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Metode Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah Disertasi

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Metode Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah Disertasi METODE IJTIHAD IBN TAIMIYYAH (STUDI RELEVANSI DENGAN PEMBARUAN HUKUM ISLAM DI INDONESIA) DISERTASI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Doktor dalam Program Studi Studi Islam pada Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Oleh: Achmad Fageh F23416200 PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2019 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang “Metode Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah (Studi relevansi dengan pembaruan Hukum Islam di Indonesia). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: 1) Bagaimana konsep dasar ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah ? 2) Bagaimana metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah?, 3) Bagaimana relevansi metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dengan pembaruan Hukum Islam di Indonesia ? Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami konsep dasar Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah, metode Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dan relevansi metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dengan pembaruan Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas dilakukan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan (library research) atas sumber data karya-karya tulis Ibn Taimiyyah khususnya ijtihad, usul fikih dan pemikiran hukum Islam dengan memakai pendekatan historis dan content analysis secara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, konsep dasar ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah terdiri dari; pertama Ibn Taimiyyah umumnya terikat dengan fikih ulama Hambalî, kedua, Ibn Taimiyyah melakukan pembahasan yang mendalam pada hampir seluruh mazhab fikih yang ada, terutama mazhab empat. Selanjutnya, melakukan komparasi antara satu dengan lainnya untuk memilih pendapat yang lebih kuat (arjah}), dan mengambil pendapat yang lebih dekat pada al-Quran, al-Sunnah dan Athâ>r al-S}ah}a>bah, ketiga, Ibn Taimiyyah melakukan ijtihad secara mandiri, melalui pemahaman teks-teks al-Quran dan Hadis dengan memperhatikan tujuan umum syariat (maqâ>>s}id al-sharî>’ah al-‘a>mmah), tanpa terikat dengan mazhab tertentu, termasuk mazhab Hambali. Metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah terdapat tiga metode, yakni ijtihad baya>ni>, ijtihad qiya>si> dan ijtihad istiqra>i. Adapun relevansi metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dengan pembaruan hukum Islam di Indonesia banyak ditemukan dalam penerapan metode istiqra>i (induktif empirik) yakni dalam masalah poligami. Secara empirik tindakan poligami yang dibenarkan oleh Ibn Taimiyyah hanya dengan persyaratan adil kemudian diakomodir dalam hukum Islam Indonesia, namun diikat dengan persyaratan tertentu seperti izin dari istri terlebih dahulu serta persyaratan-persyaratan lainnya di muka pengadilan. Temuan penelitian ini merupakan kelanjutan penelitian sebelumnya khususnya dalam bidang metode ijtihad. Ibn Taimiyyah memiliki kemandirian ijtihad secara mutlak. Ibn Taimiyyah mendorong ulama untuk terus melakukan ijtihad dalam permasalahan hukum yang berdasar atas sumber hukum naqli dan dalil ‘aqli>. Supremasi metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dibangun atas kerangka realisasi perbaikan dan pemeliharaan kemaslahatan umat, melalui penerapan konsistensi dalil-dalil nas dan kaidah Us}u>liyyah dan Fiqhiyyah. Penelitian ini juga menghasilkan temuan baru yaitu adanya relevansi metode ijtihad Ibn Taimiyyah dengan pembaruan hukum Islam di Indonesia. Khususnya metode ijtihad istiqra>i (induktif empirik). vii digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id ABSTRACT This research studies Ijtihad method of Ibn Taymiyyah and its relevance of islamic law renewal in Indonesia. This research is to answer the questions; 1) How is the basic concept of Ijtihad Ibn Taymiyyah? 2) How is the method of Ijtihad Ibn Taymiyyah? 3) What is the relevance between ijtihad method of Ibn Taymiyyah and islamic law renewal in Indonesia? Thus, this study also is to understand the basic concept of Ijtihad Ibn Taymiyyah, the method of Ijtihad ibn Taymiyyah and the relevance between Ijtihad ibn Taymiyyah and the renewal of islamic law in Indonesia. To answer the questions above, researcher uses a discriptive-qualitative study. The data are collected through literature studies (library research) based on Ibn Taymiyyah works especially Ijtihad, the proposal of juriprudence, and islamic law thought using a historical approach and deep content analysis. The results of this study showed that the basic concept of ijtihad Taymiyyah has several styles. First, Ibn Taymiyyah was related with Ibn Hambali in juriprudence. Second, Ibn Taymiyyah did a deep analysis in almost available fiqh mazhab, especially 4 mazhab, then compared them to have the strongest opinion (Arjah) and the closest one to al-Quran, al-Sunnah, and Atha>r al-Sah}a>bah, Third, Ibn Taymiyyah did Ijtihad independently. He learnt the texts of al Quran and Hadits to concern general syariah purpose (maqa>s}id al-shari>’ah) without relating any mazhab, including mazhab Hambali. Ijtihad Ibn Taymiyyah has 3 methods; they are Ijtihad Baya>ni>, Ijtihad Qiya>si>, and Ijtihad Istiqra>i. The relevance between Ijtihad Ibn Taymiyyah and islamic law renewal in Indonesia are found in Istiqra>i method aplication (inductive empiric) in polygami case. Empirically, polygamy which is legalized by Ibn Taymiyyah is allowed if the person will act fairly the the islamic law in Indonesia will accommodate it such as a permission from the legal wife and some other requirement in court. The findings in the field of methods of ijtihad, Ibn Taymiyah have absolute ijtihad independence that much effect on the cleric's followers afterwards. Ibn Taimiyyah encourage scholars to continue to perform ijtihad in legal issues based on legal sources naqli and arguments' aqli>. Supremacy method of ijtihad Taimiyyah was built on the framework of realization of repair and maintenance benefit of the people, through the application of consistent implementation of the arguments legal sources al-Quran, al-Sunnah and rules Us}u>liyyah and Fiqhiyyah. This research resulted in new findings that their relevance to the method of ijtihad Taimiyyah Islamic legal reform is growing in Indonesia. In particular method istiqra> ijtihad '(inductive, empirical). viii digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id المستخلص تتناول هذه الدراسة "منهج اجتهاد ابن تيمية وعﻻقته بتجديد اﻻحكام اﻹسﻻمية في إندونيسيا. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اﻹجابة على اﻷسئلة: 1( كيف المعنى اﻻساسى من إجتهاد ابن تيمية؟ 2( كيف كان منهج إجتهاد إبن تيمية؟ 3( كيف كانت عﻻقة إجتهاد ابن تيمية بتجديد اﻻحكام اﻹسﻻمية في إندونيسيا؟ تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فهم المعنى اﻻساسى من إجتهاد ابن تيمية ومنهج إجتهاد ابن تيمية وعﻻقة منهج اجتهاد ابن تيمية بتجديد اﻻحكام اﻹسﻻمية في أندونيسيا. لﻹجابة على اﻷسئلة أعﻻه أجريت دراسة وصفية نوعية. .يتم جمع البيانات من خﻻل البحث في المكتبى تشييير نتائج هذه الدراسيية إلى أن المعنى اﻻسيياسييى من إجتهاد ابن تيمية: أوﻻ إرتب ابن تيميية عموميا بيهجتهياد اﻻميام احميد ابن حنبيل نيانييا أجرن ابن تيميية منياقشيييييات متعم ية حول جميع المذاهب الف هية، وخاصيييية المذاهب اﻷربعة ،نم أجرن إبن تيمية بالم ارنة بين تلك المذا هب اﻻخذ بالرأن اﻻرجح، والرجع إلى ال رآن والسينة وا نار الصيحابة، نالنا قام ابن تيمية باﻻجتهاد المست ل وفهم على نصوص ال رآن والحديث من خﻻل اﻻهتمام بالغرض العام من م اصييد الشييريعة دون أن يرتب لبعض المذاهب، بما في ذلك مذهب الحنبلي. كان منهج إجتهاد ابن تيمية نﻻنة أنواع اﻻجتهاد البيانى واﻻجتهاد ال ياسيى واﻻجتهاد اﻻسيت رائي نم عﻻقية منهج إجتهياد إبن تيميية بتجيدييد اﻻحكيام اﻹسيييييﻻميية في إنيدونيسيييييييا في ت بي اﻻسيت رائي التجريبي منل تعدد الووجات بهذن الووجة اﻻولى وبعض الشيرو التي قررتها المحكمة الشرعية. هذه النتائج الدراسية هي اسيتمرار للبحث السياب ، خاصية في مجال منهج إ جتهاد ابن تيمية . كيان إبن تيميية المجتهي د المطلق, وكيان إجتهياد إ بن تيمية تجةةةةةجيح البةاى ين ل اﻻسةتمااا اﻻجتهاد ي اﻻحكام اﻹسيﻻمية بناء ل مصةادا النقل والع لى. وكان ت بي إجتها د ابن تيمي بنيت ي إطاا تىقيق إصةﻻ صصةيان مصةلى الجة من خﻻل تطبيق التنفيذ المتسق القانصني من مصادا النقل صقصا د الفقهي واﻻصولية. واﻻنار المترتبة من النتيجة هي ان النظرية من هذه الرسييالة هي نظرية جديدة وهي أن هناك عﻻقة منهج اجتها د ابن تيمي بتجديد اﻻحكام اﻹسيﻻمية فى إندونسييا خاصية منهج اﻻستقاائ التجايبي . ix digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id DAFTAR ISI SAMPUL DEPAN DAN DALAM DISERTASI ...............................................i HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ..................................................... ii HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN PROMOTOR ....................................................iii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN TIM PENGUJI ................................................. iv HALAMAN PENGESAHAN DIREKTUR ...................................................... v TRANSLITERASI ............................................................................................. vi ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... vii UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH .............................................................................. x DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah ..........................................................................1 B. Identifikasi dan Batasan Masalah ........................................................ 22 C. Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................... 23 D. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................
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