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Auditory Opportunity and Visual Constraint Enabled the Evolution of Echolocation in Bats

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Auditory Opportunity and Visual Constraint Enabled the Evolution of Echolocation in Bats ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x OPEN Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats Jeneni Thiagavel1, Clément Cechetto 2, Sharlene E. Santana3, Lasse Jakobsen2 Eric J. Warrant 4 & John M. Ratcliffe 1,2,5,6 Substantial evidence now supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of bats was nocturnal and capable of both powered flight and laryngeal echolocation. This scenario entails 1234567890():,; a parallel sensory and biomechanical transition from a nonvolant, vision-reliant mammal to one capable of sonar and flight. Here we consider anatomical constraints and opportunities that led to a sonar rather than vision-based solution. We show that bats’ common ancestor had eyes too small to allow for successful aerial hawking of flying insects at night, but an auditory brain design sufficient to afford echolocation. Further, we find that among extant predatory bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), those with putatively less sophis- ticated biosonar have relatively larger eyes than do more sophisticated echolocators. We contend that signs of ancient trade-offs between vision and echolocation persist today, and that non-echolocating, phytophagous pteropodid bats may retain some of the necessary foundations for biosonar. 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. 2 Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark. 3 Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 4 Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden. 5 Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. 6 Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M.R. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:98 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x ats (Chiroptera) are the second largest order of mammals, relative to ancestral states (ASs). These three hypotheses reflect comprising >1300 species and characterized by powered mechanistic explanations for the origination and evolution of LE Bfl 1 2 fl ight . The vast majority of bats are strictly nocturnal , in bats for pursuing ying insects, and predict auditory oppor- with a few species also active around dawn and dusk3,4. Long tunity and visual constraint5,35. Specifically, we test predictions before the discovery of echolocation, bats were once divided into that the ancestral bat had (i) an auditory brain design capable of “megabats” (members of the family Pteropodidae) and “micro- supporting early LE, but (ii) eyes of insufficient absolute size to – bats” (the remaining ~20 chiropteran families)1,5 7. Today these allow insect tracking at night. We also test the predictions that are anachronistic terms, and the pteropodids [(~200 vision- today not only would pteropodids possess relatively larger eyes dependent species, none using laryngeal echolocation (LE)] are than LE bats but that among predatory bats (all of which use LE), placed in Yinpterochiroptera (a.k.a. Pteropodiformes), which (i) MH bats would have relatively larger eyes than DH and CF together with Yangochiroptera (a.k.a. Vespertilioniformes) com- bats and (ii) short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) opsin genes would prise the two chiropteran suborders. Both suborders are otherwise remain functional in MH and DH bats, but have lost functionality comprised solely of laryngeal echolocators6,7. From a strict par- in CF species36. simony perspective, LE, if considered as a single trait, could Using modern phylogenetic comparative methods and a recent therefore have evolved once in bats, and subsequently been lost in bat molecular phylogeny, we find support for each of these four the pteropodids. Alternatively, LE could have evolved at least hypotheses. Specifically, our analyses unambiguously support the twice independently, once or more in Yangochiroptera, and once idea that the common ancestor of modern bats was a small, flying or more in Yinpterochiroptera, after the pteropodids diverged6,8 nocturnal predator capable of LE and that this complex sensory (Fig. 1). The sum of evidence, however, indicates (i) that the bats’ trait has regressed in the pteropodids. Further, our results suggest common ancestor was a predatory laryngeal echolocator and (ii) that this vocal–auditory solution was favored over vision due to that the phytophagous pteropodids have lost most, but perhaps – not all, hallmarks of this complex active sensory system8 12. 5,13 Since Donald Griffin’s discovery of echolocation , the pre- Pteropodidae vailing view has been that the first bats were small, nocturnal, – insectivorous echolocators6,14 16. Specifically, bats are thought to – have originated ≥64 mya17,18 to exploit the then unrealized foraging niche of small, night-flying insects, a resource most bats rely on today5,12,15,19. In darkness and dim light, nascent echo- location would have allowed these bats to pursue these then Rhinolophoidea vulnerable insects5,15. Griffin5 too divided bats into those that use laryngeal echolocation (hereafter, LE bats) and those that do not + (i.e., the pteropodids). Within LE bats, he identified three groups: (i) bats producing multi-harmonic (MH) calls, with little fre- + quency modulation, (ii) bats producing downward-sweeping, Emballonuroidea frequency-modulated calls, with most energy in the fundamental harmonic, and (iii) bats producing long, constant frequency calls, with energy typically concentrated in the second harmonic5. These four sensory divisions—non-laryngeal echolocators (hereafter, pteropodids or NLE bats), multi-harmonic echoloca- tors (MH bats), frequency modulating, dominant harmonic + Noctilionoidea echolocators (DH bats), and constant frequency echolocators (CF bats)—remain robust functional descriptors of biosonar diversity – in bats6,20. Griffin5 and others since6,12,14,21 24 have suggested that MH calls most closely reflect bats’ ancestral condition. If so, pteropodids, DH, and CF bats would represent three derived sensory states6,10,12. While no pteropdodid is thought to be Vespertilionoidea predatory or to be capable of LE, members of the genus Rousettus use biosonar based on tongue clicking for orientation25,26. This form of echolocation, while effective, falls short of the maximum detection distances and update rates observed in LE bats19,25,26. Among LE bats, it has been previously argued that CF and DH bats possess more advanced abilities for detecting and tracking Fig. 1 Two equally parsimonious hypotheses for the origination of laryngeal – flying prey than do MH bats5,27 30. Similarly, different visual echolocation in bats. The unshaded side depicts the two origins hypothesis abilities exist within today’s bats, with pteropodids possessing the and predicts that laryngeal echolocation originated in the common ancestor most advanced visual systems, in some species including an optic to the Emballonuroidea, Noctilionoidea, and Vespertilionoidea and again in chiasm31, and the LE vespertilionids and rhinolophids perhaps the Rhinolophoidea. The shaded side depicts the single origin hypothesis, the least32. Interestingly, all rhinolophids use CF calls, while most which predicts laryngeal echolocation was present in the common ancestor vespertilionids use DH calls12,20,29. It is among the MH species of all bats and lost in the Pteropodidae. Middle column displays (top to that we find the LE bats capable of the greatest quantified visual bottom) five 30–35 g species from each of these major groups: Cynopterus resolution32,33 and even ultraviolet light sensitivity34. brachyotis (non-echolocating, phytophagous), Rhinolophus hildebrandti Here, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to further test (echolocating, predatory), Taphozous melanopogon (echolocating, the hypothesis that the ancestral bat was a small, predatory predatory), Tonatia evotis (echolocating, predatory), Nyctalus noctula echolocator, which produced MH biosonar signals5,12,14. Addi- (echolocating, predatory). Please note that bats with constant frequency tionally, we test three hypotheses about the relationships between (CF), multi-harmonic frequency-modulated calls (MH) and fundamental visual abilities and echolocation behavior in bats across their four harmonic frequency modulated calls (DH) (i.e., most energy in fundamental sensory divisions, and with respect to diet and roosting behavior, harmonic) are found in both suborders of bats. Photographs by Brock Fenton and Signe Brinkløv 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:98 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x ARTICLE pre-existing sensory opportunities and constraints and that these R2 = 0.879). Thus, we generated phylogenetic residuals for log- sensory trade-offs persist to different extents in bats today. transformed brain mass, eye size, and brain region masses on body mass, and tested for differences in these residuals across our Results three foraging strategies and four biosonar signal designs. Estimated states and traits of the ancestral bat. We estimated Bayesian posterior probabilities for both foraging strategy and call Ancestral brain regions versus modern foraging categories.
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