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The Western Extent of Brick Persianate Funerary Architecture in the Sixth/Twelfth Century

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The Western Extent of Brick Persianate Funerary Architecture in the Sixth/Twelfth Century This is a repository copy of From Nakhchivan to Kemah: The western extent of brick Persianate funerary architecture in the sixth/twelfth century. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141062/ Version: Accepted Version Article: McClary, Richard Piran orcid.org/0000-0001-5663-5708 (2015) From Nakhchivan to Kemah: The western extent of brick Persianate funerary architecture in the sixth/twelfth century. Iran. pp. 119-142. ISSN 0578-6967 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Author: Richard Piran McClary Title: From Nakhchivān to Kemah: The western extent of brick Persianate funerary architecture in the 6th/12th century Keywords: Architecture, Tombs, Ildegüzid, Nakhchivān, Kemah Abstract: This paper is an investigation into the western extent of a regional school of funerary architecture that developed in the Ildegüzid ruled lands of north-west Iran in the 6th/12th century. The formal, decorative and epigraphic elements of two octagonal tombs, the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb in Nakhchivān, (Azerbaijan) and the Mengücek Ghazi tomb in Kemah, (Turkey) are examined in detail. By comparing these two buildings, and demonstrating the similarities and differences, elements of the dynamic nature of architectural development in Anatolia in the late 6th/12th century may be better understood. 1 From Nakhchivān to Kemah: The western extent of brick Persianate funerary architecture in the 6th/12th century The primary aim of this paper is to show the origins of the form and decoration of the most common style of tomb built across Anatolia in the 6th/12th to 8th/14th centuries by examining the surviving brick-built examples.1 It has been said that a second Iran was created in Anatolia2 and the general impact of Iranian style on the architecture of Anatolia has been addressed by Crane.3 The focus of this study is on the clear stylistic links between the brick-built funerary architecture built under Ildegüzid patronage in Azerbaijan during the mid to late 6th/12th century and that of the Mengücekids and Rūm Saljuqs built in the late 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries in Anatolia. By using the few surviving structures as texts to illuminate the poorly understood nature of patronage and construction methods in the early years of Turco-Muslim rule in Anatolia, a clearer picture of the process of architectural development can emerge. In addition, this work aims to bring the specific details of the three structures discussed in detail here to a wider audience in a broader and non-Turkocentric context.4 The two buildings that are the main focus of this study are the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb (557/1162)5 in Nakhchivān City6 and the Mengücek Ghazi tomb (c. 586/1190-91) in Kemah, 42km west-southwest of Erzincan in eastern Anatolia.7 A detailed analysis of the Nakhchivān tomb is followed by a close study of the Kemah tomb and the resulting comparisons allow a number of observations with regard to the similarities and differences between the two structures to be clearly demonstrated. This is followed by an examination of the Kırk Kızlar tomb in Niksar.8 As a result it becomes clearer which forms and techniques moved west and were adopted in Anatolia, and which remained in Azerbaijan. 2 Concurrent with the expansion of Rūm Saljuq territory in Anatolia under Sulṭān Kılıç Arslān II, the death of the Khwarāzm Shāh Il Arslān in Rajab 567/March 1172 allowed the atābeg (guardian) Ildegiz, whose capital was in Nakhchivān, effective control of Azerbaijan and much of the territory to the south and east. The Saljuq Sulṭān Arslān Shāh had the semblance of power (sūrat) but it was the atābeg who exercised real authority (ma’na).9 Ildegiz died at Nakhchivān in 570/1174-5 and his son Muḥammad Pahlawān ruled until his death in 582/1186-7.10 It was during the reigns of these two rulers that the architectural style of Nakhchivān and Marāgha that became so influential in Anatolia developed.11 Nakhchivān City, on the east bank of the Araxes River, is now within the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Region, under the administration of the Republic of Azerbaijan. From the second half of the 6th/12th century until the defeat of the Ildegüzids in 622/1225 by the forces of the Khwarāzmshāh,12 a vibrant and distinctive style of funerary architecture developed in the region.13 Nakhchivān is located at the point where Turkey, Armenia and Iran now meet and there are the full or partial remains of four tombs that survive from the mid to late 6th/12th century. In addition there are three surviving Ildegüzid-era tombs in Marāgha; the square Gonbad-i Surkh (542/1148),14 the Round Tower (563/1168) and the octagonal Gonbad-i Kabūd (593/1197),15 along with one in Urmia, the circular Se Gonbad (580/1180).16 Formal and decorative elements from one or more of these structures can be found in most of the early brick tombs of Anatolia. The earliest dated structure in Nakhchivān is the octagonal tomb of Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir,17 which is the structure that is closest in form, scale and decoration to the Mengücek Ghazi tomb in Kemah. The Mengücekids were an obscure ghāzī dynasty that were first recorded in 512/1118 when Isḥāq ibn Mengücek threatened Malatya from his fortress in Kemah. At his death 3 the lands were divided between his sons in the traditional Turkic manner. Dāwūd I ibn Isḥāq ruled Kemah and Erzincan until his death in 560/1165, followed by Bahrām Shāh ibn Dāwūd who ruled until 622/1225.18 It was during his rule that the court in Erzincan became a cultural centre19 and the tomb in Kemah was constructed. The architectural connections examined below reflect the wider cultural milieu of the time. In the lands of al-Jibāl,20 under the control of the Ildegüzids, the connections were particularly strong but they can be seen to have extended to the lands of the Ghūrids in Khurūsān and even as far east as the Khwārazmshāh’s capital at Gurganj and the Qarakhānids in Uzgend. Although there had been octagonal tombs built in Iran since the 5th/11th century,21 the earliest surviving tomb with an octahedral pointed roof is the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb in Nakhchivān.22 This was the style of tomb roof that that subsequently proliferated across Anatolia. In order to understand the source of one of the main decorative elements of both tombs under discussion attention must turn to the preceding tombs built to the east. The tomb of Naṣr ibn ‘Alī ibn Mūsā (d.403/1012-1013)23 is the central of the three connected, square-planned, Qarakhānid tombs in Uzgend, at the east end of the Farghāna valley in Central Asia.24 It is the earliest of the three, with a suggested date of construction in the 5th/11th century.25 The entrance façade of the tomb features one of the earliest examples of the type of geometric brick strapwork26 decoration that is seen on the seven blind facets of the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb and on the entrance tympanum of the Mengücek Ghazi tomb in Kemah and the Kırk Kızlar tomb in Niksar. In the mountains to the northeast of Julfa, near the Araxes River are the remains of the (undated)27 brick-built Gīlān tomb.28 Only about a meter of the square-plan superstructure survives, but the octagonal crypt with a central column remains intact.29 4 There are fragments of strapwork decoration, and the articulated plan of the upper section can be seen from the remains of the structure. The square form of the upper section and the remote location in the mountains are both characteristics of the Melik Ghazi tomb near Pinarbaşı, 89km east of Kayseri (c. late 6th/13th century).30 These similarities make an interesting comparison regardless of the relative chronology of the two structures. Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb, Nakhchivān Unlike many of the tombs in greater Iran and Anatolia, the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb (fig. 1) is both well preserved and has had limited restoration during the 20th century AD. The lower section of most of the blind facets can be seen to have been restored to the height of about one meter, along with some of the decoration around the lower portion of the entrance, but the rest of the structure appears to be largely original.31 The entrance facet of the octagonal tomb, facing 286 degrees, is referred to as facet 1, and the numbering system used below moves clockwise around the tomb, so that the facet to the left of the entrance is facet 2 and to the right is facet 8 (fig. 2). The decoration of the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb consists of three primary elements, all of which are on the exterior. There is epigraphy, all in Kufic and in unglazed brick, which consists of two panels as well as a band around the top of the tomb.
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