja nojaa sanakirjojen käyttöön mahdollisten metaforien manuaalisessa tunnistuksessa. Löydetyt metaforat luokiteltiin sanojen pohjamerkitysten avulla ryhmiin, joista yleisimmiksi nousivat matkustus-, rakennus-, terveys-, voima-, sota- ja ihmismetaforaryhmät. Nämä ryhmät esiintyivät suhteellisen usein kaikissa neljässä aineiston osiossa, ja käyttöeroista ilmeisimmät näkyivät sekä harvinaisempien termien jakaumissa että metaforaryhmäkohtaisissa käyttötyyleissä tiettyjen aiheiden yhteydessä. Esimerkiksi terveysmetaforien käyttötapa riippui siitä, hyödynnettiinkö Euroopasta puhuttaessa positiivisia vai negatiivisia termejä. Pienempiä metaforaryhmiä esiintyi aineistossa lukuisia, mikä yleisesti viittaa tekstin metaforarikkauteen. Näistä ryhmistä merkittävimmäksi nousi ihmissuhdemetaforien ryhmä, jota käytettiin laajemmin vain ylähuoneen EU-jäsenyyttä tukevalla puolella, missä se oli yksi suurimmista ryhmistä. Ns. laajennetut (engl. extended) tai muut kerrostetut kompleksit metaforat olivat aineistossa harvinaisia, mutta erityisesti yksi ylähuoneen puheenvuoro herätti huomiota rakentumalla kokonaan metaforarungon varaan. Vaikka aineiston osioiden välillä esiintyi eroavaisuuksia metaforien käytössä, tutkimuksen tuloksista voidaan päätellä, ettei kumpikaan kampanjan osapuolista käyttänyt metaforien luomaa narratiivia osana diskurssiaan – metaforia käytettiin yleisesti paljon, mutta puhujat eivät toistaneet toistensa käyttämiä kielikuvia. Tämä johti siihen, että vaikka metaforien käytössä näkyi yleisiä suuntauksia (esim. taipumusta käyttää laajaa valikoimaa erilaisia sairauksiin ym. liittyviä termejä negatiivisen mielipiteen tukemiseen), valtaosa metaforakäytöstä koostui yksittäisistä maininnoista. Suurempia eroja aineistossa esiintyi kampanjaryhmien sijaan ylä- ja alahuoneen välillä. Jatkotutkimus olisi tarpeellista, jotta metaforapohjaisista narratiiveista poliittisessa kampanjoinnissa saataisiin kattavampi kuva. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords metafora, poliittinen diskurssi, Euroopan unioni, parlamentaarinen diskurssi, poliittinen kampanjointi, Brexit Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Table of Contents List of Tables................................................................................................. iii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 2 Theoretical Background .......................................................................... 3 2.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory .......................................................... 3 2.2 Metaphors in Political Discourse .................................................... 8 2.3 Parliamentary Discourse ................................................................ 13 2.4 Brexit: Introduction to the Political Background .......................... 15 3 Data and Methods ................................................................................. 21 3.1 Data ............................................................................................... 21 3.2 Methodology ................................................................................. 26 4 Results ................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Metaphor Groups ........................................................................... 32 4.1.1 JOURNEY Metaphors ............................................................... 35 4.1.2 BUILDING Metaphors .............................................................. 40 4.1.3 HEALTH Metaphors ................................................................ 45 4.1.4 FORCE Metaphors ................................................................... 50 4.1.5 WAR Metaphors ..................................................................... 54 4.1.6 HUMAN Metaphors ................................................................. 59 4.1.7 Smaller Metaphor Groups ...................................................... 64 4.1.7.1 RELATIONSHIP Metaphors .............................................. 65 4.1.7.2 Other Metaphor Groups ................................................. 68 4.1.8 Ambiguous Cases ................................................................... 72 4.2 A Case of FAIRY TALE and RELATIONSHIP Metaphors .................. 74 5 Discussion ............................................................................................. 80 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 84 ii Bibliography ................................................................................................. 86 Appendix I: List of Debates Used in the Data ............................................. 93 Appendix II: Metaphor Groups by Size in the Four Data Sections ............. 95 Appendix III: Smaller Metaphor Groups in the Data................................... 98 Appendix IV: The Full Speech of Baroness Smith of Newnham .............. 100 Appendix V: Keywords in the Metaphor Groups ...................................... 103 iii List of Tables Table 1. Data sections and the number of words in the data .............................. 23 Table 2. Number of relevant metaphors in the data .......................................... 32 Table 3. Metaphor groups in the data by source domain ................................... 34 Table 4. Keywords in the source domain of JOURNEY in Commons Leave ......... 38 Table 5. Keywords in the source domain of JOURNEY in Commons Remain ...... 39 Table 6. Keywords in the source domain of JOURNEY in Lords Leave ............... 39 Table 7. Keywords in the source domain of JOURNEY in Lords Remain ............. 40 Table 8. Keywords in the source domain of BUILDING in Commons Leave ........ 44 Table 9. Keywords in the source domain of BUILDING in Commons Remain...... 44 Table 10. Keywords in the source domain of BUILDING in Lords Leave ............ 44 Table 11. Keywords in the source domain of BUILDING in Lords Remain .......... 45 Table 12. Keywords in the source domain of HEALTH in Commons Leave ........ 49 Table 13. Keywords in the source domain of HEALTH in Commons Remain ...... 49 Table 14. Keywords in the source domain of HEALTH in Lords Leave ............... 49 Table 15. Keywords in the source domain of HEALTH in Lords Remain............. 50 Table 16. Keywords in the source domain of FORCE in Commons Leave ........... 53 Table 17. Keywords in the source domain of FORCE in Commons Remain ........ 54 Table 18. Keywords in the source domain of FORCE in Lords Leave ................. 54 Table 19. Keywords in the source domain of FORCE in Lords Remain ............... 54 Table 20. Keywords in the source domain of WAR in Common Leave ............... 58 Table 21. Keywords in the source domain of WAR in Common Remain ............ 58 Table 22. Keywords in the source domain of WAR in
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